简介
Summary:
Publisher Summary 1
The volume covers, in three Sections, the management of perennial and annual crop diseases. The first Section includes stone fruit and apple diseases, grapevine and fruit crops phytoplasma, Phytophthora on citrus, chestnut diseases, esca complex on grapevine and Rosellinia necatrix root rot. The second Section includes models for potato late blight management and Phytophthora decision-support systems, management of bacterial fruit-blotch on cucurbits, Verticillium on tomato, Sclerotinia on carrot, cotton and rice diseases, and rusts. In the third, final Section, two innovative topics are reviewed: DNA fingerprinting diagnostics, and management through endophytes and metabolites, a field with new perspectives in IPM.
Publisher Summary 2
This book covers emerging issues in the integrated management of several diseases that affect key economic crops. It provides basic data about the diseases and explores innovative management possibilities tried in different parts of the world.
目录
Table Of Contents:
Contributors xv
Preface xix
SECTION 1 Diseases of Perennial Crops
1 Integrated Management of Stone Fruit Diseases 3
A. Peter Sholberg and Frank Kappel
1. Introduction 3
2. Brown Rot 5
2.1. Pathogen Identification and Disease Biology 5
2.2. Integrated Management of Brown Rot 8
3. Bacterial Canker 12
3.1. Pathogen Identification and Disease Cycle 12
3.2. Integrated Management of Bacterial Canker 13
4. Leucostoma Canker 15
4.1. Pathogen Identification and Disease Cycle 15
4.2. Integrated Management of Leucostoma Canker 15
5. Powdery Mildew 16
5.1. Pathogen Identification and Disease Cycle 16
5.2. Integrated Management of Powdery Mildew 17
6. Postharvest Fruit Rots 18
6.1. Pathogen Identification and Disease Cycle 18
6.2. Integrated Control of Postharvest Fruit Rots 19
References 21
2 Towards a Sustainable, Integrated Management of Apple Diseases 27
Ralph L. Nicholson and Janna Beckerman
1. Introduction 27
2. The Spring Diseases 28
2.1. Apple Scab 28
2.1.2. Symptoms 28
2.1.3. The Causal Pathogen 28
2.1.4. Disease Cycle 28
2.1.5. Management 29
2.2. Powdery Mildew 33
2.2.1. Disease Cycle 33
2.2.2. Management 33
2.3. Fire Blight 34
2.3.1. Symptoms 34
2.3.2. Management 34
2.3.3. Root Stocks 34
2.3.4. Cultivars 35
2.3.5. Cultural Management 35
2.3.6. Chemical Management and Predictive Models 36
2.3.7. Removing Sources of Infection 36
2.4. Rust Diseases 37
2.4.1. Disease Cycle 37
2.4.2. Management 38
3. Summer Diseases 38
3.1. Bitter Rot 38
3.1.1. Symptoms 38
3.1.2. Disease Cycle 39
3.1.3. Management 39
3.2. Flyspeck and Sooty Blotch 39
3.3. Disease Cycle 39
3.4. Management 40
4. Conclusions 40
References 41
3 Management and Ecology of Phytoplasma Diseases of Grapevine and Fruit Crops 43
Rita Musetti
1. Introduction 43
2. Phytoplasmas Diagnosis in Crops 46
3. Natural Transmission and Epidemiology 47
4. Plant Recovery 48
5. Phytoplasma Diseases and Management 48
5.1. Grapevine Phytoplasmas 49
5.1.1. Flavescence Dor& 50
5.1.2. Bois Noir 51
5.2. Fruit Trees Phytoplasmas 52
5.2.1. Apple Proliferation 53
5.2.2. European Stone Fruit Yellows 54
5.2.3. Pear Decline 55
6. New Approaches and Perspectives 56
References 56
4 Management of Citrus Diseases Caused by Phytophthora spp 61
Santa Olga Cacciola and Gaetano Magnano Di San Lio
1. Introduction 61
2. Damages Caused by Phytophtora Root Rot 62
2.1. Causal Agents 64
2.2. Biology and Ecology 65
2.2.1. Dissemination and Reproduction 65
