Table Of Contents:
Preface vii
The Editor ix
Contributors xi
Abbreviations xvii

Chapter 1 Landmark Research in Medicinal Plants 1(12)

Ram J. Singh

1.1 Introduction 1(1)

1.2 History of Traditional Medicines of the World 2(1)

1.3 Importance of Plant-Based Modern Medicines 3(5)

1.3.1 Modern Medicine 4(1)

1.3.2 Beverages 5(1)

1.3.3 Spices 5(1)

1.3.4 Cosmeceutical Products 6(1)

1.3.5 Illicit Use of Medicinal Plants 7(1)

1.3.6 Quality Control 8(1)

1.4 Establishment of National and International Programs 8(1)

1.5 Gene Pools of Medicinal Plants 9(1)

1.6 Germplasm Enhancement of Medicinal Plants 9(1)

1.7 Biopiracy 9(1)

1.8 Summary 10(1)

References 10(3)

Chapter 2 Medicinal Plants---Nature's Pharmacy 13(40)

Ram J. Singh

Ales Lebeda

Arthur O. Tucker

2.1 Introduction 13(3)

2.2 Medicinal Plants, Herbs, and Crops: Concept and Issue 16(2)

2.3 Medicinal Plants of Asia 18(1)

2.4 Medicinal Plants of Australia and New Zealand 19(1)

2.5 Medicinal Plants of Oceania 19(1)

2.6 Medicinal Plants of Europe 20(1)

2.7 Medicinal Plants of Africa 20(3)

2.8 Medicinal Plants of the Middle East and North Africa 23(1)

2.9 Medicinal Plants of the Americas 24(1)

2.10 Modern Plant-Based Medicine 25(1)

2.11 Looking Forward 26(18)

Acknowledgments 44(1)

References 44(9)

Chapter 3 Indian Traditional and Ethno Medicines from Antiquity to Modern Drug Development 53(34)

Janardan Singh

Umesh C. Lavania

Suman Singh

3.1 Introduction 54(1)

3.2 Traditional Systems of Medicine in India 55(1)

3.3 Ayurvedic System of Medicine 55(3)

3.3.1 Origin and History 55(1)

3.3.2 The Concepts: Health, Sickness, and Treatment in Ayurveda 56(1)

3.3.3 Panchakarma 57(1)

3.3.4 Rasayana Therapy (Health Promoters) 57(1)

3.4 Unani System of Medicine 58(1)

3.4.1 Origin and History 58(1)

3.4.2 Principles and Concepts 58(1)

3.4.3 Specialty 59(1)

3.5 Siddha System of Medicine 59(1)

3.5.1 Origin and History 59(1)

3.5.2 Principles and Concepts 59(1)

3.5.3 Specialty 59(1)

3.6 Yoga 60(1)

3.6.1 Origin and History 60(1)

3.6.2 Principles and Concepts 60(1)

3.6.3 Specialty 60(1)

3.7 Naturopathy 60(1)

3.7.1 Principles and Concepts 60(1)

3.7.2 Specialty 61(1)

3.8 Homeopathy 61(1)

3.8.1 Origin and History 61(1)

3.8.2 Principles and Concepts 61(1)

3.8.3 Specialty 61(1)

3.9 Ethnomedical Botanical Research in India 61(1)

3.10 Revival of Traditional Knowledge on Medicinal Plants in India 62(19)

3.10.1 Traditional Knowledge Digital Library 62(1)

3.10.2 CSIR Coordinated Program on Discovery and Preclinical Studies of New Bioactive Molecules and Traditional Preparations 63(1)

3.10.3 New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative (NMITLI) Herbal Project 63(1)

3.10.4 Golden Triangle Partnership 63(1)

3.10.5 National Medicinal Plant Board 64(1)

3.10.6 Traditional Indian Medicinal Plants Yielding Useful Drugs 64(1)

3.10.7 Promising/Emerging Indian Medicinal Plants for Bioprospection and Drug Development 64(17)

3.11 Perspectives 81(1)

References 82(5)

Chapter 4 Medicinal Fruit Trees of Southeast Asia 87(36)

Christophe Wiart

4.1 Introduction 88(1)

4.2 Gnetum gnemon L 88(1)

4.3 Garcinia atroviridis Griff 89(1)

4.4 Garcinia cambogia (Gaertn.) Desr 89(1)

4.5 Garcinia hombroniana Pierre 90(1)

4.6 Garcinia prainiana King 91(1)

4.7 Garcinia cowa Roxb 91(1)

4.8 Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz 92(1)

4.9 Garcinia griffithii T. Anders 93(1)

4.10 Garcinia forbesi King 94(1)

4.11 Garcinia parvifolia (Miq.) Miq 94(1)

4.12 Garcinia madruno (HBK) Hammel 95(1)

4.13 Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl 96(1)

4.14 Pithecellobium jiringa (Jack) Prain 97(1)

4.15 Dialium cochinchinense Pierre 98(1)

4.16 Dialium indum L. 98(1)

4.17 Pithecellobium bubalinum (Jack) Benth 99(1)

4.18 Cynometra cauliflora L. 99(1)

4.19 Mangifera foetida Lour 100(1)

4.20 Mangifera pajang Kosterm 100(1)

4.21 Mangifera caesia Jack 101(1)

4.22 Spondias cytherea Sonnerat 102(1)

4.23 Mangifera odorata Griff 103(1)

4.24 Bouea macrophylla Griff 103(1)

4.25 Mangifera pentandra Hook. f 104(1)

4.26 Bouea microphylla Griff 104(1)

4.27 Mangifera longipetiolata King 104(1)

4.28 Carissa carandas L 104(1)

4.29 Willughbeia firma BI 105(1)

4.30 Durio malaccensis Planch. ex Mast 106(1)

4.31 Durio dulcis Becc 107(1)

4.32 Durio oxleyanus Griff 107(1)

4.33 Durio lowianus Scort. ex King 107(1)

4.34 Durio graveolens Becc 107(1)

4.35 Durio carinatus Mast 107(1)

4.36 Durio kutejensis (Hassk.) Becc 108(1)

4.37 Durio testudirarium Becc 108(1)

4.38 Canarium odontophyllum Miq 109(1)

4.39 Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose 110(1)

