Veterinary technician's daily reference guide : canine and feline / 2nd ed.

Cover 1
Table of Contents 8
Figure List 18
Preface 22
Acknowledgments 24
Contributors 24
Section One: Anatomy 28
Chapter 1: Anatomy 30
ANATOMY 31
Overall 31
Musculature 31
Skeletal 32
Internal Organs 33
Circulatory System 34
Nervous System 35
Urogenital 36
Eye 38
Ear 38
Section Two: Preventative Care 40
Chapter 2: Preventative Care and Vaccinations 42
PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS 43
Preliminary Examination 44
Physical Examination 45
Pediatric Physical Examination 48
Normal Parturition 51
Care and Feeding of Orphaned Puppies and Kittens 52
Geriatric Physical Examination 53
Cardiac Examination 55
Pulmonary Examination 57
Abdominal Examination 58
Otoscopic Examination 58
Regional Lymph Node Examination 59
Neurologic Examination 59
Orthopedic Examination 61
VACCINATIONS 62
Guidelines to Follow When Vaccinating an Animal 62
Canine Transmissible Diseases 63
Coronavirus, Distemper 63
Hepatitis, Infectious Tracheobronchitis 64
Leptospirosis, Lyme Disease 66
Parvovirus, Rabies 67
Canine Vaccination Protocol 69
Feline Transmissible Diseases 69
Feline Calcivirus 69
Feline Infectious Peritonitis 71
Feline Panleukopenia Virus, Feline Immunodeficiency Virus 72
Feline Leukemia Virus, Feline Rhinotracheitis Virus 74
Feline Vaccination Protocol 76
ANIMAL CARE 76
Client Education: Home Dental Care 77
Grooming 78
Bathing 78
Nail Trimming 79
Anal Sac Expression 79
Ear Cleaning and Flushing 80
Chapter 3: Nutrition 82
GENERAL NUTRITION 83
Daily Caloric Requirement Worksheet for a Healthy Animal 84
General Life Stage Feeding Guidelines 85
Body Condition Scoring System 87
Disease Nutritional Requirements 89
Obesity Management 93
Section Three: Diagnostic Skills 94
Chapter 4: Laboratory 96
BLOOD CHEMISTRIES 99
Blood Collection, Handling, Storage, and Transport Tips 99
Blood Collection Tubes 100
Blood Chemistries 101
BONE MARROW EVALUATION 108
Bone Marrow Collection, Handling, Storage, and Transport Tips 108
Supplies for Bone Marrow Collection 109
Smear Techniques 109
Evaluation 110
Bone Marrow Evaluation 110
Cell Type Identification 111
Interpretation 113
CYTOLOGY 113
Cytology Collection, Handling, Storage, and Transport Tips 113
Collection Techniques 114
FNB Needle and Syringe Selection 114
Smear Techniques 115
Evaluation 116
Cytologic Criteria of Malignancy 117
Figure 4.4 Cytologic criteria of malignancy 118
Specific Tumor Cells 119
Interpretation 120
Fecal Cytology 121
Vaginal Cytology 122
Classifying Vaginal Cells 122
Staging the Estrus Cycle 123
FUNCTION TESTS 123
HEMATOLOGY 129
Complete Blood Count 130
Hemacytometer Use 133
Calculating a Differential 133
Evaluation 133
RBC Alterations and Morphology 133
WBC Morphology 137
WBC Alterations 138
WBC Left Shift 139
Platelet Morphology 140
Platelet Alterations 140
Coagulation Tests 140
Coagulation Screening 140
Coagulation Tests 141
Blood Transfusions 144
Crossmatching 144
Blood Typing 145
IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY TESTS 145
MICROBIOLOGY 147
Microbiology Collection, Handling, Storage, and Transport Tips 147
Collection Techniques 148
Specimen Storage 149
Most Commonly Used Culture Media 150
Culture Media Inoculation and Incubation 151
Evaluation of Culture Growth 152
Staining Solutions and Procedures 152
Staining Problems 155
Bacteria Identification 155
Fungi Identification 158
PARASITOLOGY 159
Fecal Collection, Handling, Storage, and Transport Tips 159
