简介
InThe Fictions of Language and the Languages of Fiction, Monika Fludernik presents a detailed analysis of free indirect discourse as it relates to narrative theory and the crucial problematic of how speech and thought are represented in fiction. Building on the insights of Ann Banfield'sUnspeakable Sentences, Fludernik radically extends Banfield's model to accommodate evidence from conversational narrative, non-fictional prose, and literary works from Chaucer to the present. Fludernik's model subsumes earlier insights into the forms and functions of quotation and aligns them with discourse strategies observable in the oral language. She introduces English readers to extensive work on the subject in German and compares the free indirect discourse features of English, French and German. This study effectively repositions the whole area between literature and linguistics, opening up questions in narrative theory.
目录
Book Cover 1
Half-Title 2
Title 3
Copyright 4
Dedication 5
Contents 6
Preface 10
Acknowledgements 12
Abbreviations and symbols 14
Typographical conventions 16
Introduction 18
0.1 WHY ANOTHER STUDY OF FREE INDIRECT DISCOURSE? 20
0.2 CHAPTER OUTLINE 24
0.3 METHODS AND AIMS 25
0.4 TERMINOLOGICAL PRELIMINARIES: REPRESENTATIONAND BEYOND 31
NOTES 37
1 Contexts: the reporting of speech andthought acts 40
1.1 DIEGESIS AND MIMESIS\u2014LITERARY APPLICATIONSIN THE GUISE OF GRAMMAR 42
1.2 INTENSIONALITY AND OPACITY: FROM TRUTH VALUES TOILLOCUTIONARY FORCE 48
1.3 THE LINGUISTIC FRAMEWORK OF DEIXIS: B脺HLER,BENVENISTE, WEINRICH, LANGACKER 57
1.4 THE EXPERIENCE OF TIME IN NARRATIVE RECOLLECTION:THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE 67
1.5 COMMUNICATION IN NARRATIVE:NARRATOLOGY AND BEYOND 72
NOTES 78
2 Establishing the object of analysis:an introduction to the free indirect 86
2.1 INTRODUCING FREE INDIRECT DISCOURSE 86
2.2 FREE INDIRECT DISCOURSE IN FOCUS: ON THE MARGINS OFDISCOURSE 96
NOTES 117
3 Indirect and free indirect discourse:aspects of anaphoricity and shifting 124
Part A: Deictic and anaphoric reference 124
3.1 INTRODUCTION 124
3.2 THE REFERENTIAL SHIFT IN FREE INDIRECT DISCOURSE 130
3.2.1 Personal pronouns 130
3.2.2 Logophoricity, the English reflexive, and the predominance of pronouns infree indirect discourse 142
3.2.3 Designation by means of noun phrases 150
3.2.4 Designation from the perspective of the reported consciousness 154
Part B: Syntactic patterns 159
3.3 THE SYNTACTIC FACTOR 159
3.3.1 The question of (non-) subordination 159
3.3.2 Parentheticals 177
3.3.3 The echo question versus free indirect discourse 183
Part C: Tense, mood and aspect in (free) indirect discourse 190
3.4 THE TEMPORAL INTEGRATION OF FREE INDIRECTDISCOURSE 190
3.4.1 Sequence of tenses 190
3.4.2 The tense shift as a signal of free indirect discourse18 198
3.4.3 Present tense free indirect discourse 205
3.5 TENSE AND CONSCIOUSNESS: THE FRENCH IMPARFAIT,THE ENGLISH PAST PROGRESSIVE AND THE GERMANPR脛TERITUM 208
3.5.1 The Frenchimparfait 211
3.5.2 The English past progressive 215
3.5.3 The German preterite (Prateritum, Mitvergangenheit) 220
NOTES TO PART A 224
NOTES TO PART B 229
NOTES TO PART C 234
4 Indirect and free indirect discourse:deictic features and expressivity 240
4.1 ADVERBIAL DEIXIS 241
4.2 PRAGMATIC CATEGORIES OF EXPRESSIVITY 243
4.2.1 Typographical signals of expressivity 243
4.2.2 Addressee-oriented and speaker-oriented expressions 246
4.3 SYNTACTIC EXPRESSIONS OF SUBJECTIVITY 248
4.3.1 Exclamations, interjections and sentence modifiers 248
4.3.2 Root transformations 256
4.4 MORPHOLOGIC, SYNTACTIC AND PHONETIC INDICATIONSOF REGISTER 271
4.5 LEXICAL INDICATIONS OF SUBJECTIVITY 272
4.6 EXPRESSIVITY 278
