Functional plant ecology / 2nd ed.

Table Of Contents:
Preface xiii
Editors xv
Contributors xvii

Methods in Comparative Functional Ecology 1(6)

Carlos M. Duarte

Development of Functional Plant Ecology 1(2)

Screening, Broad-Scale Comparisons, and the Development of Functional Laws 3(2)

References 5(2)

Opportunistic Growth and Desiccation Tolerance: The Ecological Success of Poikilohydrous Autotrophs 7(60)

Ludger Kappen

Fernando Valladares

Poikilohydrous Way of Life 8(8)

Poikilohydrous Constitution versus Poikilohydrous Performance: Toward a Definition of Poikilohydry 8(5)

Ecology and Distribution of Poikilohydrous Autotrophs 13(2)

Does Poikilohydry Rely on Specific Morphological Features? 15(1)

Exploiting an Erratic Resource 16(8)

Different Modes of Water Uptake and Transport 17(3)

Problems of Resuming Water Transport 20(2)

Retarding Water Loss 22(2)

Preventing Damage and Tolerating Stresses 24(10)

Desiccation Tolerance 24(1)

Cellular and Physiological Changes during Desiccation 25(3)

Synthesis of Proteins and Protective Substances 28(1)

Photoprotection of the Photosynthetic Units 29(3)

Desiccation Tolerance: An Old Heritage 32(1)

Tolerance to Extreme Temperatures: A Property Linked to Poikilohydry 33(1)

Limits and Success of Poikilohydry 34(14)

Photosynthesis 34(1)

Lichens and Bryophytes 34(5)

Vascular Plants 39(2)

Different Strategies 41(1)

Opportunistic Metabolic Activity in situ 42(4)

Place in Plant Communities 46(1)

Primary Production of Poikilohydrous Autotrophs 47(1)

Acknowledgments 48(1)

References 48(19)

Ecological Significance of Inherent Variation in Relative Growth Rate and Its Components 67(34)

Hendrik Poorter

Eric Garnier

Introduction 67(2)

Assessing the Growth Potential of a Species 69(4)

RGRmax and Plant Ecology 73(4)

RGRmax and Plant Distribution 73(1)

RGRmax and Ecosystem Productivity 73(3)

RGRmax and Plant Strategies 76(1)

Components Underlying RGRmax 77(5)

Growth Parameters 77(2)

Physiological Parameters 79(1)

Chemical and Anatomical Parameters 80(2)

RGR and Its Components: A Synthesis 82(2)

Do Laboratory Findings Apply to the Field? 84(1)

Selection for RGR or Underlying Components? 84(6)

Selection for RGR 84(2)

Selection for Components of RGR 86(1)

Selection for SLA-Related Traits in Adverse Environments 87(3)

Selection for SLA-Related Traits in Favorable Environments 90(1)

Evidence for the Importance of SLA-Related Traits 90(3)

Nutrient Availability 91(1)

Water Availability 92(1)

Trampling and Wind Damage 92(1)

Herbivory 93(1)

Conclusions 93(1)

Acknowledgments 94(1)

References 94(7)

The Architecture of Plant Crowns: From Design Rules to Light Capture and Performance 101(50)

Fernando Valladares

Ulo Niinemets

Introduction 101(2)

Plant Design 103(4)

Basic Architecture of Terrestrial Plants 103(1)

Modular Nature of Plants 103(1)

Scaling Up and Down 104(1)

Ecology of Branch Autonomy 104(1)

Modularity versus Integrity 105(1)

Plant Biomechanics: Coping with Gravity and Wind 105(2)

Development of a Crown Shape 107(8)

Crown Architecture and Models of Growth 107(1)

Branching: The Framework of a Crown 108(2)

Arrangement of Leaves 110(3)

Classifying Crown Architectures 113(1)

Functional Insights into Architectural Classifications 113(1)

Real Crowns: Imperfect Architectures or Controlled Variability? 114(1)

Structural Determinants of Light Capture 115(22)

Shaping the Foliage: The Single-Crown Level 115(1)

Crown Size and Shape 116(2)

Geometry of Foliage Arrangement within the Crown 118(7)

Changing Geometries: Leaf Movements and Rolling 125(1)

Crown Architecture in Extreme Light Environments 126(1)

When Light Is Scarce 126(3)

When Light Is Excessive 129(2)

Occupying Space and Casting Shade: The Community Level 131(6)

Elasticity, Stress, and Evolution 137(2)

Acknowledgments 139(1)

References 139(12)

Structure and Function of Root Systems 151(24)