2.3. Epidemiology 65
2.4. Symptomatic Diagnosis 67
2.4.1. Foot Rot or Gummosis 67
2.4.2. Fibrous Root Rot 67
2.4.3. Brown Fruit Rot and Dieback of Twigs and Leaves 68
2.5. Biological and Instrumental Diagnosis 68
2.5.1. Baits 68
2.5.2. Laboratory Analysis 68
2.5.3. Monitoring of Inoculum 69
2.5.3.1. Definition 69
2.5.3.2. Critical Values of Inoculum Density 69
2.5.3.3. Sampling 70
2.5.3.4. Population Dynamics 71
2.5.3.5. Molecular Methods 71
3. Disease Management 71
3.1. Interventions on the Host-Plant 71
3.1.1. Rootstock 71
3.1.2. Grafting 72
3.1.3. Sanitary Practices in Nurseries 72
3.1.4. Pruning 74
3.1.5. Surgery 74
3.2. Cultural Practices 74
3.2.1. Soil Preparation 74
3.2.2. Irrigation Management 74
3.2.3. Fertilising 75
3.2.4. Soil Management and Weeds Control 76
3.3. Chemical Control 77
3.3.1. Systemic Fungicides 77
3.3.1.1. Trunk Gummosis 78
3.3.1.2. Root Rot 79
3.3.1.3. Brown Rot of Fruit 80
4. Conclusions 80
References 81
5 Biological Control and Management of Chestnut Diseases 85
Tullio Turchetti and Giorgio Maresi
1. Introduction 85
2. Diseases Appearence, Epidemic and Actual Situation 87
2.1. Chestnut Blight 87
2.2. Ink Disease 89
3. Symptomatology 90
3.1. Chestnut Blight and Types of Cankers 90
3.2. Ink Disease 93
4. Evolution of the Diseases 96
4.1. Spread and Effectiveness of Hypovirulence 96
4.2. Morphology, Physiology and ds-RNA Presence and Transmission 99
4.3. Mixed Inoculum 101
4.4. Chestnut Resistance 102
4.5. Environmental Factors 103
4.6. Ecological Factors in Ink Disease 104
4.7. Soil Microflora Action 106
6. Diseases Management 107
6.1. Blight, Silviculture and Biological Control 107
6.2. Ink Disease Control 110
7. Perspectives and Conclusions 111
References 112
6 The Esca Disease Complex 119
Giuseppe Surico, Laura Mugnai and Guido Marchi
1. Introduction 119
2. The Pathogens of the Esca Disease Complex 120
2.1. Tracheomycotic Fungi 120
2.2. Basidiomycetes Causing White Rot 122
3. Symptoms 123
3.1. Brown Wood Streaking of Rooted Cuttings 123
3.2. Petri Disease (or 'Black Goo') 123
3.3. Esca (Young Esca) 124
3.4. White Rot 125
3.5. Esca Proper 126
3.6. Apoplexy 127
4. Source of Inoculum and Spread 127
4.1. Infection Routes and Disease Distribution in the Vineyard 128
5. Control 130
5.1. Control in the Nursery 130
5.2. Control in the Field 131
6. Conclusions 133
References 133
7 Integrated Management of Rosellinia necatrix Root Rot on Fruit Tree Crops 137
Leonardo Schena, Franco Nigro and Antonio Ippolito
1. Introduction 137
2. Taxonomy 138
3. Host Range and Geographic Distribution 138
4. Symptoms 140
5. Disease Cycle and Epidemiology 143
5.1. Survival 143
5.2. Dispersal 144
5.3. Infection Process 146
6. Control 146
6.1. Healthy Propagative Materials 147
6.1.1. Current Legislation in Europe 147
6.1.2. Diagnostic Tools 148
6.2. Cultural Control Methods 149
6.3. Fumigation 150
6.4. Chemical Control 151
6.5. Physical Control 151
6.6. Biological Control 153
References 154
SECTION 2 Diseases of Annual Crops
8 Simulation Models for Potato Late Blight Management and Ecology 161
G.A. Forbes, W.E. Fry, J.L. Andrade-Piedra and D. Shtienberg
1. Introduction 161
2. Plant Disease Simulation 162
2.1. Simulation vs. Forecasting 162
2.2. The Cornell Experience 163
2.3. Globalizing LB 1990 164
3. Other Simulation Models 168
4. Innovation and Future Directions for Late Blight Simulation 169
4.1. Comparative Epidemiology 169
4.2. Biological Control 172
4.3. Geographic Zonation and Impact Assessment 173