Endoparasite Examination Methods 159
Fecal Flotation Solutions 162
Blood Parasite Examination Methods 163
Ectoparasite Examination Methods 164
Figure 4.35 Relative size of parasite eggs 164
Endoparasites 165
Ectoparasites 170
URINALYSIS 172
Urine Collection, Handling, Storage, and Transport Tips 172
Urine Examination/Urinalysis 172
Gross Examination 173
Preparation 174
Chemistry Strip Examination 174
Sediment Examination 175
Reporting of Bacteria and Sperm 176
Sediment Examination 176
Urine Artifacts 180
Chapter 5: Imaging 182
RADIOLOGY 184
Radiographic Equipment 185
Radiographic Exposure and Image Factors 186
Radiographic Technique Chart 186
Example 1: Veterinary X-Ray Technique Chart 187
Example 2: Veterinary X-Ray Technique Chart 188
Evaluating Radiograph Technique 189
Exposure Evaluation 189
Density Evaluation 189
Scale of Contrast Evaluation 189
Radiographic Alterations 191
Radiographic Artifacts 192
Radiographic Positioning 192
Directional Terms 193
Positioning Terms 193
Soft Tissue Positioning 194
Thorax 194
Abdomen and Pharynx 194
Head Positioning 195
Skull 195
Zygomatic Arch 196
Tympanic Bullae 197
Temporomandibular Joint 197
Nasal Cavities and Sinuses 198
Nasal Cavities and Sinuses (continued) 198
Spine Positioning 199
Cervical 199
Thoracic\u2013Lumbar 200
Sacrum\u2014Caudal 200
Shoulder and Forelimb Positioning 201
Scapula\u2013Shoulder 201
Humerus 201
Elbow 202
Radius/Ulna and Carpus 203
Metacarpus/Phalanges 203
Pelvis and Hindlimb Positioning 204
Pelvis 204
Femur, Stifles, and Tibia/Fibula 205
Tarsus and Metatarsals 206
Radiographic Contrast Studies 206
Types of Contrast Media 207
Fistula Contrast Studies 208
Fistulography 208
Abdominal Contrast Studies 208
Peritoneography 208
Gastrointestinal Tract Contrast Studies 209
Esophagography and Gastrography 209
Upper and Lower Gastrointestinal Study 210
Head Contrast Studies 212
Dacryocystorhinography, Rhinography, and Sialography 212
Spinal and Joint Contrast Studies 213
Myelography and Epidurography 213
Discography and Arthrography 214
Urethra Contrast Studies 215
Urethrography, Canine 215
Urethrography, Feline 216
Vaginal Contrast Studies 217
Vaginography 217
Urinary Tract Contrast Studies 218
Cystography 218
Cystography (continued) 219
Additional Imaging Techniques 220
Computed Tomography and Echocardiography 220
Fluoroscopy 221
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Nuclear Medicine 221
Ultrasonography 222
Basic Scanning Techniquea 223
Sites for Ultrasound Scanninga 223
Color Plate 226
Chapter 6: General Medicine 250
CARDIOPULMONARY 253
Asthma and Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome 253
Bronchitis and Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic 254
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated 257
Cardiomyopathy, Restrictive and Congenital Heart Disease 259
Endocardiosis and Heartworm Disease 260
Congestive Heart Failure 263
Hypertension and Myocarditis 264
Pneumonia and Pleural Effusion 266
Rhinitis/Sinusitis and Tracheal Collapse 268
DERMATOLOGY 269
Acne 269
Acral Lick Dermatitis, Atopy, and Flea Allergy Dermatitis 271
Food Hypersensitivity and Otitis Externa 273
Pyoderma 274
ENDOCRINOLOGY AND REPRODUCTION 276
Abortion and Diabetes Insipidus 276
Diabetes Mellitus 277
Dystocia and Eclampsia 279
Hyperadrenocorticism and Hyperparathyroidism 280
Hyperthyroidism and Hypoadrenocorticism 282
Hypoparathyroidism, Hypothyroidism, and Mastitis 284
Pregnancy and Pyometra 286