4.40 Diospyros discolor Willd 110(1)

4.41 Diospyros digyna Jacq 111(1)

4.42 Baccaurea angulata Merr 112(1)

4.43 Phyllanthus emblica L 113(1)

4.44 Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng 114(1)

4.45 Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels 115(1)

4.46 Baccaurea polyneura Hook. f 116(1)

4.47 Baccaurea motleyana (Mull Arg.) Mull Arg 116(1)

4.48 Baccaurea brevipes Hook. f 117(1)

4.49 Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) M.A. 117(1)

4.50 Baccaurea macrocarpa (Miq.) MUll. Arg 117(1)

4.51 Castanopsis inermis (Lindl. ex Wall.) Benth. & Hook 117(1)

4.52 Flacourtia inermis Roxb 117(1)

4.53 Conclusions 118(1)

References 119(4)

Chapter 5 Medicinal Plants of China 123(40)

Zhongzhen Zhao

Zhitao Liang

Ping Guo

Hubiao Chen

5.1 Introduction 123(6)

5.1.1 History 124(2)

5.1.2 Distribution of Resources 126(3)

5.2 Research and Development of Medicinal Plants 129(3)

5.2.1 New Drugs 129(1)

5.2.2 Herbal Medicinal Products 129(3)

5.2.3 New Resources from Ethnic and Folk Herbal Medicine 132(1)

5.3 Good Agricultural Practice 132(10)

5.3.1 Objectives and Certification 133(4)

5.3.2 Description (Selection of Plant Species/Selection of GAP Farm Sites) 137(5)

5.4 Quality Control of Medicinal Plants and Their Products 142(17)

5.4.1 Authentication 144(1)

5.4.1.1 Botanical Origin Identification 144(1)

5.4.1.2 Macroscopic Identification 144(4)

5.4.1.3 Microscopic Identification 148(4)

5.4.1.4 Physical and Chemical Identification 152(3)

5.4.1.5 Molecular Biological Identification 155(1)

5.4.2 Purity Testing 156(2)

5.4.3 Assays 158(1)

5.5 Summary 159(1)

References 160(3)

Chapter 6 Medicinal Plants of the Middle East 163(18)

Shahina A. Ghazanfar

6.1 Introduction 163(3)

6.2 Medicinal Plants 166(8)

6.2.1 Carminatives, Laxatives, and Antidiarrheals 166(1)

6.2.2 Anthelmintics 166(1)

6.2.3 Muscular Pain and Swollen Joints 166(1)

6.2.4 Skin Disorders, Burns, Wounds, Bruises, Stings, and Bites 167(3)

6.2.5 Diuretics and Urinary Disorders 170(1)

6.2.6 Fertility, Childbirth, Pre- and Postnatal Care 170(1)

6.2.7 Cold, Coughs, Fever, and Headaches 170(4)

6.2.8 Health Tonics 174(1)

6.3 Important Medicine-Related Food and Cultural Plants 174(4)

6.3.1 The Date Palm 174(2)

6.3.2 Dyes, Cosmetics, and Perfumes 176(1)

6.3.2.1 Indigo 176(1)

6.3.2.2 Frankincense 176(1)

6.3.2.3 Rose Water 177(1)

6.3.2.4 Henna and Kohl 178(1)

6.4 Conclusions 178(1)

References 179(2)

Chapter 7 An Overview of the Medicinal Plants of Turkey 181(26)

Munir Ozturk

Salih Gucel

Ernaz Altundag

Tuba Mert

Cigdem Gork

Guven Gork

Eren Akcicek

7.1 Introduction 181(4)

7.2 Present Situation of Medicinal Plants 185(1)

7.3 Herbal Teas 186(1)

7.4 Aromatic and Essential-Oil-Bearing Plants 187(1)

7.5 Endemics of Some Important Genera 188(1)

7.6 Comments on Turkish Mint Species 189(12)

7.7 Conclusions 201(2)

References 203(4)

Chapter 8 An Overview of the Ethnobotany of Turkmenistan and Use of Juniperus turcomanica in Phytotherapy 207(14)

Svetlana Aleksandrovna Pleskanovskaya

Mamedova Gurbanbibi Atayevna

Munir Ozturk

Salih Gucel

Mehri Ashyraliyeva

8.1 Introduction 207(2)

8.2 Plant Diversity 209(1)

8.3 Medicinal Uses of Important Taxa 210(1)

8.4 Application of Juniperus turcomanica 210(8)

8.5 Future Direction 218(1)

References 219(2)

Chapter 9 Medicinal Plants of Ghana 221(26)

P. Addo-Fordjour

A. K. Anning

W. G. Akanwariwiak

E.J.D. Belford

C. K. Firempong

9.1 Introduction 221(1)

9.2 Medicinal Plants in Ghana: Diversity, Uses, and Conservation 222(22)

9.3 Promotion of Traditional Medicine in Ghana 244(1)

9.4 Challenges Facing Traditional Medicine Practice in Ghana 244(1)

9.5 Conclusion 245(1)

References 245(2)