4.4. Plant Breeding - Predicting Resistance Performance 173
4.5. Training 174
References 174
9 An example of Integrated Forecasting System for Phytophthora infestans on Potato 179
Jan Hadders
1. Introduction 179
2. Disease Forecasting Models & Principles 181
2.1. Sub Model 1a - Unprotected Crop by Growth of New Leaves 181
2.2. Sub Model 1b - Unprotected Crop by Degradation and Wear-Off of Chemicals 182
2.3. Sub Model 1- Unprotected Part of the Crop 182
2.4. Sub Model 2 - Infection Events of the Disease 182
2.5. Sub Model 2a - Formation of Spores on Each Infected Leaf 183
2.6. Sub Model 2b - Ejection and Dispersal of Spores into the Air 183
2.7. Sub Model 2c - Spores Germination and Penetration into Unprotected Leaves 183
2.8. Sub Model 3: Combination of Unprotected Leaf Area and Infection Events into Advice 185
3. Quality of Weather Forecasts 186
4. Future Developments and Constraints 187
References 188
10 Integrated Pest Management of Bacterial Fruit Blotch of Cucurbits 191
Ron R. Walcott
1. Introduction 191
2. Background 192
2.1. Brief History 192
2.2. BFB Etiology and Symptomatology 193
2.3. Host Range and Geographic Distribution 195
2.4. Epidemiology 195
2.4.1. Seed Production 195
2.4.2. Transplant Production 196
2.4.3. Fruit Production Fields 197
2.5. Trends in Commercial Cucurbit Production 197
2.5.1. Hybrid Watermelon Cultivars 197
2.5.2. Seedling Production 199
3. Integrated Management 199
3.1. Avoidance 199
3.2. Exclusion 200
3.2.1. Seed Health Testing 200
3.2.2. Seed Treatments 202
3.3. Protection 204
3.3.1. Biocontrol Blossom Protection to Limit Seed Infection 204
3.4. Eradication 204
3.5. Resistance 205
4. Conclusions 206
References 206
11 Integrated Management of Tomato Bacterial Spot 211
A. Obradovic, B. Jones, B. Balogh and M.T. Momol
1. Introduction 211
2. Tomato Production 212
2.1. Tomato Production Value 212
2.2. Cultivation Technologies 213
2.3. Tomato Bacterial Diseases 213
3. Bacterial Spot of Tomato 214
3.1. Historical Perspective 214
3.2. Host-Pathogen Interactions 215
3.2.1. Host Range 215
3.2.2. Resistance and Avirulence Genes 215
3.3. Distribution of Pathogen Groups 216
3.4. Ecology and Epidemiology 216
4. Integrated Approach to Bacterial Spot Management 217
4.1. Bacterial Spot Control Practices and Recent Trials 217
4.2. Integrated Strategies 219
References 221
12 Integrated Management of Verticillium Wilt of Tomato 225
Giovanni Bubici and Matteo Cirulli
1. Introduction 225
2. Integrated Control 228
2.1. Selecting Soil for Cultivation 228
2.2. Heat 229
2.3. Solarization 229
2.4. Sanitation 230
2.5. Tillage 230
2.6. Plant Residues 231
2.7. Weed Control 231
2.8. Resistant Rootstocks 231
2.9. Cultivars 232
2.10. Fertilization 232
2.11. Irrigation 233
2.12. Chemicals 234
2.13. Microbial Antagonists 235
References 237
13 New Progress in the Integrated Management of Scierotinia Rot of Carrot 243
Cezarina Kora, Mary Ruth McDonald and Greg J. Boland
1. Introduction 243
2. The Disease 244
2.1. Damage and Symptoms 244
2.2. Causal Organism 245
2.3. Etiology and Epidemiology 246
2.3.1. Preharvest Epidemics 247
2.3.2. Postharvest Epidemics 249
3. Disease Management 249
3.1. Field Practices 250
3.1.1. Cultural Control 250
3.1.2. Host Resistance 252
3.1.3. Biological Control 253
3.1.4. Chemical Control 255
3.1.5. Disease Forecasting 255
3.2. Storage Practices 258
3.2.1. Cultural Control 258
3.2.2. Biological Control 259
3.2.3. Alternative Methods 259
3.2.4. Chemical Control 260