GASTROENTEROLOGY 287
Anal Sac Disease, Cholangitis, and Cholangiohepatitis 287
Constipation and Megacolon 289
Diarrhea 290
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency and Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus 292
Hepatic Disease/Failure 294
Hepatic Lipidosis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease 295
Megaesophagus 297
Pancreatitis and Peritonitis 298
Protein-Losing Enteropathy and Vomiting 300
HEMATOLOGY 302
Anemia and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 302
Thrombocytopenia and von Willebrand\u2019s Disease 303
INFECTIOUS DISEASES 305
Brucellosis and Erlichiosis 305
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Salmon Poisoning 307
Tetanus and Toxoplasmosis 308
MUSCULOSKELETAL 310
Arthritis 310
Cruciate Disease and Hip Dysplasia 312
Osteochondrosis and Osteomyelitis 313
Patella Luxation and Panosteitis 315
NEUROLOGY 316
Encephalitis and Epilepsy 316
Intervertebral Disc Disease and Meningitis 318
Myasthenia Gravis and Myelopathy 320
Vestibular Disease and Wobbler Syndrome 321
ONCOLOGY 322
Neoplasia 322
Histiocytoma, Mammary Gland Neoplasia, and Mast Cell Tumor 324
Various Neoplasias 326
OPHTHALMOLOGY 333
Anterior Uveitis and Cataracts 333
Conjunctivitis and Entropion 334
Cilia Disorders and Glaucoma 336
Keratitis and Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca 337
Lens Luxation and Prolapsed Gland of the Third Eyelid 339
UROLOGY 341
Cystic Calculi, Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease, and Pyelonephritis 341
Renal Failure 343
Urinary Tract Obstruction and Urinary Tract Infection 345
Chapter 7: Emergency Medicine 348
Emergency Medicine 350
Emergency Supplies 350
Telephone Assessment and Emergency Transportation Recommendations 353
Inducing Vomiting At-Home 354
Triage 355
Primary Survey 355
Hemostasis 356
Cardiopulmonary Cerebrovascular Resuscitation (CPCR) 357
Secondary Survey 358
Shock 359
Cardiovascular Emergencies 361
Environmental Emergencies 362
Gastrointestinal Emergencies 363
Hematologic Emergencies 364
Metabolic and Endocrine Emergencies 365
Neonatal Emergencies 366
Neonatal Resuscitation Post-Cesarean 366
Neurologic Emergencies 367
Ophthalmic Emergencies 368
Renal and Urinary Emergencies 369
Reproductive and Genital Emergencies 370
Respiratory Emergencies 371
Toxicologic Emergencies 372
Toxins 373
Trauma Emergencies 375
Section Four: Patient Care Skills 376
Chapter 8: Patient Care 378
PATIENT MONITORING 381
Blood Pressure 381
Blood Pressure Procedure 381
Blood Pressure Results 382
Central Venous Pressure 383
Blood Gas Analysis 384
Blood Gas Analysis 384
Arterial Blood Gas Interpretation 386
Acid-Base Disturbances 386
Electrocardiogram 387
ECG Procedure 387
ECG Leads 388
ECG Interpretation 389
Figure 8.1 Normal canine electrocardiogram 390
Heart Rate Calculation 391
Common Rhythm Abnormalities 392
Figure 8.2 Atrial premature contraction/complex 393
Figure 8.3 ST-segment elevation 393
Figure 8.4 Ventricular premature contraction/complex 393
ECG Problems and Artifacts 394
Heat Administration 395
Recumbent Patient Care 396
DRUG ADMINISTRATION 397
Injections 397
Intravenous Catheter Placement 398
Peripheral and Jugular 398
Arterial and Intraosseous 399
Monitoring and Maintenance 400
Chemotherapy 401
Administration 401
Toxicity 402
Client Education: Monitoring Chemotherapy Response 405
Insulin Therapy 406
Client Education: Insulin Administration 406
Client Education: Monitoring Insulin Response 407