Robert B. Jackson

William T. Pockman

William A. Hoffmann

Timothy M. Bleby

Cristina Armas

Introduction 151(1)

Root Morphology and Development 152(4)

Primary Root Anatomy 152(1)

Epidermis 152(1)

Cortex 153(1)

Vascular Cylinder 154(1)

Lateral and Adventitious Roots 154(1)

Secondary Growth 154(1)

Tertiary Root Morphology 155(1)

Root Functions 156(7)

Anchoring 156(1)

Resource Uptake 156(2)

Storage 158(2)

Producing Hormones and Sensing the Environment 160(1)

Releasing Exudates and Modifying the Environment 161(2)

Root Symbioses 163(1)

Global Patterns of Root Distributions 164(2)

Concluding Remarks 166(1)

Acknowledgments 166(1)

References 167(8)

Water Relations and Hydraulic Architecture 175(38)

Melvin T. Tyree

Introduction 175(1)

Water Relations of Plant Cells 176(3)

Water Relations of Whole Plants 179(7)

Regulation of Water Loss by Leaves 179(4)

Tissue-Water Relations (Pressure-Volume Curves) 183(3)

Water Absorption by Plant Roots 186(2)

Hydraulic Architecture and Pathway of Water Movement in Plants 188(9)

Parameters and Concepts to Describe Hydraulic Architecture 191(2)

Patterns of Hydraulic Architecture of Shoots 193(1)

Root, Shoot, and Leaf Hydraulic Conductances 194(3)

Cohesion-Tension Theory and Xylem Dysfunction 197(6)

Water Transport under Negative Pressure 197(1)

Cavitation, Embolism, and Stability of Bubbles 197(2)

Vulnerability Curves and the Air-Seeding Hypothesis 199(3)

How Plants Deal with Embolisms 202(1)

Factors Controlling the Rate of Water Uptake and Movement 203(4)

Leaf-Level Energy Budgets 203(1)

Stand-Level Energy Budgets 204(3)

Plants under Stress 207(2)

Wilting 207(1)

Waterlogging 207(2)

References 209(4)

Responses of Plants to Heterogeneous Light Environments 213(46)

Robert W. Pearcy

Introduction 213(1)

Heterogeneity and Plasticity: Spatial and Temporal Aspects 214(2)

Spatial Heterogeneity in Light Environments 216(16)

Causes and Scales of Spatial Heterogeneity 216(4)

Responses to Spatial Heterogeneity 220(1)

Photosynthesis and Growth 220(1)

Plasticity of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Response to Spatial Heterogeneity 220(8)

Plasticity of Whole-Plant Responses 228(1)

Responses to within-Crown Spatial Heterogeneity 228(2)

Responses to Directional Light Gradients 230(1)

Differential Growth of Clonal Plants 231(1)

Temporal Heterogeneity in Light Environments 232(12)

Timescales of Temporal Changes and Responses 232(1)

Responses to Sunflecks 233(1)

Temporal Nature of Sunfleck Light Regimes 233(1)

Dynamic Responses of Photosynthesis to Sunflecks 234(5)

Models for Assessing the Consequences of Sunfleck Light Regimes 239(2)

Growth Responses to Sunflecks 241(1)

Responses to Gap Dynamics 242(1)

Temporal Nature of Gap Light Regimes 242(1)

Dynamic Plasticity of Leaves and Plants to Long-Term Temporal Heterogeneity 243(1)

Concluding Remarks 244(2)

References 246(13)

Acquisition, Use, and Loss of Nutrients 259(26)

Frank Berendse

Hans de Kroon

Wim G. Braakhekke

Introduction 259(1)

Nutrient Uptake Kinetics: Basic Principles 260(3)

Nutrient Acquisition in Soils 263(3)

Uptake of Organic Nitrogen Compounds 266(1)

Root Foraging in Heterogeneous Environments 267(4)

Allocation and Use of Absorbed Nutrients 271(2)

Losses of Nutrients through Abscission and Herbivory 273(2)

Adaptation of Plants to Nutrient-Poor and Nutrient-Rich Environments 275(4)

References 279(6)

Functional Attributes in Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems 285(28)

Richard Joffre

Serge Rambal

Claire Damesin

Introduction 286(1)

MTEs Characteristics 287(3)

Climate Definition and Variability 287(1)

Substrate 288(1)

Vegetation Types 288(2)

Individual and Ecosystem Responses to Variability in Water Resource 290(8)

Water Uptake 291(1)

Rooting Depth 291(1)

Soil Water Uptake Patterns 291(1)

