Thinking in Java

《java编程思想(第4版)(评注版)》

第1部分 基本语法

operators（新增批注30条） 1

simpler print statements 1

using java operators 2

precedence 2

assignment 3

mathematical operators 4

unary minus and plus operators 6

auto increment and decrement 6

relational operators 7

testing object equivalence 7

logical operators 9

literals 10

exponential notation 11

bitwise operators 12

shift operators 13

ternary if-else operator 16

string operator + and += 17

common pitfalls when using
.operators 18

casting operators 18

truncation and rounding 19

promotion 20

java has no “sizeof ” 20

summary 20

controlling execution

（新增批注21条） 21

true and false 21

if-else 21

iteration 22

do-while 23

for 23

the comma operator 24

foreach syntax 25

return 27

break and continue 27

the infamous “goto” 29

switch 32

summary 34

第2部分 面向对象

initialization & cleanup

（新增批注55条） 35

guaranteed initialization with
the constructor 35

method overloading 37

distinguishing overloaded
methods 39

overloading with primitives 39

overloading on return values 42

default constructors 43

the this keyword 44

calling constructors from
constructors 46

the meaning of static 47

cleanup: finalization and
garbage collection 47

what is finalize() for? 48

you must perform cleanup 49

the termination condition 50

how a garbage collector works 51

member initialization 54

specifying initialization 55

constructor initialization 56

order of initialization 56

static data initialization 57

explicit static initialization 59

non-static instance initialization 61

array initialization 62

variable argument lists 65

enumerated types 70

summary 72

access control

（新增批注21条） 73

package: the library unit 74

code organization 75

creating unique package names 76

a custom tool library 79

java access specifiers 80

package access 80

public: interface access 81

private: you can’t touch that! 82

protected: inheritance access 83

interface and implementation 85

class access 86

summary 87

reusing classes

（新增批注35条） 89

composition syntax 89

inheritance syntax 92

initializing the base class 94

delegation 96

combining composition and
inheritance 97

guaranteeing proper cleanup 99

name hiding 101

choosing composition vs.
inheritance 103

protected 104

upcasting 105

why “upcasting”? 106

composition vs. inheritance
revisited 106

the final keyword 107

final data 107

final methods 110

final classes 112

final caution 113

initialization and class
loading 113

initialization with inheritance 114

summary 115

interfaces

（新增批注16条） 117

abstract classes and methods 117

interfaces 120

“multiple inheritance” in java 123

extending an interface with
inheritance 125

name collisions when combining
interfaces 127

fields in interfaces 127

initializing fields in interfaces 128

interfaces and factories 129

summary 130

inner classes

（新增批注32条） 131

creating inner classes 131

the link to the outer class 133

using .this and .new 134

inner classes and upcasting 135

anonymous inner classes 137

factory method revisited 140

nested classes 142

classes inside interfaces 143

reaching outward from a
multiply nested class 145

why inner classes? 145

closures & callbacks 148

inheriting from inner classes 150

can inner classes be
overridden? 150

local inner classes 152

inner-class identifiers 153

summary 154

error handling with excep- tions（新增批注52条） 155

basic exceptions 155

exception arguments 156

catching an exception 157

the try block 157

exception handlers . 157

creating your own
exceptions 159

exceptions and logging 161

the exception specification 164

catching any exception 164

the stack trace 166

rethrowing an exception 167

exception chaining 169

standard java exceptions 172

special case: runtimeexception 172

performing cleanup with
finally 174

what’s finally for? 175

using finally during return 177

pitfall: the lost exception 178

exception restrictions 180

constructors 182

exception matching 187

alternative approaches 188

passing exceptions to the console 189

summary 189

第3部分 数据存储

strings（新增批注53条） 191

immutable strings 191

overloading ‘+’ vs.
stringbuilder 192

unintended recursion 195

operations on strings 196

formatting output 199

printf() 199

system.out.format() 199

the formatter class 200

format specifiers 200

formatter conversions 202

string.format() 204

regular expressions 205

basics 206

creating regular expressions 208

quantifiers 210

pattern and matcher 211

split() 218

replace operations 218

reset() 220

regular expressions and java i/o 221

scanning input 222

scanner delimiters 224

scanning with regular
expressions 225

stringtokenizer 225

summary 226

arrays（新增批注36条） 227

why arrays are special 227

arrays are first-class objects 228

returning an array 231

multidimensional arrays 232

arrays and generics 235

creating test data 237

arrays.fill() 238

data generators 239

arrays utilities 243

copying an array 243

comparing arrays 244

array element comparisons 245

sorting an array 248

searching a sorted array 249

summary 251

holding your objects

（新增批注35条） 253

generics and type-safe
containers 254

basic concepts 256

adding groups of elements 258

printing containers 259

list 261

iterator 263

listiterator 266

linkedlist 267

stack 268

set 270

map 273

queue 276

priorityqueue 277

collection vs. iterator 279

foreach and iterators 281

the adapter method idiom 283

summary 286

containers in depth

（新增批注102条） 289

full container taxonomy 289

filling containers 290

a generator solution 291

map generators 292

collection functionality 294

optional operations 297

unsupported operations 298

list functionality 300

sets and storage order 302

sortedset 306

queues 307

priority queues 308

deques 309

understanding maps 310

performance 311

sortedmap 314

linkedhashmap 315

hashing and hash codes 316

understanding hashcode() 319

hashing for speed 321

overriding hashcode() 324

choosing an implementation 329

a performance test framework 330

choosing between lists 333

microbenchmarking dangers 338

choosing between sets 339

