Table Of Contents:

List of plates xi

List of figures xiii

List of tables xv
Acknowledgements xvii

Introduction: Tourism Matters! 1(29)

The Relationship between Tourism and Recreation 3(3)

The Issue of Scale: Empiricism, Paradigms and Transformations 6(2)

The Development of the Geography of Tourism and Recreation 8(2)

The Status of the Geography of Tourism and Recreation 10(2)

Knowledge 12(6)

Action: The Development of an Applied Geography of Tourism and Recreation 18(4)

Culture 22(3)

Insight: The Geography of Tourism and Recreation Outside the Anglo-American Tradition 25(2)

Transforming the Geography of Tourism and Recreation 27(2)

Questions 29(1)

Reading 29(1)

The Demand for Recreation and Tourism 30(58)

Recreational Demand 31(5)

Barriers to Recreation 36(3)

Seasonality 39(1)

Financial Resources and Access to Recreational Opportunity 39(1)

Gender and Social Constraints 40(1)

Case Study: The Geography of Fear in Recreation and Leisure Spaces: Gender-based Barriers to Participation 41(3)

The Geography of Fear and Recreational Participation: Implications for Social Exclusion 42(1)

The Geography of Fear and Urban Park Use in Leicester 43(1)

Summary Points 44(1)

Resources and Fashions 44(1)

Measuring Recreational Demand 45(1)

Problems and Methods of Measuring Recreational Demand 45(1)

Time Budget Survey Techniques 46(1)

National Evaluations of Recreational Demand: International Perspectives 47(4)

The Regional Demand for Leisure and Recreation in North-West England 51(6)

The Spatial Analysis of Demand at the Micro Level: Site Surveys 57(3)

Tourism Demand 60(1)

What is Tourism Demand? 61(1)

Tourist Motivation 61(2)

Maslow's Hierarchy Model and Tourist Motivation 63(3)

The Measurement of Tourism Demand: Tourism Statistics 66(2)

Defining Tourism 68(1)

Technical Definitions of Tourism 69(1)

Domestic Tourism Statistics 70(3)

International Tourism Statistics 73(2)

Insight: The United Kingdom's International Passenger Survey 75(1)

Methodological Issues 75(1)

Problems of Accuracy 75(1)

Patterns of Tourism: International Perspectives 76(1)

Global Patterns of Tourism 77(1)

Case Study: Tourism Demand in East Asia Pacific: The Case of the South Korean Outbound Market and Activity Patterns in New Zealand 78(6)

Kyung-Sik Woo

Stephen J. Page

The Korean Inbound Market in New Zealand 79(2)

Korean Tourists' Activity Patterns in New Zealand in 1996 81(1)

Activity Patterns of Korean Tourists in Auckland and Rotorua 82(2)

Summary Points 84(1)

Patterns of Domestic Tourism 84(1)

The New Zealand Domestic Tourism Survey 84(2)

Conclusions 86(1)

Questions 86(1)

Reading 87(1)

The Supply of Recreation and Tourism 88(43)

The Supply Factor in Recreation 88(1)

How Has the Geographer Approached the Analysis of Recreational Supply Issues? 89(2)

Descriptive Research on Location and Travel 91(2)

Explanatory Research on Location and Travel 93(1)

Predictive Research on Location 94(1)

Normative Research on Location 95(1)

Supply and Demand in Recreational Contexts: Spatial Interactions 96(3)

The Green Belt Concept 99(2)

The Multiple Use of Recreational Resources 101(3)

The Supply of Tourism 104(1)

Insight: The Destination Life Cycle 105(1)

Towards a Critical Geography of Tourism Production 106(4)

Insight: Economic Globalisation 110(1)

International Hotel Chains 111(3)

The Leisure Product 114(2)

The Role of the Public and Private Sector in Tourism Supply 116(3)

Spatial Analytical Approaches to the Supply of Tourism Facilities 119(3)

Tourist Facilities 122(4)

Insight: Towards Geographical Analyses of Hospitality: Research Agendas 126(4)

Conclusion 130(1)

Questions 130(1)

Reading 130(1)

The Impacts of Tourism and Recreation 131(29)

Impacts
Recreation Resource Management 131(3)

Carrying Capacity 134(3)

Insight: The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum 137(1)

The Limits of Acceptable Change 138(1)

Insight: The Tourism Optimisation Management Model (TOMM) 139(3)

Economic Analysis 142(1)

Insight: The Economic Impact of Events 143(2)

The Analysis of Tourism's Social Impacts 145(5)

Insight: Trafficking, Sex Tourism and Slavery 150(1)

Physical Environmental Impacts 151(6)

Insight: Tourism and Coral Reefs 157(1)

Conclusion 158(1)

Questions 158(1)

Reading 158(2)

Urban Recreation and Tourism 160(47)

Geographical Approaches to Urban Recreation 161(1)

The Evolution of Urban Recreation in Britain 161(1)

Urban Recreation: A Socio-geographic Perspective 162(2)

The 1800s 164(1)

The 1840s 164(1)

The 1880s 164(1)

The 1920s 165(1)

The 1960s and Beyond 165(2)

Case Study: The Evolution of Parks and Open Space in Victorian Leicester 167(5)

Park Development in Victorian Leicester 167(2)

Post-Victoria Park Development 169(1)

Summary Points 170(2)

Methods of Analysing Urban Recreation 172(2)

Urban Recreational Planning 174(1)

Case Study: The Management, Planning and Provision of Urban Parks in the 1990s. The Example of Newham, East London 175(10)