Client Education: Monitoring for Hypoglycemia 408
FLUID THERAPY 408
Hydration Assessment 409
Calculating Fluid Requirements 410
Routes of Fluid Administration 411
Commonly Used Fluids 412
Fluid Additives 414
Calculating Drip Rates 414
Monitoring Fluid Therapy 415
BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS 416
Blood Types 417
Blood Collection 418
Blood Products 420
Blood Administration 422
Blood Transfusion Reactions 423
OXYGEN THERAPY 424
Oxygen Administration 424
Routes of Oxygen Administration 425
Oxygen Hood and Nasal Catheter 425
Transtracheal Catheter and Tracheostomy 426
Chapter 9: Pain Management 428
PAIN MANAGEMENT 429
Pain Assessment 430
Pain Scales 430
Instructions for Using the CSU Acute Pain Scale 431
Pain Levels Associated With Surgical Procedures, Injuries, and Illnesses 432
Behaviors Suggesting Pain and Anxiety 433
Nondrug Approach to Decrease Pain and Anxiety 435
Pain Management Drugs 435
PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES 441
Constant Rate Infusions 441
Setting Up a Morphine/Lidocaine/Ketamine Constant Rate Infusion 442
Chapter 10: Wound Care 444
WOUND TREATMENT AND BANDAGING 445
Wound Healing Process 445
Classification of Wounds 446
Factors Affecting the Healing Process 447
Wound Care 448
Wound Cleaning Solutions 450
Topical Wound Medications 451
Wound Bandaging 452
Bandage Care 453
BANDAGING 454
Basic Bandage 454
Robert Jones Bandage 455
Chest/Abdominal Bandage 456
Distal Limb Splint 457
Casts 457
Ehmer Sling 458
90\u201390 Flexion 459
Velpeau Sling 459
Hobbles 460
Chapter 11: Parenteral Nutrition 462
NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT 463
Tips on Encouraging Oral Nutrition 463
Enteral Nutrition 463
Coax Feeding and Orogastric Tube 463
Nasoesophageal and Nasogastric Tube 464
Enteral Nutrition: Esophagostomy Tube 466
Gastrotomy Tube Without Gastropexy 467
Gastrotomy Tube With Gastropexy 468
Jejunostomy Tube 469
Enteral Nutrition Administration 470
PARENTERAL NUTRITION 471
Parenteral Nutrition 472
Parenteral Nutrition Administration 473
Worksheet for Calculating Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) 474
Worksheet for Calculating Peripheral or Partial Parenteral Nutrition (PPN) 475
Chapter 12: Medical Procedures 476
GASTROINTESTINAL PROCEDURES 477
Stomach Tube and Gastric Lavage 477
Gastrointestinal Tube Placement Verification 478
Abdominocentesis and Diagnostic Peritoneal Lavage 478
Enema, Warm Water 479
OPHTHALMIC PROCEDURES 479
Schirmer Tear Test, Fluorescein Sodium Stain, and Tonometry 479
RESPIRATORY PROCEDURES 480
Thoracocentesis and Thoracostomy Tube Placement 480
Nebulization, Coupage, and Metered Dose Inhalers 481
UROGENITAL PROCEDURES 483
Urine Collection 483
Urine Collection Devices 484
Urinary Catheterization 484
Urinary Catheter Maintenance 485
Section Five: Anesthesia and Anesthetic Procedures 486
Chapter 13: Anesthesia 488
GUIDELINES FOR SAFE ANESTHESIA 490
PREANESTHETIC 491
Preanesthetic Evaluation 491
Case-Based Anesthesia 493
Preanesthetic Drugs 500
ANESTHESIA 500
Anesthetic Administration 500
Anesthetic Machine 500
Machine Setup 500
Anesthetic Breathing System 501
Anesthetic Administration 502
General Anesthesia Induction 502
Endotracheal Intubation 503
Figure 13.1 Endotracheal intubation 504
Endotracheal Complications 505
Perioperative 505
Patient Care 505
Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation (IPPV) 507
Anesthetic Monitoring 507
Stages of Anesthesia 507
Anesthesia Monitoring 509