Chapter 10 Medicinal Plants of Australia: Melaleuca alternifolia for the Production of Tea Tree Oil 247(12)

Enzo A. Palombo

10.1 Introduction 247(1)

10.2 Physical Characteristics and Components of Tea Tree Oil 248(2)

10.3 Medicinal Properties of Tea Tree Oil 250(3)

10.3.1 Antibacterial Activity 250(2)

10.3.2 Antifungal Activity 252(1)

10.3.3 Antiviral Activity 252(1)

10.3.4 Antiprotozoal Activity 253(1)

10.3.5 Anti-inflammatory Activity 253(1)

10.4 Clinical Efficacy of Tea Tree Oil 253(1)

10.5 Safety and Toxicity Considerations 254(1)

10.6 Conclusions 255(1)

References 255(4)

Chapter 11 Medicinal Plants of New South Wales, Australia 259(38)

Joanne Packer

Jitendra Gaikwad

David Harrington

Shoba Ranganathan

Joanne Jamie

Subramanyam Vemulpad

11.1 Introduction 259(2)

11.1.1 Plant Biodiversity of Australia and New South Wales 259(1)

11.1.2 Aboriginal Australians and Customary Medicines 260(1)

11.2 Context of the Review 261(1)

11.3 Discussion 261(28)

11.3.1 NSW Medicinal Plants---Major Classes, Habitat, and Distribution 286(1)

11.3.2 Customary Preparation and Uses of Medicinal Plants 286(1)

11.3.3 Bioactivity and Phytochemistry of Selected NSW Medicinal Plants 286(1)

11.3.4 Contemporary Issues in Customary Medicines Research 287(1)

11.3.5 Ethical Engagement with Indigenous People 287(1)

11.3.6 Conservation and Sustainability of Biodiversity 287(1)

11.3.7 The Macquarie University Indigenous Bioresources Research Group 288(1)

11.4 Conclusion 289(1)

References 289(1)

References for Tables 290(7)

Chapter 12 Medicinal Properties of Legumes 297(30)

J. Bradley Morris

Barbara Hellier

John Connett

12.1 Introduction 297(1)

12.2 Genetic Resources 298(1)

12.3 Maintenance 298(15)

12.4 Characterization and Evaluation 313(1)

12.5 Utilization 313(1)

12.6 Cytogenetics 314(1)

12.7 Breeding 314(5)

12.8 Cell and Tissue Culture 319(1)

12.9 Summary 320(1)

References 321(6)

Chapter 13 Artemisia spp. 327(26)

Zohara Yaniv

Nativ Dudai

Uriel Bachrach

13.1 The Genus Artemisia 328(5)

13.1.1 Botany and Distribution 328(1)

13.1.2 History and Traditional Medicine 329(2)

13.1.3 Chemistry 331(1)

13.1.4 Biological Activities 331(2)

13.2 Artemisia absinthium L. 333(3)

13.2.1 Botany 333(1)

13.2.2 Distribution 333(1)

13.2.3 History and Traditional Medicine 333(1)

13.2.3.1 Traditional Uses among American Indians 334(1)

13.2.3.2 Uses of Artemisia absinthium in the Middle East 334(1)

13.2.4 Chemistry 334(1)

13.2.5 Biological Activities 334(1)

13.2.5.1 Senescence-Promoting Substance 334(1)

13.2.5.2 Hepatoprotective Activity 335(1)

13.2.5.3 Antiparasitic Effects 335(1)

13.2.5.4 Anthelmintic Activity 335(1)

13.2.5.5 Artemisinin Production in Callus 335(1)

13.3 Artemisia arborescens L. 336(2)

13.3.1 Botany 336(1)

13.3.2 Distribution 336(1)

13.3.3 History and Traditional Uses 336(1)

13.3.4 Chemistry 337(1)

13.3.5 Biological Activities 337(1)

13.3.5.1 Antiherpetic Activity 337(1)

13.3.5.2 Antimycoplasmal Activity 337(1)

13.3.5.3 Antioxidant Activity 337(1)

13.3.5.4 Effect on Smooth Muscles 338(1)

13.3.5.5 Anticancer Activity 338(1)

13.4 Artemisia dracunculus L. 338(4)

13.4.1 Botany 338(1)

13.4.2 Distribution 338(1)

13.4.3 History and Traditional Uses 338(1)

13.4.3.1 Medicinal Uses in Medieval Times 339(1)

13.4.3.2 Traditional Uses of the Present Time 339(1)

13.4.4 Chemistry 340(1)

13.4.5 Culinary Use 341(1)

13.4.6 Biological Activities 341(1)

13.4.6.1 Diabetes 341(1)

13.4.6.2 Blood Platelet Adhesion 341(1)

13.5 Artemisia judaica L. 342(2)

13.5.1 Botany and Distribution 342(1)

13.5.2 History and Traditional Uses 342(1)

13.5.3 Chemistry 343(1)

13.5.4 Micropropagation and Tissue Culture 343(1)

13.5.5 Biological Activities 343(1)

13.5.5.1 Antioxidant Activity 343(1)

13.5.5.2 Insecticidal and Antifungal Activities 343(1)

13.6 Artemisia sieberi L. 344(4)

13.6.1 Botany 344(1)

13.6.2 Distribution and Folk Medicine 344(1)

13.6.3 Biblical History 345(1)

13.6.4 Traditional Uses 346(1)

13.6.5 Chemistry 346(1)

13.6.6 Biological Activities 346(1)

13.6.6.1 Antimicrobial Activity 346(1)

13.6.6.2 Antifungal Activity 347(1)

13.6.6.3 Insecticide Activity 347(1)

13.6.6.4 Anthelmintic Activity 347(1)

13.6.6.5 Therapeutic Activities 347(1)

13.6.6.6 Neurological Activities 348(1)

13.6.6.7 Antioxidant Activity 348(1)

13.6.6.8 Toxicity 348(1)

13.6.6.9 Mode of Action 348(1)

13.7 General Conclusions 348(1)

References 349(4)