Rooting Patterns 291(1)

Water Loss 292(1)

Stomatal Regulation 292(2)

Leaf Area Index 294(1)

Water Transfer 294(1)

Soil-Plant Resistance to Water Flow 294(1)

Patterns of Changes in ΔΨ with Increasing Water Stress 295(1)

Hydraulic Architecture 296(2)

Carbon Assimilation: Leaf Photosynthetic Performances 298(4)

Assimilation in Relation to Environmental Conditions 298(1)

Net CO2 Assimilation in Optimal Conditions 298(1)

Response to Water Constraint and Photoprotection 298(1)

Modeling 299(1)

Assimilation in Relation to Water Loss 300(1)

Interspecific Variability 300(1)

Intraspecific Variability 300(1)

Assimilation in Relation to Leaf Life Span 300(1)

Potential Multieffect of an Increase of CO2 301(1)

Nutrient Regulation: Individual and Ecosystem Levels 302(2)

Nutrient Uptake and Trophic Types 302(1)

Nutrient Use Efficiency, Sclerophylly, and Evergreenness 302(1)

Nutrient Release and Decomposition 303(1)

Summary 304(1)

References 304(9)

Tropical Forests: Diversity and Function of Dominant Life-Forms 313(38)

Ernesto Medina

Introduction 313(5)

Climate 314(1)

Ecoclimatic Classifications 315(1)

Soil Fertility 315(2)

Distribution and Extension 317(1)

Species Diversity 318(3)

Patterns of Species Diversity 318(2)

Low-Diversity Tropical Forests 320(1)

Diversity and Functional Ecology of Life-Forms 321(18)

Dicotyledonous Woody Plants 321(1)

Establishment and Development 322(1)

Plasticity and Acclimation of Photosynthesis 322(3)

Radiation Load and Photoprotection 325(1)

Nutrient Availability and the Role of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis 326(2)

Efficiency of Nutrient Use in Carbon Uptake and Organic Matter Production 328(1)

Palms 329(1)

Architecture and Growth Patterns 329(1)

Light and Water Relations 330(2)

Climbing Plants and Hemiepiphytes 332(1)

Lianas 332(1)

Hemiepiphytes 333(1)

Vascular Epiphytes 334(2)

Ecophysiology of CAM Epiphytes 336(1)

Occurrence of CAM in Specific Groups of Epiphytes 336(3)

Forest Dynamics and Climate Change 339(1)

Conclusions 340(1)

References 341(10)

Plant Diversity in Tropical Forests 351(18)

S. Joseph Wright

Introduction 351(1)

Coexistence of Tropical Forest Plants 352(6)

Niche Differentiation 352(1)

Pest Pressure 353(2)

Intermediate Disturbance 355(1)

Life History Trade-Offs 356(1)

Chance 357(1)

Origins of Tropical Plant Diversity 358(1)

Conclusions 358(1)

Acknowledgment 359(1)

Appendix 11.1: Plant Species Density Increases with Rainfall 359(1)

Appendix 11.2: Plant Species Density and Soil Fertility 360(1)

Appendix 11.3: Density Dependence 360(2)

Appendix 11.4: Syntopic Congeners 362(1)

References 363(6)

Arctic Ecology 369(20)

Sarah E. Hobbie

Introduction 369(1)

Characteristics of Arctic Plant Populations 370(1)

Plant Species Interactions in Arctic Ecosystems 371(2)

Ecophysiology of Arctic Plants 373(2)

Carbon 373(1)

Nutrients 373(1)

Growth 374(1)

Individual Plant Responses to Environmental Factors 375(2)

Ecosystem Responses to Environmental Factors 377(3)

Acknowledgments 380(1)

References 380(9)

Plant Life in Antarctica 389(46)

T.G. Allan Green

Burkhard Schroeter

Leopoldo G. Sancho

Introduction 390(3)

Definitions 391(1)

Climate Zones 391(2)

Vegetation Trends 393(4)

Biodiversity 393(1)

Biomass 394(1)

Community Structure 395(2)

Plant Performance: CO2-Exchange 397(10)

CO2-Exchange Response to Major Environmental and Plant Factors 398(1)

Higher Plants 398(1)

Liverworts 398(1)

Mosses 399(1)

Lichens 400(2)

Maximal Rates of Photosynthesis 402(1)

Diel and Long-Term Photosynthetic Performance 402(3)

Nutrition Effects 405(2)

Surviving Antarctica's Extremes 407(11)

Desiccation 407(1)

Extreme Cold 408(1)

Freeze-Thaw Cycles 408(2)