POSTANESTHESIA 515
Recovery 515
Postanesthetic Monitoring 516
Local and Regional Anesthesia 519
VENTILATION 523
General Informatio 523
Administration 524
ANESTHETIC DRUGS 526
Preanesthetic Drugs 526
Anticholinergic Drugs 526
Atropine and Glycopyrrolate 527
Phenothiazines 527
Acepromazine Maleate 528
Benzodiazepines 529
Diazepam and Midazolam 529
a2-Agonists 530
Xylazine and Medetomidine 531
Opioids 533
Butorphanol and Buprenorphine 534
Fentanyl and Hydromorphone 535
Morphine Sulfate and Oxymorphone HCl 536
Injectable Induction Anesthetics 537
Barbituates 537
Thiobarbituates and Methylated Barbituates 538
Cyclohexamines 539
Ketamine and Tiletamine 540
Propofol 541
Propofol (continued) 541
Etomidate 542
Etomidate (continued) 543
Inhalant Anesthetics 543
Halothane and Isoflurane 544
Sevoflurane 545
Chapter 14: Dentistry 546
DENTISTRY 548
ANATOMY 548
Figure 14.1 Dentition: canine and feline 548
Figure 14.2 Cross section of a triple-rooted tooth 549
Figure 14.3 Skeletal structure: canine and feline 549
Figure 14.4 Cross section of facial structures: canine and feline 550
DENTAL INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT 550
Hand-held Instruments 550
Figure 14.5 Hand-held nonmechanical dental instruments 551
Instrument Maintenance 551
Sharpening Technique 552
Mechanical Instruments 552
DENTAL PROPHYLAXIS 553
Dental Cleaning Procedure 553
Dental Charting 555
Figure 14.6: Sample of a patient\u2019s dental health chart 558
COMMON DENTAL DISORDERS 559
Anatomical Disorders 559
Pathologic Disorders 560
DENTAL RADIOLOGY 561
Equipment 561
Technique Chart 561
Radiographic Film 562
Radiographic Techniques 562
Radiographic Positioning 563
EXTRACTIONS 566
General Extraction Procedures 566
Local Dental Nerve Blocks 567
Chapter 15: Surgery 570
Instrument Packs 572
Preoperative Protocol 573
SURGICAL PROCEDURES 574
Abdominal Surgery 574
Abdominal Hernia, Anal Sacculectomy, and Colotomy 575
Enterotomy, Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus, and Gastrotomy 577
Intestinal Resection and Anastomosis and Hepatectomy 578
Aural Surgery 579
Aural Hematoma and Lateral Ear Canal Resection 579
Integumentary Surgery 580
Abscess and Laceration 581
Mass Removal and Onychectomy 582
Neurologic Surgery 583
Disc Fenestration, Dorsal Laminectomy, and Hemilaminectomy 584
Ophthalmic Surgery 585
Cataracts, Ectropion, and Entropion 586
Conjunctival Flap and Enucleation 587
Glaucoma and Nictitating Membrane Flap Replacement 587
Prolapse of the Gland of the Third Eyelid and Traumatic Proptosis 588
Orthopedic Surgery 588
Cranial Cruciate Ligament Repair, Femoral Head Ostectomy, and Fracture Repair 589
Patellar Luxation, Total Hip Replacement, and Triple Pelvic Osteotomy 590
Reproductive Tract Surgery 591
Cesarean Section, Orchiectomy, and Ovariohysterectomy 591
Postoperative Care of Neonates and Dam 593
Thoracic Surgery 593
Diaphragmatic Hernia, Laryngeal Paralysis, and Sternotomy 594
Thoracotomy and Tracheal Collapse 595
Urogenital Tract Surgery 596
Cystotomy and Urethostomy, Perineal 596
Urethostomy, Scrotal, and Urethrostomy, Prescrotal 597
SUTURE TECHNIQUES 597
Suture Patterns 597
Knot Tying 598
POSTOPERATIVE CARE PROTOCOL 599
Standard Postoperative Care Instructions 599
Preventing Self-Trauma 599
ALTERNATIVE SURGICAL OPTIONS 600
Endoscopy: Flexible Gastrointestinal and Rigid 600
Laser Surgery 601
Radiation Therapy: Teletherapy, Brachytherapy, and Systemic Therapy 602
Temperature Therapy: Hyperthermia and Cryosurgery 603