Chapter 14 Poppy: Utilization and Genetic Resources 353(40)

Jeno Bernath

Eva Nemeth

14.1 Introduction 354(1)

14.2 Gene Center of Poppy 355(3)

14.2.1 Geographical Origin 355(1)

14.2.2 Domestication 356(2)

14.3 Botanical Classification of Poppy 358(7)

14.3.1 Taxonomy 358(4)

14.3.2 Classification of Domesticated Papaver somniferum 362(3)

14.4 Genetic Resources 365(2)

14.5 Production of Poppy 367(9)

14.5.1 Straw and Seed Production 367(3)

14.5.2 Production of Opium 370(1)

14.5.2.1 Licit Production of Opium 370(3)

14.5.2.2 Illicit Production of Opium 373(3)

14.6 Germplasm Enhancement 376(5)

14.6.1 Selection 376(1)

14.6.2 Combination Breeding 377(1)

14.6.3 Heterosis Breeding 377(1)

14.6.4 Polyploid Forms 378(1)

14.6.5 Mutation 378(1)

14.6.6 Enhancement by Biotechnology 379(2)

14.7 Utilization of Opium and Opiate Alkaloids in Medication 381(3)

14.7.1 Opium 381(1)

14.7.2 Pharmacological Activity of Opiate Alkaloids 382(1)

14.7.2.1 Morphine 382(1)

14.7.2.2 Codeine 383(1)

14.7.2.3 Thebaine 383(1)

14.7.2.4 Narcotine 383(1)

14.7.2.5 Papaverine 384(1)

14.8 Future Directions 384(1)

Acknowledgments 385(1)

References 385(8)

Chapter 15 Ginger 393(58)

K. Nirmal Babu

M. Sabu

K. N. Shiva

Minoo Divakaran

P. N. Ravindran

15.1 Introduction 395(1)

15.2 Economic Uses of Ginger and Its Related Species 396(2)

15.3 Origin and Distribution 398(1)

15.4 Botany and Systematics 399(11)

15.4.1 Genus Zingiber Boehmer 399(1)

15.4.2 Zingiber officinale Roscoe 399(1)

15.4.3 Other Important Species of the Genus Zingiber 399(2)

15.4.3.1 Zingiber americanus Blume 401(1)

15.4.3.2 Zingiber aromaticum Valeton 401(1)

15.4.3.3 Zingiber argenteum J. Mood & I. Theilade 401(1)

15.4.3.4 Zingiber bradleyanum Craib 401(1)

15.4.3.5 Zingiber chrysanthum Roscoe 401(1)

15.4.3.6 Zingiber citriodorum J. Mood & I. Theilade 401(1)

15.4.3.7 Zingiber clarkei King ex Benth 401(6)

15.4.3.8 Zingiber collinsii J. Mood & I. Theilade 407(1)

15.4.3.9 Zingiber corallinum Hance 407(1)

15.4.3.10 Zingiber eborium J. Mood & I. Theilade 407(1)

15.4.3.11 Zingiber gramineum Noronha 407(1)

15.4.3.12 Zingiber griffithii Baker 407(1)

15.4.3.13 Zingiber junceum Gagnepo 407(1)

15.4.3.14 Zingiber lambii J. Mood & I. Theilade 407(1)

15.4.3.15 Zingiber longipedunculatum Ridley 407(1)

15.4.3.16 Zingiber malaysianum C.K. Lim 407(1)

15.4.3.17 Zingiber mioga Roscoe 408(1)

15.4.3.18 Zingiber montanum (Koenig) Link ex Dietr. (= Z. cassumunar Roxb.) 408(1)

15.4.3.19 Zingiber neglectum Valeton 408(1)

15.4.3.20 Zingiber niveum J. Mood & I. Theilade 408(1)

15.4.3.21 Zingiber ottensii Valeton 408(1)

15.4.3.22 Zingiber pachysiphon B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm 409(1)

15.4.3.23 Zingiber rubens Roxb 409(1)

15.4.3.24 Zingiber spectabile Griff 409(1)

15.4.3.25 Zingiber vinosum J, Mood & I. Theilade 409(1)

15.4.3.26 Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith 409(1)