4. Recommendations on Integrated Management 261
4.1. Reduction of Inoculum 261
4.2. Reduction of Infection Rate 262
4.3. Reduction of Epidemic Duration 262
4.4. Proposed Integrated Disease Management Programs 262
5. Conclusions and Future Prospects 263
References 264
14 Integrated Management of Key Diseases of Cotton and Rice 271
O.P. Sharma and O.M Bambawale
1. Introduction 271
2. Identification of Diseases 272
3. The Concept of Integrated Disease Management 273
4. Integrated Disease Management in Cotton 274
4.1. Seedling Diseases 275
4.2. Bacterial Blight 276
4.3. Alternaria Leaf Spot 277
4.4. Grey Mildew 277
4.5. Myrothecium Leaf Spot 278
4.6. Cercospora Leaf Spot 279
4.7. Helminthosporium Leaf Spot 279
4.8. Macrophomina Leaf Spot and Stem Canker 280
4.9. Late Season Phoma Blight 280
4.10. Rust 280
4.11. Leaf Crumple 281
4.12. Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCV) 281
4.13. Tobacco Streak Virus 281
4.14. Root Rot 282
4.15. Verticillium Wilt 283
4.16. Fusarium Wilt 283
4.17. New Wilt or Parawilt 284
4.18. Boll Rots and Lint Diseases 285
5. Integrated Disease Management in Rice 286
5.1. Blast 287
5.2. Brown Spot 289
5.3. Bacterial Leaf Blight 290
5.4. Bacterial Leaf Streak 291
5.5. Sheath Blight 292
5.6. Sheath Rot 294
5.7. Fusarium Wilt or "Bakanae" 294
5.8. Stem Rot 295
5.9. Tungro Virus 295
5.10. False Smut 296
5.11. Post-Harvest Diseases 297
6. Conclusions 297
References 299
15 Biological and Integrated Means to Control Rust Diseases 303
Salvatore Moricca and Alessandro Ragazzi
1. Introduction 303
2. Biological Control 305
2.1. Suppression of Rust Agents 306
2.1.1. Tuberculina spp. 306
2.1.2. Verticillium spp. 307
2.1.3. Cladosporium spp 308
2.1.4. Sphaerellopsis philum 310
2.1.5. Scytalidium uredinicola 310
2.1.6. Aphanocladium album 311
3. Diseases Suppression Mechanisms 311
3.1. Competition for Nutrients and Space 311
3.2. Direct Parasitism 312
3.3. Antibiosis 312
3.4. Induction of Plant Resistance 312
3.5. Improvement of Host Fitness 312
4. Main Problems with Biological Control 313
5. Eradication 317
6. Defining Hazard Areas 318
6.1. Quarantine 319
6.2. Cultural Practices 319
6.3. Chemical Control 320
6.4. Plant Breeding for Resistance 321
7. Conclusions 324
References 324
SECTION 3 Advances in Management Tools
16 DNA Fingerprinting Methods for Microbial Pathogens: Application to Diagnostics, Taxonomy and Plant Disease Management 333
Keith R. Mitchelson and Salvatore Moricca
1. Introduction 333
2. Polymorphism Detection Methodologies 335
2.1. Genetic Fingerprinting by Fragment Sizing 337
2.1.1. Ribotyping 337
2.2. Ribosomal RNA Detection 338
2.3. Random Genetic Loci 339
2.3.1. RAPD Fingerprinting 339
2.3.2. AFLPs 340
2.4. STR Fragment Fingerprinting 341
2.4.1. DNA Shape Analyses 341
3. Combined Analyses 342
3.1. Genetic Mapping 343
3.2. PFGE Karyotyping of Fungi for Pathovar Identification 344
4. Gene and Genomic Analysis 345
4.1. Quantitative Real-Time PCR 345
4.2. Microarrays for SNP Genotyping 346
4.2.1. Microarray Chip-Based Automated Analysers 347
4.2.2. Microarray Analysis of Gene Expression 347
5. DNA Sequence Analysis 349
5.1. Whole Genome Sequencing 349
5.2. Massively Parallel Sequence Analysis 350
5.3. Metagenomic Sequencing 350
5.4. Analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) 352
5.4.1. CE Analysis by Size Separation 352
5.4.2. CE Analysis by Fragment Shape 353
5.4.3. Advanced Analytical Devices 353
5.4.3.1. Miniaturized CE-Based Devices 353