choosing between maps 341

utilities 344

sorting and searching lists 347

making a collection or map
unmodifiable 349

synchronizing a collection or
map 350

holding references 351

the weakhashmap 353

java 1.0/1.1 containers 355

vector & enumeration 355

hashtable 356

stack 356

bitset 357

summary 359

第4部分 核心功能

i/o（新增批注89条） 361

the file class 361

a directory lister 361

directory utilities 364

checking for and creating
directories 369

input and output 370

types of inputstream 371

types of outputstream 372

adding attributes and useful
interfaces 373

reading from an inputstream

with filterinputstream 374

writing to an outputstream

with filteroutputstream 375

readers & writers 376

sources and sinks of data 377

modifying stream behavior 377

unchanged classes 378

off by itself:
randomaccessfile 379

typical uses of i/o streams 379

buffered input file 379

input from memory 380

formatted memory input 381

basic file output 382

storing and recovering data 383

reading and writing
random-access files 385

piped streams 386

file reading &
writing utilities 386

reading binary files 389

standard i/o 389

reading from standard input 389

changing system.out to a
printwriter 390

redirecting standard i/o 391

process control 391

new i/o 393

converting data 396

fetching primitives 398

view buffers 399

data manipulation with buffers 403

buffer details 404

memory-mapped files 406

file locking 409

compression 411

simple compression with gzip 412

multifile storage with zip 413

java archives (jars) 415

object serialization 416

finding the class 419

controlling serialization 420

using persistence 427

xml 432

summary 434

concurrency

（新增批注117条） 435

basic threading 435

defining tasks 435

the thread class 436

using executors 438

producing return values from
tasks 440

sleeping 442

priority 443

yielding 444

daemon threads 445

coding variations 446

joining a thread 450

catching exceptions 451

sharing resources 454

resolving shared resource
contention 454

atomicity and volatility 457

atomic classes 460

critical sections 462

synchronizing on other objects 462

thread local storage 463

terminating tasks 464

the ornamental garden 465

terminating when blocked 467

interruption 469

cooperation between tasks 475

wait() and notifyall() 475

notify() vs. notifyall() 479

producers and consumers 482

producer-consumers and queues 486

using pipes for i/o between tasks 491

deadlock 492

new library components 497

countdownlatch 497

cyclicbarrier 499

delayqueue 501

priorityblockingqueue 503

the greenhouse controller with
scheduledexecutor 505

semaphore 508

exchanger 511

simulation 513

bank teller simulation 513

the restaurant simulation 517

distributing work 521

performance tuning 526

comparing mutex technologies 526

lock-free containers 532

readwritelocks 533

active objects 535

summary 537

第5部分 高级特性

type information

（新增批注59条） 539

the need for rtti 539

the class object 541

class literals 545

generic class references 547

new cast syntax 549

checking before a cast 550

using class literals 555

a dynamic instanceof 557

counting recursively 558

registered factories 559

instanceof vs. class
equivalence 562

reflection: runtime class
information 563

a class method extractor 564

dynamic proxies 566

null objects 570

mock objects & stubs 575

interfaces and type
information 576

summary 580

generics

（新增批注126条） 583

comparison with c++ 584

simple generics 584

a tuple library 586

a stack class 588

randomlist 589

generic interfaces 590

generic methods 593

leveraging type argument
inference 594

varargs and generic methods 596

a generic method to use with
generators 596

a general-purpose generator 597

simplifying tuple use 598

a set utility 600

anonymous inner classes 603

building complex models 604

the mystery of erasure 606

the c++ approach 607

migration compatibility 609

the problem with erasure 611

the action at the boundaries 612

compensating for erasure 615

creating instances of types 616

arrays of generics 618

bounds 622

wildcards 625

how smart is the compiler? 628

contravariance 629

unbounded wildcards 632

capture conversion 636

issues 637

no primitives as type parameters 637

implementing parameterized
interfaces 639

casting and warnings 640

overloading 641

base class hijacks an interface 642

self-bounded types 642

curiously-recurring generics 643

self-bounding 644

argument covariance 646

dynamic type safety 649

exceptions 650

mixins 651

mixins in c++ 651

mixing with interfaces 653

using the decorator pattern 654

mixins with dynamic proxies 655

latent typing 657

compensating for the lack of
latent typing 660

reflection 661

applying a method to a sequence 662

when you don’t happen

to have the right interface 664

simulating latent typing
with adapters 665

using function objects as
strategies 668

summary: is casting really
so bad? 672

enumerated types

（新增批注55条） 675

basic enum features 675

using static imports with enums 676

adding methods to an enum 677

overriding enum methods 678

enums in switch statements 678

the mystery of values() 679

implements, not inherits 681

random selection 682

using interfaces for
organization 683

using enumset instead of
flags 686

using enummap 688

constant-specific methods 689

chain of responsibility with
enums 692

state machines with enums 695

multiple dispatching 700

dispatching with enums 702

using constant-specific methods 704

dispatching with enummaps 705

using a 2-d array 706

summary 707

annotations

（新增批注51条） 709

basic syntax 710

defining annotations 710

meta-annotations 712

writing annotation processors 712

annotation elements 713

default value constraints 713

generating external files 714

annotations don’t
support inheritance 717

implementing the processor 717

using apt to process
annotations 719

using the visitor pattern with
apt 723

annotation-based unit testing 726

using @unit with generics 733

no “suites” necessary 735

implementing @unit 735

removing test code 741

sum