Section Six: Complementary and Alternative Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacology 604
Chapter 16: Complementary and Alternative Veterinary Medicine 606
COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE (CAVM) 607
PHYSICAL THERAPY AND REHABILITATION 607
Traditional Chinese Medicine 611
Ayurveda and Chiropractic 612
Flower Essences and Homeopathy 613
Laser Therapy 614
Magnetic Field Therapy 614
Western Herbal Medicine 615
Chapter 17: Pharmacology 616
PHARMACOLOGY 619
Basic Calculations 619
Drug Cross-Reference 620
ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS 623
ANTI-INFECTIVE DRUGS 624
Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporins, and Chloramphenicol 624
Fluoroquinolones, Lincosamides, and Metronidazole 625
Penicillin, Sulfonamides, and Tetracyclines 626
ANTIPARASITIC DRUGS 627
Antinematodals 627
Antinematodals (continued) 628
Anticestodals 628
Ectoparasitics 629
Ectoparasitics (continued) 629
CANCER/CHEMOTHERAPY DRUGS 630
Alkylating Agents 630
Anthracycline Antibiotics 631
Antimetabolites 632
Enzyme, Immunomodulating, Synthetic Hormone and Vinca Alkaloid 633
CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS 634
Antianemics 634
Antiarrhythmics 635
Anticoagulants and Calcium Supplements 636
Contractility Enhancers and Positive Inotropic Agents 637
Diuretics 638
Vasodilators 639
DERMATOLOGIC DRUGS 640
Antiseborrheics 640
Antipruritics/Antihistamines 640
GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS 641
Antidiarrheals 641
Antiemetics 642
Antiulcer Agents 643
Emetics 644
Enzyme, Laxatives, and Lubricants 645
Protectants and Stool Softener 646
HEPATIC DRUGS 647
Supplements 647
METABOLIC DRUGS 648
Adrenal Cortex 648
Pancreatic 649
Pancreatic (continued) 650
Parathyroid and Thyroid 650
MUSCULOSKELETAL DRUGS 651
Anti-inflammatory Drugs 651
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs 652
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (continued) 653
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (continued) 654
Protectant, Muscle Relaxer, and Supplement 654
NEUROLOGIC DRUGS 655
Appetite Stimulator and Cholinergics 655
Autonomic Nervous System: Adrenergic Agents: Alpha Stimulators 656
Central Nervous System: Anticonvulsants 656
Euthanasia Agents and Muscle Relaxers 657
Analgesics 658
Analgesic/Anticonvulsant, NMDA Antagonist, and Narcotic Agonist 659
Analgesic: Opioids 660
Analgesic: Opioids (continued) 661
Behavioral: Antidepressants 662
OPHTHALMIC DRUGS 662
Adrenergic Agonist, Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, and Immunosuppressant 662
Miotics, Mydriatics/Cycloplegics, Topical Anesthetics, and Stains 663
OTIC DRUGS 664
Topical Anti-infectives 664
RENAL/URINARY DRUGS 665
Acidifiers, Adrenergic Agent, and Alkalinizing Agent 665
Alpha-Adrenergic Agent, Antibacterial/Acidifier, Anabolic Steroid and Cholinergic 666
Enzyme Inhibitor and Tricyclic Antidepressant 667
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DRUGS 668
Androgens, Estrogens, and Gonadotropins 668
Oxytocin, Progestins, and Prostaglandin 669
RESPIRATORY DRUGS 670
Antitussives 670
Bronchodilators and Mucolytics 671
Stimulants 672
TOXICOLOGIC DRUGS 673
Chelating and Synthetic Alcohol Dehydrogenase Inhibitor 673
Appendix 674
Metric Units 674
Weights 674
Liquid Measure 675
Length 675
Kilograms to Body Surface Area 676
Temperature Conversion 676
Disinfectants 677
Glossary 680
Abbreviations 696
Bibliography 700
Index 710