5.4.3.2. Portable Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) for On-Site Analysis 354
6. Conclusions 355
References 355
17 Endophytic Fungi for Pest and Disease Management 365
Susheel Kumar, Nutan Kaushik, Ruangelie Edrada-Ebel, Rainer Ebel and Peter Proksch
1. Introduction 365
2. Endophytic Fungi 366
3. Bioactivity of Endophytic Fungi 367
4. Endophytic Metabolites as Source of New Pesticides 368
5. Conclusions 382
References 383
Index 389
Contributors xv
Preface xix
SECTION 1 Diseases of Perennial Crops
1 Integrated Management of Stone Fruit Diseases 3
A. Peter Sholberg and Frank Kappel
1. Introduction 3
2. Brown Rot 5
2.1. Pathogen Identification and Disease Biology 5
2.2. Integrated Management of Brown Rot 8
3. Bacterial Canker 12
3.1. Pathogen Identification and Disease Cycle 12
3.2. Integrated Management of Bacterial Canker 13
4. Leucostoma Canker 15
4.1. Pathogen Identification and Disease Cycle 15
4.2. Integrated Management of Leucostoma Canker 15
5. Powdery Mildew 16
5.1. Pathogen Identification and Disease Cycle 16
5.2. Integrated Management of Powdery Mildew 17
6. Postharvest Fruit Rots 18
6.1. Pathogen Identification and Disease Cycle 18
6.2. Integrated Control of Postharvest Fruit Rots 19
References 21
2 Towards a Sustainable, Integrated Management of Apple Diseases 27
Ralph L. Nicholson and Janna Beckerman
1. Introduction 27
2. The Spring Diseases 28
2.1. Apple Scab 28
2.1.2. Symptoms 28
2.1.3. The Causal Pathogen 28
2.1.4. Disease Cycle 28
2.1.5. Management 29
2.2. Powdery Mildew 33
2.2.1. Disease Cycle 33
2.2.2. Management 33
2.3. Fire Blight 34
2.3.1. Symptoms 34
2.3.2. Management 34
2.3.3. Root Stocks 34
2.3.4. Cultivars 35
2.3.5. Cultural Management 35
2.3.6. Chemical Management and Predictive Models 36
2.3.7. Removing Sources of Infection 36
2.4. Rust Diseases 37
2.4.1. Disease Cycle 37
2.4.2. Management 38
3. Summer Diseases 38
3.1. Bitter Rot 38
3.1.1. Symptoms 38
3.1.2. Disease Cycle 39
3.1.3. Management 39
3.2. Flyspeck and Sooty Blotch 39
3.3. Disease Cycle 39
3.4. Management 40
4. Conclusions 40
References 41
3 Management and Ecology of Phytoplasma Diseases of Grapevine and Fruit Crops 43
Rita Musetti
1. Introduction 43
2. Phytoplasmas Diagnosis in Crops 46
3. Natural Transmission and Epidemiology 47
4. Plant Recovery 48
5. Phytoplasma Diseases and Management 48
5.1. Grapevine Phytoplasmas 49
5.1.1. Flavescence Dor& 50
5.1.2. Bois Noir 51
5.2. Fruit Trees Phytoplasmas 52
5.2.1. Apple Proliferation 53
5.2.2. European Stone Fruit Yellows 54
5.2.3. Pear Decline 55
6. New Approaches and Perspectives 56
References 56
4 Management of Citrus Diseases Caused by Phytophthora spp 61
Santa Olga Cacciola and Gaetano Magnano Di San Lio
1. Introduction 61
2. Damages Caused by Phytophtora Root Rot 62
2.1. Causal Agents 64
2.2. Biology and Ecology 65
2.2.1. Dissemination and Reproduction 65
2.3. Epidemiology 65
2.4. Symptomatic Diagnosis 67
2.4.1. Foot Rot or Gummosis 67
2.4.2. Fibrous Root Rot 67
2.4.3. Brown Fruit Rot and Dieback of Twigs and Leaves 68
2.5. Biological and Instrumental Diagnosis 68
2.5.1. Baits 68
2.5.2. Laboratory Analysis 68
2.5.3. Monitoring of Inoculum 69
2.5.3.1. Definition 69
2.5.3.2. Critical Values of Inoculum Density 69
2.5.3.3. Sampling 70
2.5.3.4. Population Dynamics 71
2.5.3.5. Molecular Methods 71
3. Disease Management 71
3.1. Interventions on the Host-Plant 71
3.1.1. Rootstock 71
3.1.2. Grafting 72
3.1.3. Sanitary Practices in Nurseries 72
3.1.4. Pruning 74