15.4.4 Molecular Taxonomy 409(1)

15.5 Cytology 410(1)

15.6 Floral Biology 411(1)

15.7 Propagation and Cultivation 412(3)

15.7.1 Propagation 412(2)

15.7.2 Planting and Spacing 414(1)

15.7.3 Nutrition 414(1)

15.7.4 Diseases and Pests 414(1)

15.7.5 Harvesting and Processing 414(1)

15.8 Physiology 415(1)

15.8.1 Effect of Day Length on Flowering and Rhizome Growth 415(1)

15.8.2 Chlorophyll Content and Photosynthetic Rate in Relation to Leaf Maturity 415(1)

15.8.3 Photosynthesis and Photorespiration 415(1)

15.8.4 Effect of Growth Regulators 416(1)

15.8.5 Growth-Related Compositional Changes 416(1)

15.9 Genetic Resources 416(6)

15.9.1 Conservation 416(2)

15.9.2 Genetic Resources Management---GIS Technology and Biodiversity 418(1)

15.9.3 Genetic Resource Characterization and Cultivar Diversity 419(3)

15.10 Crop Improvement 422(5)

15.10.1 Selection 422(2)

15.10.2 Mutation Breeding 424(3)

15.10.3 Polyploidy Breeding 427(1)

15.11 Biotechnological Approaches 427(12)

15.11.1 Micropropagation 427(1)

15.11.1.1 Micropropagation of Other Zingiberaceous Taxa 427(1)

15.11.2 Field Evaluation of Tissue-Cultured Plants 428(1)

15.11.3 Plant Regeneration from Callus Cultures and Somaclonal Variation 429(1)

15.11.3.1 Somaclonal Variation 430(1)

15.11.3.2 In Vitro Selection 431(1)

15.11.3.3 Induction of Systemic Resistance 431(1)

15.11.3.4 In Vitro Polyploidy 431(1)

15.11.4 Inflorescence Culture and In Vitro Pollination 432(1)

15.11.5 Microrhizomes 432(1)

15.11.6 Synthetic Seeds 433(1)

15.11.7 Anther Culture 434(1)

15.11.8 Protoplast Culture 434(1)

15.11.9 Molecular Characterization and Diagnostics 435(1)

15.11.9.1 Molecular Characterization 435(1)

15.11.9.2 Molecular Characterization of Traded Ginger for Checking Adulteration 435(1)

15.11.9.3 Genetic Fidelity Testing of In Vitro Conserved Lines and Identification of Somaclonal Variants of Ginger 436(1)

15.11.9.4 Molecular Characterization and Detection of Pathogens 436(1)

15.11.10 Tagging and Isolation of Candidate Genes of Interest 437(1)

15.11.10.1 Disease Resistance 437(1)

15.11.10.2 Agronomically Important Traits 437(1)

15.11.11 Genetic Transformation 438(1)

15.11.12 In vitro Conservation 438(1)

15.11.13 Cryopreservation 438(1)

15.11.14 Production of Secondary Metabolites 439(1)

15.12 Protection of Plant Varieties and IPR Issues 439(1)

15.13 Future Outlook 440(1)

References 441(10)

Chapter 16 Turmeric 451(62)

K. Nirmal Babu

K. N. Shiva

M. Sabu

Minoo Divakaran

P. N. Ravindran

16.1 Introduction 452(1)

16.2 Economic Uses of Turmeric and Related Species 453(1)

16.3 Origin and Distribution 454(1)

16.4 Botany and Systematics 455(12)

16.4.1 Genus Curcuma L. 455(3)

16.4.2 Curcuma longa L. 458(2)

16.4.3 Other Important Curcuma Species 460(1)

16.4.3.1 Curcuma amada Roxb 460(1)

16.4.3.2 Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb 461(1)

16.4.3.3 Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep 461(1)

16.4.3.4 Curcuma amarissima Roscoe 461(1)

16.4.3.5 Curcuma angustifolia Roxb 461(1)

16.4.3.6 Curcuma aromatica Salisb 462(1)

16.4.3.7 Curcuma aurantiaca Zijp 462(1)

16.4.3.8 Curcuma australasica Hook. f. 462(1)

16.4.3.9 Curcuma bicolor Mood and K. Larsen 462(1)

16.4.3.10 Curcuma caesia Roxb 462(1)

16.4.3.11 Curcuma cordata Wall 463(1)

16.4.3.12 Curcuma elata Roxb 463(1)

16.4.3.13 Curcuma glans K. Larsen and Mood 463(1)

16.4.3.14 Curcuma harmandii Gagnep 463(1)

16.4.3.15 Curcuma latifolia Roscoe 463(1)

16.4.3.16 Curcuma mangga Valeton and Zijp 463(1)

16.4.3.17 Curcuma montana Roxb 463(1)

16.4.3.18 Curcuma parviflora Wall 464(1)

16.4.3.19 Curcuma petiolata Roxb 464(1)

16.4.3.20 Curcuma pseudomontana J. Graham 464(1)

16.4.3.21 Curcuma rhabdota Sirirugsa and M.F. Newman 464(1)

16.4.3.22 Curcuma rhomba Mood and K. Larsen 464(1)

16.4.3.23 Curcuma roscoeana Wall 464(1)

16.4.3.24 Curcuma rubescens Roxb 464(1)

16.4.3.25 Curcuma sparganifolia Gagnep 465(1)

16.4.3.26 Curcuma ihorelii Gagnep 465(1)

16.4.3.27 Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb 465(1)

16.4.3.28 Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe 465(1)

16.4.4 Molecular Taxonomy 466(1)

16.5 Cytology 467(3)

16.6 Floral Biology and Seed Set 470(1)

16.7 Seed Germination and Seedling Growth 471(1)

16.8 Propagation and Cultivation 471(3)

16.8.1 Propagation 471(1)

16.8.2 Planting and Spacing 472(1)

16.8.3 Nutrition 472(1)

16.8.4 Diseases and Pests 472(2)

16.8.5 Harvesting and Processing 474(1)

16.9 Physiology 474(2)

16.10 Genetic Resources 476(15)

16.10.1 Conservation 476(1)

16.10.2 Genetic Resources Management 477(1)

16.10.3 GIS Technology and Biodiversity 478(1)

16.10.4 Genetic Resource Characterization and Cultivar Diversity 478(13)

16.11 Crop Improvement 491(4)

16.11.1 Selection 491(1)

16.11.2 Mutation Breeding 491(1)

16.11.3 Hybridization 491(4)

16.12 Biotechnological Approaches 495(4)

16.12.1 Micropropagation 495(1)

16.12.2 Field Evaluation of Tissue-Cultured Plants 495(1)

16.12.3 Plant Regeneration from Callus Cultures and Somaclonal Variation 495(1)

16.12.4 Inflorescence Culture and In Vitro Pollination 496(1)

16.12.5 Microrhizomes 496(1)

16.12.6 Synthetic Seeds 497(1)

16.12.7 Molecular Characterization and Diagnostics 497(2)

16.13 Protection of Plant Varieties and IPR Issues 499(1)

16.14 Geographical Indications 500(1)

16.15 Future Outlook 500(1)

References 500(13)

