Protein adaptations and signal transduction /

Front Cover 1
Protein Adaptations and Signal Transduction 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 12
Preface 6
List of Contributors 8
Chapter 1. Signal Transduction and Gene Expression in the Regulation of Natural Freezing Survival 20
1. Strategies of winter survival in animals 20
2. Freeze-induced gene expression 22
3. Freeze tolerance, glucose metabolism and signal transduction 27
4. Conclusions and future directions 35
Acknowledgements 35
References 35
Chapter 2. Drosophila as a Model Organism for the Transgenic Expression of Antifreeze Proteins 40
1. Introduction 40
2. Properties of AFPs 40
3. Drosophila as a model system for fish AFP expression 41
4. Prospects for the transgenic expression of other AFPs 45
5. Cautions and conclusions 46
Acknowledgements 46
References 46
Chapter 3. Cold-adapted Enzymes: An Unachieved Symphony 50
1. Introduction 50
2. The low temperature challenge 50
3. Structural basis of adaptation to cold 51
4. The activity\u2013stability\u2013flexibility trilogy 54
5. Conclusion and perspectives 58
Acknowledgements 58
References 59
Chapter 4. The Role of Cold-shock Proteins in Low-temperature Adaptation 62
1. Low-temperature adaptation and sensing 62
2. Cold-shock proteins and their role in cold and general stress adaptation 66
3. Regulatory elements involved in CSP synthesis 69
4. Perspectives 72
Acknowledgements 72
References 72
Chapter 5. Hibernation: Protein Adaptations 76
1. Introduction 76
2. Adjustment of energy metabolism for needs of hibernators 77
3. Molecular mechanisms of excitation-contraction coupling in heart and skeletal muscles of mammals 80
4. Changes in the properties of enzyme systems responsible for the functional activity of heart and skeletal muscles during hibernation 81
5. Concluding remarks 88
References 88
Chapter 6. Aquaporins and water stress 92
1. Rationale 92
2. Introduction 92
3. Osmosis, diffusion and functional properties of aquaporins 94
4. Uphill flow of water 97
5. Desert kangaroo rat and aquaporin distributions 98
6. Physiology of AQP3 and AQP4 100
7. Water transport in liver and stomach 100
8. Adaptation 102
9. Concluding remarks 102
Acknowledgements 102
References 102
Chapter 7. Gene Expression Associated with Muscle Adaptation in Response to Physical Signals- 106
1. Introduction 106
2. Mechanical factors that influence myosin heavy chain gene expression in mammalian muscle 107
3. Metabolic adaptation in relation to activity 108
4. Switches in myosin gene expression in response to environmental temperature in fish muscle 109
5. Molecular motor switching in response to muscle activity 110
6. Local control of muscle mass and phenotype 110
7. Action of MGF in inducing muscle hypertrophy 112
8. Binding protein and local action of growth factors 113
9. Mechanotransduction mechanisms 113
10. Summary and conclusions 113
References 114
Chapter 8. Early Responses to Mechanical Stress: From Signals at the Cell Surface to Altered Gene Expression 116
1. Introduction 116
2. Mechanical stress and tissue homeostasis 116
3. Mechanosensation at the cell surface 117
4. Early generation of chemical signals at the cell surface 119
5. Triggering of intracellular signalling cascades 122
6. Transcriptional activation of mechano-responsive genes: examples 123
7. Conclusions and perspectives 125
Acknowledgements 126
References 126
Chapter 9. Fasting and Refeeding: Models of Changes in Metabolic Efficiency 130
1. Introduction 130
2. Biochemical and physiological changes associated with fasting and energy restriction 131
3. Biochemical changes associated with refeeding 135
4. Metabolic depression and metabolic efficiency 136
References 142
Chapter 10. Nutritional Regulation of Hepatic Gene Expression 148
1. Introduction\u2014energy homeostasis 148
2. Role of the liver in energy homeostasis 148
3. Fatty acid oxidation and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 149
4. Lipogenesis and the induction of lipogenic enzyme genes 152
5. Lipogenesis and the sterol regulatory element binding protein 153
6. Lipogenesis and the carbohydrate responsive transcription factor 155