3.1.5. Surgery 74
3.2. Cultural Practices 74
3.2.1. Soil Preparation 74
3.2.2. Irrigation Management 74
3.2.3. Fertilising 75
3.2.4. Soil Management and Weeds Control 76
3.3. Chemical Control 77
3.3.1. Systemic Fungicides 77
3.3.1.1. Trunk Gummosis 78
3.3.1.2. Root Rot 79
3.3.1.3. Brown Rot of Fruit 80
4. Conclusions 80
References 81
5 Biological Control and Management of Chestnut Diseases 85
Tullio Turchetti and Giorgio Maresi
1. Introduction 85
2. Diseases Appearence, Epidemic and Actual Situation 87
2.1. Chestnut Blight 87
2.2. Ink Disease 89
3. Symptomatology 90
3.1. Chestnut Blight and Types of Cankers 90
3.2. Ink Disease 93
4. Evolution of the Diseases 96
4.1. Spread and Effectiveness of Hypovirulence 96
4.2. Morphology, Physiology and ds-RNA Presence and Transmission 99
4.3. Mixed Inoculum 101
4.4. Chestnut Resistance 102
4.5. Environmental Factors 103
4.6. Ecological Factors in Ink Disease 104
4.7. Soil Microflora Action 106
6. Diseases Management 107
6.1. Blight, Silviculture and Biological Control 107
6.2. Ink Disease Control 110
7. Perspectives and Conclusions 111
References 112
6 The Esca Disease Complex 119
Giuseppe Surico, Laura Mugnai and Guido Marchi
1. Introduction 119
2. The Pathogens of the Esca Disease Complex 120
2.1. Tracheomycotic Fungi 120
2.2. Basidiomycetes Causing White Rot 122
3. Symptoms 123
3.1. Brown Wood Streaking of Rooted Cuttings 123
3.2. Petri Disease (or 'Black Goo') 123
3.3. Esca (Young Esca) 124
3.4. White Rot 125
3.5. Esca Proper 126
3.6. Apoplexy 127
4. Source of Inoculum and Spread 127
4.1. Infection Routes and Disease Distribution in the Vineyard 128
5. Control 130
5.1. Control in the Nursery 130
5.2. Control in the Field 131
6. Conclusions 133
References 133
7 Integrated Management of Rosellinia necatrix Root Rot on Fruit Tree Crops 137
Leonardo Schena, Franco Nigro and Antonio Ippolito
1. Introduction 137
2. Taxonomy 138
3. Host Range and Geographic Distribution 138
4. Symptoms 140
5. Disease Cycle and Epidemiology 143
5.1. Survival 143
5.2. Dispersal 144
5.3. Infection Process 146
6. Control 146
6.1. Healthy Propagative Materials 147
6.1.1. Current Legislation in Europe 147
6.1.2. Diagnostic Tools 148
6.2. Cultural Control Methods 149
6.3. Fumigation 150
6.4. Chemical Control 151
6.5. Physical Control 151
6.6. Biological Control 153
References 154
SECTION 2 Diseases of Annual Crops
8 Simulation Models for Potato Late Blight Management and Ecology 161
G.A. Forbes, W.E. Fry, J.L. Andrade-Piedra and D. Shtienberg
1. Introduction 161
2. Plant Disease Simulation 162
2.1. Simulation vs. Forecasting 162
2.2. The Cornell Experience 163
2.3. Globalizing LB 1990 164
3. Other Simulation Models 168
4. Innovation and Future Directions for Late Blight Simulation 169
4.1. Comparative Epidemiology 169
4.2. Biological Control 172
4.3. Geographic Zonation and Impact Assessment 173
4.4. Plant Breeding - Predicting Resistance Performance 173
4.5. Training 174
References 174
9 An example of Integrated Forecasting System for Phytophthora infestans on Potato 179
Jan Hadders
1. Introduction 179
2. Disease Forecasting Models & Principles 181
2.1. Sub Model 1a - Unprotected Crop by Growth of New Leaves 181
2.2. Sub Model 1b - Unprotected Crop by Degradation and Wear-Off of Chemicals 182
2.3. Sub Model 1- Unprotected Part of the Crop 182
2.4. Sub Model 2 - Infection Events of the Disease 182
2.5. Sub Model 2a - Formation of Spores on Each Infected Leaf 183