NOTES 286
5 A scale of forms: speech and thoughtrepresentation in context 292
5.1 THE DELIMITATION OF FREE INDIRECT DISCOURSE:PROBLEMS WITH THE TRIPARTITE MODEL 292
5.2 CONTEXTUAL SIGNALS OF FREE INDIRECT DISCOURSE 296
5.3 THE SCALE MODEL 301
5.4 SYNTACTIC GRADATION ALONG THE SCALE 303
5.4.1 The syntactic integration of direct, indirect, and free indirect discourse 303
5.4.2 Speech report and thought report (psycho-narration) 308
5.5 NARRATED PERCEPTION 316
5.6 RESUM脡: BEYOND THE SCALE 320
NOTES 325
6 Dual voice and stylistic deviation 330
6.1. \u2018VOICE\u2019 IN FREE INDIRECT DISCOURSE 333
6.2 APPROPRIATION AND IMMERSION:ANSTECKUNGAND THE\u2018UNCLE CHARLES PRINCIPLE\u2019 342
6.3 THE MECHANICS OF \u2018VOICE\u2019: STYLISTIC DEVIATION INNARRATIVE PROSE 348
6.4 THE DUAL VOICE HYPOTHESIS\u2014IRONY RECONSIDERED 359
NOTES 365
7 Language and consciousness:Ann Banfield\u2019sUnspeakable Sentencesand beyond 370
7.1 ANN BANFIELD\u2019S UNSPEAKABLE SENTENCES 370
7.1.1 Methodological assumptions 374
7.1.2 The TG foundation of Banfield\u2019s theory 375
7.1.3 Direct versus indirect discourse 378
7.1.4 Interpretative principles 380
7.1.5 Contrastive features of direct, indirect and free indirect discourse 383
7.1.6 Discourse versus narration 384
7.1.7 Reflective versus non-reflective consciousness 386
7.1.8 Historical survey 388
7.2 EVALUATIVE SUMMARY 389
7.3 THE DEICTIC CENTRE: CONSCIOUSNESS, SELF ANDSUBJECTIVITY IN LANGUAGE 391
7.4 BANFIELD\u2019S \u2018EMPTY CENTRE\u2019 396
NOTES 403
8 Schematic language representation 408
8.1 THE TYPIFICATION ISSUE IN FREE INDIRECT DISCOURSE 408
8.2 SCHEMATIC FEATURES IN DIRECT DISCOURSE 418
8.3 THE CASE OF ORAL DISCOURSE 424
8.4 A MODEL OF SCHEMATIC LANGUAGE REPRESENTATION 433
8.5 DEIXIS, SUBJECTIVITY AND CONSCIOUSNESS:THE EMPTY CENTRE 439
NOTES 442
9 Consequences and conclusions 444
9.1 SCHEMATIC LANGUAGE REPRESENTATION ANDLINGUISTICS 444
9.2 NARRATORS\u2019 AND CHARACTERS\u2019 VOICES: A FRAME-THEORETICAL RESOLUTION 449
9.2.1 \u2018Communication\u2019 in narrative 450
9.2.2 A frame-theoretical model of literary communication 455
9.3 STYLE VERSUS LANGUAGE: SOME METHODOLOGICALCONCLUSIONS 462
9.4 HOW NOT TO CALL A SPADE A SPADE 466
NOTES 471
References 474
TEXTS 474
CRITICISM 481
Author Index 534
Subject Index 542
Half-Title 2
Title 3
Copyright 4
Dedication 5
Contents 6
Preface 10
Acknowledgements 12
Abbreviations and symbols 14
Typographical conventions 16
Introduction 18
0.1 WHY ANOTHER STUDY OF FREE INDIRECT DISCOURSE? 20
0.2 CHAPTER OUTLINE 24
0.3 METHODS AND AIMS 25
0.4 TERMINOLOGICAL PRELIMINARIES: REPRESENTATIONAND BEYOND 31
NOTES 37
1 Contexts: the reporting of speech andthought acts 40
1.1 DIEGESIS AND MIMESIS\u2014LITERARY APPLICATIONSIN THE GUISE OF GRAMMAR 42
1.2 INTENSIONALITY AND OPACITY: FROM TRUTH VALUES TOILLOCUTIONARY FORCE 48
1.3 THE LINGUISTIC FRAMEWORK OF DEIXIS: B脺HLER,BENVENISTE, WEINRICH, LANGACKER 57
1.4 THE EXPERIENCE OF TIME IN NARRATIVE RECOLLECTION:THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE 67
1.5 COMMUNICATION IN NARRATIVE:NARRATOLOGY AND BEYOND 72
NOTES 78
2 Establishing the object of analysis:an introduction to the free indirect 86
2.1 INTRODUCING FREE INDIRECT DISCOURSE 86
2.2 FREE INDIRECT DISCOURSE IN FOCUS: ON THE MARGINS OFDISCOURSE 96
NOTES 117
3 Indirect and free indirect discourse:aspects of anaphoricity and shifting 124
Part A: Deictic and anaphoric reference 124
3.1 INTRODUCTION 124
3.2 THE REFERENTIAL SHIFT IN FREE INDIRECT DISCOURSE 130
3.2.1 Personal pronouns 130
3.2.2 Logophoricity, the English reflexive, and the predominance of pronouns infree indirect discourse 142
3.2.3 Designation by means of noun phrases 150