Photosynthesis at Subzero Temperatures 410(1)

Photosynthesis under Snow 411(1)

Reverse Diel Cycle of Photosynthesis and High Light Stress 412(2)

UV Radiation 414(1)

Endolithic Lichen Community 415(3)

Active versus Inactive 418(1)

Metabolic Agility 418(1)

Integrating Performance 418(4)

Annual Productivity 418(2)

Growth Rates 420(2)

Antarctic Plants as Indicators of Global Climate Change 422(2)

Situation 422(1)

Problems 423(1)

Summary 424(1)

References 425(10)

Facilitation in Plant Communities 435(22)

Ragan M. Callaway

Francisco I. Pugnaire

Introduction 435(1)

Mechanisms 436(6)

Shade 436(2)

Soil Moisture 438(1)

Soil Nutrients 439(1)

Soil Oxygenation 439(1)

Protection from Herbivores 440(1)

Pollination 441(1)

Mycorrhizae and Root Grafts 441(1)

Interactions between Facilitation and Interference 442(5)

Are Benefactor Species Interchangeable? 447(1)

Positive Interactions and Community Theory 448(1)

Conclusion 449(1)

References 450(7)

Plant Interactions: Competition 457(24)

Heather L. Reynolds

Tara K. Rajaniemi

Introduction 457(1)

C S R and Resource Competition Models 458(3)

C-S-R 459(1)

Resource Competition 459(2)

Competition Intensity 461(3)

Soil Fertility or Productivity Gradients 462(1)

Disturbance Gradients 463(1)

Traits 464(1)

Soil Heterogeneity 465(3)

Conclusions and Future Directions 468(1)

Acknowledgments 469(1)

Appendix 15.1: Experimental Design and Competition Indices 469(4)

References 473(8)

Plant-Herbivore Interaction: Beyond a Binary Vision 481(34)

Elena Baraza

Regino Zamora

Jose A. Hodar

Jose M. Gomez

Introduction 482(1)

Plant Traits That Determine Herbivory 482(4)

Probability of Being Found 482(1)

Physical Barriers 483(1)

Quality of Plants as Food 483(1)

Variability of Plants as Food: Theory of Plant Defense 484(2)

Variability of Plants as Food: Effects of Plant Stress 486(1)

Effect on Plant Performance and Populations 486(4)

Herbivory and Plant Performance 486(1)

Factors Affecting Tolerance to Damage 487(1)

Capacity of Compensation 488(1)

Induced Resistance 488(1)

Herbivory and Plant Population Dynamics 489(1)

Herbivory and Plant Distribution 490(1)

Evolutionary Play 490(1)

Plant-Herbivore Coevolution? 490(1)

Cost of Defense 491(1)

Evolution of Plant Tolerance versus Plant Resistance 491(1)

Multispecific Context of Herbivory 491(7)

Effect of Herbivores on Plant-Plant Interaction 492(1)

Affecting Competition between Plants 492(1)

Associations among Plants Sharing Herbivores 493(1)

More than One Herbivore 494(1)

Above and Belowground Multitrophic Interactions 494(1)

Interactions between Herbivores and Pathogens 494(1)

Effect of Herbivores on Mutualism Involving the Host Plant 495(1)

Effect on Pollen-Dispersal System 495(1)

Effect on Plant-Mycorrhiza Interaction 495(1)

Multispecific Interactions 496(2)

Plant-Herbivore Interaction: A Multispecific Vision 498(3)

Case Study 1. Climate Effects on Insect Outbreaks: The Pine Processionary 498(1)

Case Study 2. Conditional Outcomes in Plant-Herbivore Interactions: Neighbors Matter 499(1)

Case Study 3. Ungulates Affect Populations of Both Plants and Other Co-Occurring Herbivores 500(1)

Acknowledgments 501(1)

References 501(14)

Ecology of Plant Reproduction: Mating Systems and Pollination 515(34)

Anna Traveset

Anna Jakobsson

Introduction 515(1)

Asexual Reproduction 516(2)

Vegetative Reproduction 516(1)

Agamospermy 517(1)

Advantages of Sexual Reproduction 518(2)

Self-Pollination 520(2)

Sexual Expression 522(5)

Monoecy 523(1)

Andromonoecy 524(1)

Gynomonoecy 524(1)

Dioecy 525(1)

Gynodioecy 526(1)

Androdioecy 526(1)

Self-Incompatibility Systems 527(1)

Paternal Success 528(2)

Role of Pollinators on the Evolution of Floral Traits and Display 530(2)