2.6. Sub Model 2b - Ejection and Dispersal of Spores into the Air 183
2.7. Sub Model 2c - Spores Germination and Penetration into Unprotected Leaves 183
2.8. Sub Model 3: Combination of Unprotected Leaf Area and Infection Events into Advice 185
3. Quality of Weather Forecasts 186
4. Future Developments and Constraints 187
References 188
10 Integrated Pest Management of Bacterial Fruit Blotch of Cucurbits 191
Ron R. Walcott
1. Introduction 191
2. Background 192
2.1. Brief History 192
2.2. BFB Etiology and Symptomatology 193
2.3. Host Range and Geographic Distribution 195
2.4. Epidemiology 195
2.4.1. Seed Production 195
2.4.2. Transplant Production 196
2.4.3. Fruit Production Fields 197
2.5. Trends in Commercial Cucurbit Production 197
2.5.1. Hybrid Watermelon Cultivars 197
2.5.2. Seedling Production 199
3. Integrated Management 199
3.1. Avoidance 199
3.2. Exclusion 200
3.2.1. Seed Health Testing 200
3.2.2. Seed Treatments 202
3.3. Protection 204
3.3.1. Biocontrol Blossom Protection to Limit Seed Infection 204
3.4. Eradication 204
3.5. Resistance 205
4. Conclusions 206
References 206
11 Integrated Management of Tomato Bacterial Spot 211
A. Obradovic, B. Jones, B. Balogh and M.T. Momol
1. Introduction 211
2. Tomato Production 212
2.1. Tomato Production Value 212
2.2. Cultivation Technologies 213
2.3. Tomato Bacterial Diseases 213
3. Bacterial Spot of Tomato 214
3.1. Historical Perspective 214
3.2. Host-Pathogen Interactions 215
3.2.1. Host Range 215
3.2.2. Resistance and Avirulence Genes 215
3.3. Distribution of Pathogen Groups 216
3.4. Ecology and Epidemiology 216
4. Integrated Approach to Bacterial Spot Management 217
4.1. Bacterial Spot Control Practices and Recent Trials 217
4.2. Integrated Strategies 219
References 221
12 Integrated Management of Verticillium Wilt of Tomato 225
Giovanni Bubici and Matteo Cirulli
1. Introduction 225
2. Integrated Control 228
2.1. Selecting Soil for Cultivation 228
2.2. Heat 229
2.3. Solarization 229
2.4. Sanitation 230
2.5. Tillage 230
2.6. Plant Residues 231
2.7. Weed Control 231
2.8. Resistant Rootstocks 231
2.9. Cultivars 232
2.10. Fertilization 232
2.11. Irrigation 233
2.12. Chemicals 234
2.13. Microbial Antagonists 235
References 237
13 New Progress in the Integrated Management of Scierotinia Rot of Carrot 243
Cezarina Kora, Mary Ruth McDonald and Greg J. Boland
1. Introduction 243
2. The Disease 244
2.1. Damage and Symptoms 244
2.2. Causal Organism 245
2.3. Etiology and Epidemiology 246
2.3.1. Preharvest Epidemics 247
2.3.2. Postharvest Epidemics 249
3. Disease Management 249
3.1. Field Practices 250
3.1.1. Cultural Control 250
3.1.2. Host Resistance 252
3.1.3. Biological Control 253
3.1.4. Chemical Control 255
3.1.5. Disease Forecasting 255
3.2. Storage Practices 258
3.2.1. Cultural Control 258
3.2.2. Biological Control 259
3.2.3. Alternative Methods 259
3.2.4. Chemical Control 260
4. Recommendations on Integrated Management 261
4.1. Reduction of Inoculum 261
4.2. Reduction of Infection Rate 262
4.3. Reduction of Epidemic Duration 262
4.4. Proposed Integrated Disease Management Programs 262
5. Conclusions and Future Prospects 263
References 264
14 Integrated Management of Key Diseases of Cotton and Rice 271
O.P. Sharma and O.M Bambawale
1. Introduction 271
2. Identification of Diseases 272
3. The Concept of Integrated Disease Management 273
4. Integrated Disease Management in Cotton 274
4.1. Seedling Diseases 275
4.2. Bacterial Blight 276
4.3. Alternaria Leaf Spot 277
4.4. Grey Mildew 277