7. Model for lipogenic enzyme gene regulation 158
8. Conclusions 159
References 160
Chapter 11. The AMP-activated/SNF1 Protein Kinases: Key Players in the Response of Eukaryotic Cells to Metabolic Stress- 164
1. Introduction 164
2. Early studies of the AMPK/SNF1 protein kinases 164
3. Structure of the AMPK/SNF1 kinases 166
4. Regulation of the AMPK/SNF1 kinases 168
5. Cellular stresses that switch on the AMPK/SNF1 systems 170
6. Target pathways and proteins for AMPK/SNF1 systems 171
7. Future perspectives 176
Acknowledgements 176
References 177
Chapter 12. Cellular Regulation of Protein Kinase C 182
1. Protein kinase C: a central role in signaling 182
2. Structure, function, and regulation of protein kinase C 182
3. Protein kinase C in cell survival and programmed cell death 186
4. Perspectives 189
References 189
Chapter 13. Mitogen-activated protein kinases and stress 194
1. Introduction 194
2. The SAPK family 195
3. Dual-specificity protein kinases of the SAPK pathway 198
4. Regulation of SAPK by MAPKKKs 200
5. The p38 MAPK family 203
6. Genetic analysis of p38a in mice 204
7. Concluding remarks 207
Acknowledgements 208
References 208
Chapter 14. How to Activate Intrinsic Stress Resistance Mechanisms to Obtain Therapeutic Benefit 214
1. General introduction 214
2. Body' s defense against different forms of stress 214
3. Failure of the intrinsic defense 217
4. Possible avenues for reversal of stress-injury 218
5. Future directions 219
Acknowledgements 219
References 219
Chapter 15. Regulation of Ion Channel Function and Expression by Hypoxia 222
1 Cellular responses to acute hypoxia 222
2. The carotid body 222
3. O2-sensitive K+ channels in other tissues 224
4. O2-sensitive Ca2+ channels 225
5. Other O2-sensitive ion channels 225
6. Mechanisms of O2 sensing 225
7. Chronic hypoxia 227
8. Conclusions 229
Acknowledgements 229
References 229
Chapter 16. Ca2+ Dynamics Under Oxidant Stress in the Cardiovascular System 232
1. Introduction 232
2. Ca2+ influx from extracellular to intracellular space 232
3. Ca2+ extrusion from intracellular space to extracellular space 236
4. Ca2+ translocating processes of sarcoplasmic reticulum 238
5. Protein bound Ca 239
6. Mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics 239
7. Consequences of oxidant induced increase in [Ca2+] 241
8. Future prospects 242
Acknowledgements 243
References 243
Chapter 17. Role of NF-E2 Related Factors in Oxidative Stress 248
1. Oxidative stress 248
2. Oxidative stress-activated defensive mechanisms 248
3. Transcription factor NF-kB 249
4. NF-E2 Related factors 250
5. Role of NF-E2 related factors in protection against oxidative stress 251
6. Nrf1 and Nrf2 associated factors 252
7. Mechanism of Nrf signaling and activation of ARE-mediated expression and coordinated induction of defensive genes 253
Acknowledgements 254
References 254
Chapter 18. Signal Transduction Cascades Responsive to Oxidative Stress in the Vasculature- 258
1. Introduction: Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases 258
2. Cellular sensors of oxidative stress 259
3. Redox regulation of phospholipid-dependent signaling 262
4. Mitogen activated protein kinases as the primary redox-sensitive signal mediators 263
5. Regulation of gene expression and protein secretion by oxidative stress 266
6. Conclusion 267
References 268
Chapter 19. Oxidative Stress Signaling 272
1. Introduction 272
2. Key Sources of ROS generation 272
3. ROS as second messengers in mitogenic signaling 273
4. Role of ROS in signal transduction 274
5. Transcriptional regulation by ROS 276
6. ROS regulation of NF-kB 277
7. ROS in apoptosis 278
References 278
Chapter 20. Antioxidant Defenses and Animal Adaptation to Oxygen Availability During Environmental Stress 282
1. Free radicals, antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress 282
2. Natural anoxia tolerance and adaptations to oxidative stress 284
3. Oxidative stress and natural freeze tolerance in vertebrates 293
4. Oxidative stress and dehydration tolerance in leopard frogs 296
5. Estivation and oxidative stress in land snails and toads 297
6. Conclusions, speculations and perspectives 301
Acknowledgements 303
References 303
Index 308