Influence of Biotic Pollination in Angiosperm Diversification 532(2)

Concluding Remarks 534(1)

Acknowledgments 535(1)

References 535(14)

Seed and Seedling Ecology 549(32)

Kaoru Kitajima

Introduction 549(1)

Seed Size and Its Correlates 549(4)

Natural Enemies 553(3)

Dispersal 556(2)

Dormancy and Germination 558(2)

Seedling Recruitment 560(2)

Seedling Growth and Survival 562(4)

Conclusion 566(1)

Acknowledgments 566(1)

References 566(15)

Biodiversity and Interactions in the Rhizosphere: Effects on Ecosystem Functioning 581(20)

Susana Rodriguez-Echeverria

Sofia R. Costa

Helena Freitas

Introduction 581(1)

Major Groups of Organisms and Direct Interactions with Plants 582(5)

Symbiotic Nitrogen-Fixers 582(1)

Mycorrhizal Fungi 583(2)

Pathogenic Fungi 585(1)

Nematodes 585(2)

Interactions in the Rhizosphere 587(5)

Belowground Plant-Plant Interactions 587(1)

Resource Uptake and Partitioning 588(1)

Interactions between Mycorrhizal Fungi and Soil Fauna 588(2)

Interactions between Plant-Feeding Nematodes, Legumes, and Bacterial Symbionts 590(1)

Interactions between Nematodes and Their Microbial Enemies 591(1)

Ecological Implications 592(3)

Conclusion 595(1)

References 595(6)

Resistance to Air Pollutants: From Cell to Community 601(26)

Jeremy Barnes

Alan Davison

Luis Balaguer

Esteban Manrique-Reol

Introduction 601(1)

Cellular Level 602(8)

Uptake 603(4)

Metabolism 607(2)

Gene Expression 609(1)

Plant Level 610(3)

Population Level 613(4)

Community Level 617(3)

Conclusions 620(1)

Acknowledgments 620(1)

References 621(6)

Canopy Photosynthesis Modeling 627(28)

Wolfram Beyschlag

Ronald J. Ryel

Introduction 628(1)

Model Overview and Perspectives 628(8)

Single-Leaf Photosynthesis and Conductance Models 628(1)

Whole-Plant/Canopy Models 629(1)

Uniform Monotypic Plant Stands 630(1)

Uniform Multispecies Plant Canopies 631(1)

Inhomogeneous Canopies 631(1)

Big-Leaf Models 632(1)

Examples 633(1)

Roadside Grasses 633(1)

Effects of Needle Loss on Spruce Photosynthesis 634(1)

Future Directions 634(2)

Model Development 636(11)

C3 Single-Leaf Photosynthesis 636(1)

Mechanistic 636(2)

Empirical 638(1)

C4 Single-Leaf Photosynthesis 638(1)

Mechanistic 638(1)

Empirical 639(1)

Stomatal Conductance 639(1)

Coupled Models 639(1)

Uncoupled Models 640(1)

Whole-Plant and Canopy Models 640(1)

Uniform Monotypic Plant Canopies 640(2)

Uniform Multispecies Plant Canopies 642(1)

Inhomogeneous Canopies 643(1)

Parameterization 643(1)

Model Parameters for Single-Leaf Photosynthesis 644(1)

Canopy Structural Parameters 644(1)

Model Validation 644(3)

Acknowledgments 647(1)

References 647(8)

Ecological Applications of Remote Sensing at Multiple Scales 655(30)

John A. Gamon

Hong-Lie Qiu

Arturo Sanchez-Azofeifa

Introduction 655(2)

Fundamentals 657(7)

Sensors 657(1)

Concept of Scale 658(3)

Vegetation Indices 661(1)

New Opportunities with Hyperspectral Sensors 662(2)

Remote Sensing as a Functional Mapping Tool 664(3)

Linking Remote Sensing to Photosynthetic Production 667(6)

Future Recommendations 673(1)

Acknowledgments 674(1)

References 675(10)

Generalization in Functional Plant Ecology: The Species-Sampling Problem, Plant Ecology Strategy Schemes, and Phylogeny 685(20)

Mark Westoby

Introduction 685(1)

Inference Rules for Generalizing from a Sample 686(1)

Application of the Inference Rules to Generalization across Species---An Issue That Has Been Underestimated 687(1)

Criteria on Which to Compare Species 688(1)

Habitat 689(1)

Traits of the Species Themselves---Ecological Strategy Schemes 689(4)

Phylogeny 693(5)

Conclusion 698(1)

References 699(6)
Index 705