Urban Park Provision in London 176(1)

The London Borough of Newham 177(3)

Newham Urban Park User Survey 180(2)

Implications for Managing Urban Parks and Local Leisure Provision in the 1990s 182(3)

Summary Points 185(1)

Urban Tourism 185(1)

Understanding the Neglect of Urban Tourism by Researchers 185(1)

Approaches to Urban Tourism: Geographical Analysis 186(2)

The Tourist Experience of Urban Tourism 188(1)

Insight: Tourism in Capital Cities 189(2)

The Urban Tourism Market: Data Sources 191(2)

Urban Tourism: Behavioural Issues 193(1)

Tourist Perception and Cognition of the Urban Environment 194(3)

Tourism Cognitive Mapping 197(1)

Insight: The Value of Urban Heritage Resources 198(2)

Service Quality Issues in Urban Tourism 200(2)

The Significance of Urban Tourism 202(4)

Conclusion 206(1)

Questions 206(1)

Reading 206(1)

Rural Recreation and Tourism 207(42)

In Pursuit of the Concept of `Rural' 208(2)

Conceptualising the Rural Recreation--Tourism Dichotomy 210(1)

The Geographer's Contribution to Theoretical Debate in Rural Contexts 211(2)

Towards a Concept of Rural Tourism 213(1)

What Makes Rural Tourism Distinctive? 214(1)

Rural Recreation and Tourism in Historical Perspective 215(1)

The Geographer's Approach to Rural Recreation and Tourism 216(1)

Studies of Demand 217(2)

The Supply of Rural Recreation 219(1)

The Impact of Rural Recreation 220(1)

Insight: Second Homes 221(2)

Rural Tourism: Spatial Analytical Approaches 223(1)

The Impact of Rural Tourism 223(2)

The Economic Impact 225(1)

The Environmental Effects of Rural Tourism 226(1)

Insight: Wine, Food and Tourism 227(5)

Recreation, Tourism and Sustainability 232(1)

Case Study: Tourism in Ireland: Peripherality and the Rural Environment 232(15)

The Geographer's Analysis of Peripherality 234(2)

The Dimensions of Peripherality in the Republic of Ireland 236(1)

Tourism Demand and Ireland's Economy 236(3)

The Supply of Tourism Resources in Ireland 239(2)

Policy Issues in Irish Tourism: The Case of Rural Tourism 241(3)

LEADER 1 Programme 244(1)

Summary Points 245(2)

Conclusion 247(1)

Questions 248(1)

Reading 248(1)

Tourism and Recreation in the Pleasure Periphery: Wilderness and National Parks 249(34)

The Changing Meaning of Wilderness in Western Society 249(7)

The Environmental History of National Parks and Wilderness Areas 256(2)

The Values of Wilderness 258(3)

Identifying Wilderness 261(1)

Insight: National Parks and Indigenous Peoples 262(2)

Case Study: Wilderness Inventory in Australia 264(9)

Wilderness Inventories 264(7)

From Identification to Preservation 271(1)

Summary Points 272(1)

Tourist and Recreational Demand for Wilderness, National Parks and Natural Areas 273(5)

Supplying the Wilderness and Outdoor Recreation Experience 278(4)

Conclusion 282(1)

Questions 282(1)

Reading 282(1)

Coastal and Marine Recreation and Tourism 283(18)

The Coastline as a Recreation and Tourist Resource: Its Discovery and Recognition as a Leisure Resource 284(1)

The Geographer's Contribution to the Analysis of Coastal Recreation and Tourism 285(1)

The Historical Analysis of Recreation and Tourism in the Coastal Zone 286(2)

Models of Coastal Recreation and Tourism 288(1)

Tourist and Recreational Travel to the Coast 289(2)

Tourist and Recreational Behaviour: Use and Activity Patterns in Coastal Environments 291(4)

Environmental Perspectives on Coastal Recreation and Tourism 295(2)

Insight: Cruise Tourism 297(1)

Conclusion 298(1)

Questions 299(1)

Reading 300(1)

Tourism and Recreation Planning and Policy 301(27)

Recreation Planning Policy 301(1)

The Evolution of Leisure and Recreation Planning 301(2)

Recreation Planning: The Concern with Space and Place 303(1)

Tourism Planning and Policy 304(3)

What is Tourism Planning? 307(2)

Approaches to Tourism Planning 309(4)

Co-operative and Integrated Control Systems 313(1)

Insight: The Changing Role of Government and Sustainability 314(1)

Development of Industry Co-ordination Mechanisms 315(1)

Raising Consumer Awareness 316(1)

Raising Producer Awareness 317(1)

Insight: The International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO) 317(1)

Strategic Planning to Supersede Conventional Approaches 318(1)

Insight: Singapore: Tourism 21 319(1)

Tourism Policy 320(4)

Conclusion 324(1)

Questions 324(2)

Reading 326(2)

The Future 328(16)

Geography
The Discipline: Direction and Progress 328(1)

Revisiting Applied Geography 329(2)

Contributions 331(2)

The Role of GIS and Tourism: A Tool for Applied Geographic Research 333(2)

Insight: Analysing the Scale, Extent and Impact of Tourist Safety Issues in New Zealand's Adventure Tourism Industry 335(3)

Tim Bentley

Stephen J. Page

The Role of the Geographer in the New Millennium: Whither Tourism and Recreation? 338(3)

Insight: The Future
The Ageing Population 341(1)

Transformations? 342(1)

Questions 343(1)

Reading 343(1)
References 344(51)
Index 395