Chapter 17 Ginseng 513(26)

Kwang-Tae Choi

Gyuhwa Chung

17.1 Introduction 514(1)

17.2 Taxonomy of Ginseng 515(1)

17.3 Related Species 516(1)

17.4 Botanical Characteristics of Korean Ginseng 516(3)

17.5 Cultivation of Korean Ginseng 519(2)

17.5.1 History of Korean Ginseng Cultivation 519(1)

17.5.2 Cultivation and Management of Korean Ginseng 520(1)

17.5.3 Shapes of Korean Ginseng 521(1)

17.6 Breeding of Korean Ginseng 521(5)

17.6.1 Korean Ginseng Breeding by Pure-Line Separation Method 522(1)

17.6.2 Production of New Korean Ginseng Varieties 523(1)

17.6.3 Characteristics of Intra- and Interspecific Hybrids 524(2)

17.7 Active Components 526(3)

17.7.1 Ginseng Saponin (Ginsenosides) 526(2)

17.7.2 Active Components Other Than Ginseng Saponin (Ginsenosides) 528(1)

17.8 Pharmacological Properties 529(3)

17.8.1 Preventing and Treating Alzheimer's Disease and Enhancing Cognitive Performance 529(1)

17.8.2 Improving Blood Circulation and Lowering Blood Pressure 530(1)

17.8.3 Anticarcinogenic and Cancer-Preventive Effects 530(1)

17.8.4 Preventing and Treating Diabetes 530(1)

17.8.5 Alcohol Detoxification (Hangover Reduction) Effects 530(1)

17.8.6 Improving Sexual Performance 531(1)

17.8.7 Antifatigue and Antistress 531(1)

17.8.8 Antiaging Efficacy 531(1)

17.8.9 Efficacy of Enhancing Immune Function 531(1)

17.8.10 Anti-AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) or Antiviral Action 532(1)

17.8.11 Obesity and Hyperlipidemia 532(1)

17.8.12 Detoxifying Drug Addiction 532(1)

17.9 Conclusions 532(1)

References 533(6)

Chapter 18 Tea 539(50)

A.K.A. Mandal

S. Babu

R. S. Senthil Kumar

18.1 Introduction 541(1)

18.2 Botany and Breeding 541(9)

18.2.1 Origin and Distribution 541(1)

18.2.2 Taxonomy and Botany 541(1)

18.2.3 Vegetative Growth Phase 542(1)

18.2.3.1 Dormancy 543(1)

18.2.3.2 Longevity 543(1)

18.2.4 Reproductive Phase 543(1)

18.2.5 Grouping of Cultivars Based on Vegetative and Reproductive Morphology 544(1)

18.2.6 Germplasm 544(1)

18.2.7 Breeding 545(1)

18.2.7.1 Clonal Selection 546(1)

18.2.7.2 Selection for Yield 546(1)

18.2.7.3 Selection for Drought Tolerance 546(1)

18.2.7.4 Selection for Pest and Disease Resistance 547(1)

18.2.7.5 Selection for Quality 547(1)

18.2.7.6 Hybridization 548(1)

18.2.7.7 Mutation Breeding 548(1)

18.2.7.8 Polyploidy Breeding 549(1)

18.2.7.9 Nursery Grafting 549(1)

18.2.7.10 Micropropagation 549(1)

18.2.7.11 Application of Molecular Techniques 550(1)

18.3 Biochemistry 550(16)

18.3.1 Chemical Composition of Tea Flush 550(3)

18.3.2 Types of Tea 553(1)

18.3.2.1 Black Tea 553(1)

18.3.2.2 Green Tea 553(1)

18.3.2.3 Semifermented Tea 553(1)

18.3.3 Tea Leaf Processing 553(1)

18.3.3.1 Withering 554(1)

18.3.3.2 Fermentation 555(1)

18.3.4 Role of Enzymes in the Quality of CTC Black Tea 556(1)

18.3.4.1 Hydrolytic Enzymes 557(1)

18.3.4.2 Pectinases 557(1)

18.3.4.3 Proteases 558(1)

18.3.4.4 Lipases and Lipoxygenases 559(1)

18.3.4.5 Phenol Oxidases 559(1)

18.3.4.6 Peroxidase 560(1)

18.3.4.7 Tannase 560(1)

18.3.4.8 Other Enzymes 560(1)

18.3.4.9 Enzymatic Degradation of Caffeine 560(1)

18.3.5 Chemical Composition of Made Tea 561(3)

18.3.6 Tea and Health 564(1)

18.3.6.1 Antioxidants 564(1)

18.3.6.2 Cardiovascular Diseases 565(1)

18.3.6.3 Cancer 565(1)

18.3.6.4 Tooth Decay and Plaque Formation 565(1)

18.3.6.5 Antibacterial Activity 565(1)

18.3.6.6 Osteoarthritis Treatment 566(1)

18.3.6.7 Diabetic Treatment 566(1)

18.3.6.8 Bleeding 566(1)

18.3.6.9 Diarrheal Treatment 566(1)

18.3.6.10 Hair Tonic, Perfume, and Food Flavoring 566(1)

18.3.6.11 Preservative 566(1)

18.4 Biotechnology and Molecular Biology 566(9)

18.4.1 Micropropagation 566(1)

18.4.1.1 Explains 567(1)

18.4.1.2 Basal Media 567(1)

18.4.1.3 Growth Regulator 567(1)

18.4.1.4 Rooting 568(1)

18.4.1.5 Hardening and Field Transfer 568(1)

18.4.2 Somatic Embryogenesis 569(1)

18.4.2.1 Explants 569(1)

18.4.2.2 Basal Media, Growth Regulators, and Adjuvants 569(1)

18.4.2.3 Maturation and Germination 570(1)

18.4.3 Somaclonal Variation 570(1)

18.4.4 Anther Culture 570(1)

18.4.5 Protoplast Culture 570(1)

18.4.6 Genetic Transformation 570(1)

18.4.6.1 Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Transformation 571(1)