4.5. Myrothecium Leaf Spot 278
4.6. Cercospora Leaf Spot 279
4.7. Helminthosporium Leaf Spot 279
4.8. Macrophomina Leaf Spot and Stem Canker 280
4.9. Late Season Phoma Blight 280
4.10. Rust 280
4.11. Leaf Crumple 281
4.12. Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCV) 281
4.13. Tobacco Streak Virus 281
4.14. Root Rot 282
4.15. Verticillium Wilt 283
4.16. Fusarium Wilt 283
4.17. New Wilt or Parawilt 284
4.18. Boll Rots and Lint Diseases 285
5. Integrated Disease Management in Rice 286
5.1. Blast 287
5.2. Brown Spot 289
5.3. Bacterial Leaf Blight 290
5.4. Bacterial Leaf Streak 291
5.5. Sheath Blight 292
5.6. Sheath Rot 294
5.7. Fusarium Wilt or "Bakanae" 294
5.8. Stem Rot 295
5.9. Tungro Virus 295
5.10. False Smut 296
5.11. Post-Harvest Diseases 297
6. Conclusions 297
References 299
15 Biological and Integrated Means to Control Rust Diseases 303
Salvatore Moricca and Alessandro Ragazzi
1. Introduction 303
2. Biological Control 305
2.1. Suppression of Rust Agents 306
2.1.1. Tuberculina spp. 306
2.1.2. Verticillium spp. 307
2.1.3. Cladosporium spp 308
2.1.4. Sphaerellopsis philum 310
2.1.5. Scytalidium uredinicola 310
2.1.6. Aphanocladium album 311
3. Diseases Suppression Mechanisms 311
3.1. Competition for Nutrients and Space 311
3.2. Direct Parasitism 312
3.3. Antibiosis 312
3.4. Induction of Plant Resistance 312
3.5. Improvement of Host Fitness 312
4. Main Problems with Biological Control 313
5. Eradication 317
6. Defining Hazard Areas 318
6.1. Quarantine 319
6.2. Cultural Practices 319
6.3. Chemical Control 320
6.4. Plant Breeding for Resistance 321
7. Conclusions 324
References 324
SECTION 3 Advances in Management Tools
16 DNA Fingerprinting Methods for Microbial Pathogens: Application to Diagnostics, Taxonomy and Plant Disease Management 333
Keith R. Mitchelson and Salvatore Moricca
1. Introduction 333
2. Polymorphism Detection Methodologies 335
2.1. Genetic Fingerprinting by Fragment Sizing 337
2.1.1. Ribotyping 337
2.2. Ribosomal RNA Detection 338
2.3. Random Genetic Loci 339
2.3.1. RAPD Fingerprinting 339
2.3.2. AFLPs 340
2.4. STR Fragment Fingerprinting 341
2.4.1. DNA Shape Analyses 341
3. Combined Analyses 342
3.1. Genetic Mapping 343
3.2. PFGE Karyotyping of Fungi for Pathovar Identification 344
4. Gene and Genomic Analysis 345
4.1. Quantitative Real-Time PCR 345
4.2. Microarrays for SNP Genotyping 346
4.2.1. Microarray Chip-Based Automated Analysers 347
4.2.2. Microarray Analysis of Gene Expression 347
5. DNA Sequence Analysis 349
5.1. Whole Genome Sequencing 349
5.2. Massively Parallel Sequence Analysis 350
5.3. Metagenomic Sequencing 350
5.4. Analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) 352
5.4.1. CE Analysis by Size Separation 352
5.4.2. CE Analysis by Fragment Shape 353
5.4.3. Advanced Analytical Devices 353
5.4.3.1. Miniaturized CE-Based Devices 353
5.4.3.2. Portable Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) for On-Site Analysis 354
6. Conclusions 355
References 355
17 Endophytic Fungi for Pest and Disease Management 365
Susheel Kumar, Nutan Kaushik, Ruangelie Edrada-Ebel, Rainer Ebel and Peter Proksch
1. Introduction 365
2. Endophytic Fungi 366
3. Bioactivity of Endophytic Fungi 367
4. Endophytic Metabolites as Source of New Pesticides 368
5. Conclusions 382
References 383
Index 389
- 名称
- 类型
- 大小
光盘服务联系方式: 020-38250260 客服QQ：4006604884
云图客服：
用户发送的提问，这种方式就需要有位在线客服来回答用户的问题，这种 就属于对话式的,问题是这种提问是否需要用户登录才能提问
Video Player
×
Audio Player
×
pdf Player
×