3.2.4 Designation from the perspective of the reported consciousness 154
Part B: Syntactic patterns 159
3.3 THE SYNTACTIC FACTOR 159
3.3.1 The question of (non-) subordination 159
3.3.2 Parentheticals 177
3.3.3 The echo question versus free indirect discourse 183
Part C: Tense, mood and aspect in (free) indirect discourse 190
3.4 THE TEMPORAL INTEGRATION OF FREE INDIRECTDISCOURSE 190
3.4.1 Sequence of tenses 190
3.4.2 The tense shift as a signal of free indirect discourse18 198
3.4.3 Present tense free indirect discourse 205
3.5 TENSE AND CONSCIOUSNESS: THE FRENCH IMPARFAIT,THE ENGLISH PAST PROGRESSIVE AND THE GERMANPR脛TERITUM 208
3.5.1 The Frenchimparfait 211
3.5.2 The English past progressive 215
3.5.3 The German preterite (Prateritum, Mitvergangenheit) 220
NOTES TO PART A 224
NOTES TO PART B 229
NOTES TO PART C 234
4 Indirect and free indirect discourse:deictic features and expressivity 240
4.1 ADVERBIAL DEIXIS 241
4.2 PRAGMATIC CATEGORIES OF EXPRESSIVITY 243
4.2.1 Typographical signals of expressivity 243
4.2.2 Addressee-oriented and speaker-oriented expressions 246
4.3 SYNTACTIC EXPRESSIONS OF SUBJECTIVITY 248
4.3.1 Exclamations, interjections and sentence modifiers 248
4.3.2 Root transformations 256
4.4 MORPHOLOGIC, SYNTACTIC AND PHONETIC INDICATIONSOF REGISTER 271
4.5 LEXICAL INDICATIONS OF SUBJECTIVITY 272
4.6 EXPRESSIVITY 278
NOTES 286
5 A scale of forms: speech and thoughtrepresentation in context 292
5.1 THE DELIMITATION OF FREE INDIRECT DISCOURSE:PROBLEMS WITH THE TRIPARTITE MODEL 292
5.2 CONTEXTUAL SIGNALS OF FREE INDIRECT DISCOURSE 296
5.3 THE SCALE MODEL 301
5.4 SYNTACTIC GRADATION ALONG THE SCALE 303
5.4.1 The syntactic integration of direct, indirect, and free indirect discourse 303
5.4.2 Speech report and thought report (psycho-narration) 308
5.5 NARRATED PERCEPTION 316
5.6 RESUM脡: BEYOND THE SCALE 320
NOTES 325
6 Dual voice and stylistic deviation 330
6.1. \u2018VOICE\u2019 IN FREE INDIRECT DISCOURSE 333
6.2 APPROPRIATION AND IMMERSION:ANSTECKUNGAND THE\u2018UNCLE CHARLES PRINCIPLE\u2019 342
6.3 THE MECHANICS OF \u2018VOICE\u2019: STYLISTIC DEVIATION INNARRATIVE PROSE 348
6.4 THE DUAL VOICE HYPOTHESIS\u2014IRONY RECONSIDERED 359
NOTES 365
7 Language and consciousness:Ann Banfield\u2019sUnspeakable Sentencesand beyond 370
7.1 ANN BANFIELD\u2019S UNSPEAKABLE SENTENCES 370
7.1.1 Methodological assumptions 374
7.1.2 The TG foundation of Banfield\u2019s theory 375
7.1.3 Direct versus indirect discourse 378
7.1.4 Interpretative principles 380
7.1.5 Contrastive features of direct, indirect and free indirect discourse 383
7.1.6 Discourse versus narration 384
7.1.7 Reflective versus non-reflective consciousness 386
7.1.8 Historical survey 388
7.2 EVALUATIVE SUMMARY 389
7.3 THE DEICTIC CENTRE: CONSCIOUSNESS, SELF ANDSUBJECTIVITY IN LANGUAGE 391
7.4 BANFIELD\u2019S \u2018EMPTY CENTRE\u2019 396
NOTES 403
8 Schematic language representation 408
8.1 THE TYPIFICATION ISSUE IN FREE INDIRECT DISCOURSE 408
8.2 SCHEMATIC FEATURES IN DIRECT DISCOURSE 418
8.3 THE CASE OF ORAL DISCOURSE 424
8.4 A MODEL OF SCHEMATIC LANGUAGE REPRESENTATION 433
8.5 DEIXIS, SUBJECTIVITY AND CONSCIOUSNESS:THE EMPTY CENTRE 439
NOTES 442
9 Consequences and conclusions 444
9.1 SCHEMATIC LANGUAGE REPRESENTATION ANDLINGUISTICS 444
9.2 NARRATORS\u2019 AND CHARACTERS\u2019 VOICES: A FRAME-THEORETICAL RESOLUTION 449
9.2.1 \u2018Communication\u2019 in narrative 450
9.2.2 A frame-theoretical model of literary communication 455
9.3 STYLE VERSUS LANGUAGE: SOME METHODOLOGICALCONCLUSIONS 462
9.4 HOW NOT TO CALL A SPADE A SPADE 466
NOTES 471
References 474
TEXTS 474
CRITICISM 481
Author Index 534
Subject Index 542
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