18.4.6.2 Biolistic Gun-Mediated Transformation 571(1)

18.4.6.3 Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation 571(1)

18.4.7 Molecular Markers 571(1)

18.4.7.1 RAPD 571(1)

18.4.7.2 ISSR 572(1)

18.4.7.3 RFLP 572(1)

18.4.7.4 AFLP 572

18.4.7.5 SSR 571(2)

18.4.7.6 CAPS 573(1)

18.4.7.7 Organelle DNA 573(1)

18.4.8 Genomics 573(1)

18.4.9 Genome Mapping 574(1)

18.5 Conclusion 575(1)

Acknowledgments 575(1)

References 575(14)

Chapter 19 Coffee (Coffea spp.) 589(52)

Juan Carlos Herrera

Hernando A. Cortina

Francois Anthony

Nayani Surya Prakash

Philippe Lashermes

Alvaro L. Gaitan

Marco A. Cristancho

Ricardo Acuna

Darci R. Lima

19.1 Introduction 590(1)

19.2 Taxonomy, Origin, and Distribution of Coffee Species 591(3)

19.2.1 Taxonomic Classification 592(1)

19.2.2 Origin and Distribution of Coffea Species 593(1)

19.3 Genome Structure and Cytogenetics 594(2)

19.4 Germplasm Resources 596(5)

19.4.1 Ex Situ Conservation 596(1)

19.4.2 Genetic Resources in Cultivated Coffee Species 597(1)

19.4.2.1 Coffea arabica 597(1)

19.4.2.2 Coffea canephora 597(1)

19.4.2.3 Coffea liberica 597(1)

19.4.3 Wild Coffee Species 598(1)

19.4.4 Germplasm Evaluation 598(1)

19.4.4.1 Phenotypic Studies 598(2)

19.4.4.2 Genotypic Studies 600(1)

19.5 Conventional Breeding Strategies 601(8)

19.5.1 Commercial Coffee Varieties: Initial Efforts in Coffee Breeding 601(2)

19.5.2 Threat of Coffee Diseases---Shift in Breeding Focus 603(1)

19.5.3 Traditional Breeding Strategies 604(1)

19.5.3.1 Coffea arabica Breeding 604(2)

19.5.3.2 Coffea canephora Breeding 606(1)

19.5.4 Future Outlook 607(2)

19.6 Molecular Markers and Genetic Mapping 609(2)

19.6.1 Molecular Markers 609(1)

19.6.2 Physical and Genetic Mapping Approaches 609(1)

19.6.3 Future Developments 610(1)

19.7 Functional Genomics and Transcriptome Analysis 611(2)

19.7.1 Pathogen Resistance 611(1)

19.7.2 Pest Resistance 612(1)

19.7.3 Seed Development 612(1)

19.7.4 Drought Tolerance 613(1)

19.7.5 Future Prospects 613(1)

19.8 Bioinformatics Resources 613(3)

19.8.1 Data Analysis 614(1)

19.8.2 Storage of Information 615(1)

19.8.3 Future Prospects 616(1)

19.9 Tissue Culture and Genetic Transformation 616(6)

19.9.1 Tissue Culture in Coffee 616(1)

19.9.1.1 Micropropagation 616(1)

19.9.1.2 Somatic Embryogenesis 617(2)

19.9.2 Genetic Transformation of Coffea Species 619(2)

19.9.2.1 Engineering Coffee Physiological Traits 621(1)

19.9.2.2 Gene Discovery 621(1)

19.10 Coffee Composition and Health 622(6)

19.10.1 Chemical Constituents of the Coffee Bean 623(1)

19.10.1.1 Caffeine 623(1)

19.10.1.2 Chlorogenic Acids 624(1)

19.10.1.3 Trigonelline 625(1)

19.10.1.4 Proteins 626(1)

19.10.1.5 Carbohydrates 626(1)

19.10.1.6 Lipids 627(1)

19.10.1.7 Other Compounds 627(1)

19.10.2 Coffee Quality and Health 628(1)

19.11 Useful Coffee Websites 628(1)

References 628(13)

Chapter 20 Yacon (Asteraceae; Smallanthus sonchifolius) 641(62)

A. Lebeda

I. Dolezalova

E. Fernandez

I. Viehmannova

20.1 Introduction 642(1)

20.2 Taxonomy 643(8)

20.2.1 Evolutionary and Taxonomic Relationships at the Familial Level 643(1)

20.2.2 General Characterization of the Tribe Heliantheae 644(1)

20.2.3 Delimitation and Characterization of the Genus Smallanthus 644(1)

20.2.4 Taxonomy and Relationships among Smallanthus Species 645(2)

20.2.5 Description of Yacon (S. sonchifolius) 647(1)

20.2.5.1 Morphology and Characterization of Root System 647(2)

20.2.5.2 Morphology and Characterization of Stem 649(1)

20.2.5.3 Morphology and Characterization of Leaves 649(1)

20.2.5.4 Morphology and Characterization of Inflorescence 649(1)

20.2.5.5 Morphology and Characterization of Fruit and Seed 650(1)

20.3 Center of Origin, Geographical Distribution, Ecology, Variation, and Genetic Diversity 651(5)

20.3.1 Center of Origin 651(2)

20.3.2 Geographic Distribution 653(1)

20.3.3 Variation and Genetic Diversity of S. sonchifolius 654(2)

20.4 Germplasm Collection, Maintenance, Evaluation, and Distribution 656(11)

20.4.1 Gene Bank and Other Significant Germplasm Collections 657(1)

20.4.2 Acquisition and Exploration 657(2)

20.4.3 Collection, Regeneration, and Maintenance 659(1)

20.4.4 Germplasm Characterization 660(6)

20.4.5 Germplasm Descriptors 666(1)

20.5 Chemical Composition 667(6)

20.5.1 Tuberous Roots 667(4)

20.5.2 Leaves and Stems 671(2)

20.6 Diseases and Pests 673(2)

20.6.1 Diseases 673(1)

20.6.2 Pests 674(1)

20.6.3 Disease and Pest Control 674(1)

20.7 Breeding and Application of Biotechnological Approaches 675(3)

20.7.1 Breeding Strategy 675(1)

20.7.2 Biotechnological Approaches 676(2)

20.8 Cultivation, Processing, and Utilization 678(13)

20.8.1 Cultivation 678(1)

20.8.1.1 Plantation and Seeding 678(1)

20.8.1.2 Fertilization 679(1)

20.8.1.3 Irrigation 679(1)

20.8.1.4 Weed Control 680(1)

20.8.1.5 Harvest 681(1)

20.8.1.6 Yield of Tuberous Roots 681(1)

20.8.1.7 Yield of Leaves 682(1)

20.8.1.8 Phenological Scale 683(1)

20.8.2 Postharvest Treatment and Processing 683(1)

20.8.2.1 Selection and Classification of Tuberous Roots 683(2)

20.8.2.2 Storage of Tuberous Roots 685(1)

20.8.2.3 Processing 685(1)

20.8.3 Utilization and Commercialization 686(1)

20.8.3.1 Pharmacology and Medicine 687(2)

20.8.3.2 Nutrition and Food 689(1)

20.8.3.3 Industry 690(1)

20.9 Summary and Future Prospects 691(1)

Acknowledgments 692(1)

References 693(10)

Chapter 21 Mint 703(60)

Arthur O. Tucker

Sherry Kitto

21.1 Introduction 703(1)

21.2 Mendelian Genetics and Correlation of Genes with Biochemical Pathways in Mentha 704(26)

21.2.1 Breeding for Monoterpenes 704(1)

21.2.2 Breeding for Disease Resistance 705(23)

21.2.3 Breeding for Yield 728(2)

21.3 Transgressive Segregation, Cytomixis, and Complement Fractionation 730(2)

21.3.1 Oversimplified Genetic Analyses with Polyploid Species 730(1)

21.3.2 Polyploidy and Genes 730(1)

21.3.2.1 The Reitsema Rule 731(1)

21.3.3 Cytomixis and Complement Fractionation 731(1)

21.3.4 Complement Fractionation Fuels Transgressive Segregation 732(1)

21.3.5 Complement Fractionation Restores Fertility to Hybrids 732(1)

21.4 Biotechnology 732(12)

21.4.1 Introduction 732(1)

21.4.2 Micropropagation 733(1)

21.4.3 Rooting, Acclimation, and Reestablishment 733(9)

21.4.4 Conservation of Germplasm 742(1)

21.4.5 Regeneration 742(1)

21.4.6 Variation 743(1)

21.4.7 Protoplasts 743(1)

21.4.8 Transformation 743(1)

21.4.9 Essential Oil Biosynthesis/Biotransformation via Callus and Cell Suspension 744(1)

21.5 Summary 744(1)

References 745(18)

Chapter 22 Plantago ovata: Cultivation, Genomics, Chemistry, and Therapeutic Applications 763(30)

Manoj K. Dhar

Sanjana Kaul

Pooja Sharma

Mehak Gupta

22.1 Introduction 764(1)

22.2 The Plant 765(2)

22.2.1 Botany 766(1)

22.2.2 Reproductive Biology 766(1)

22.2.3 Pollination Mechanism 766(1)

22.2.4 Male Sterility 767(1)

22.3 Plantago Genome 767(2)

22.3.1 Genome Size 767(1)

22.3.2 Genome Organization 767(2)

22.4 Genetic Diversity 769(1)

22.5 Genetic Improvement 770(2)

22.5.1 Selection 770(1)

22.5.2 Induced Polyploidy 770(1)

22.5.3 Mutation Breeding 771(1)

22.5.4 Somaclonal Variability 771(1)

22.6 Diseases 772(1)

22.7 Cultivation 773(1)

22.7.1 Seed Sowing and Germination 773(1)

22.7.2 Soil 773(1)

22.7.3 Irrigation 773(1)

22.7.4 Fertilizer Application 774(1)

22.7.5 Harvesting and Yield 774(1)

22.7.6 Processing 774(1)

22.8 Mucilage 774(4)

22.8.1 Mucilage-Producing Cells 774(1)

22.8.2 Composition of Mucilage 775(3)

22.9 Psyllium: A Therapeutic Agent 778(7)

22.9.1 Constipation 778(1)

22.9.2 Diarrhea 779(1)

22.9.3 Obesity 780(1)

22.9.4 Diabetes 780(1)

22.9.5 Cholesterol Lowering 781(1)

22.9.6 Ulcerative Colitis 782(1)

22.9.7 Irritable Bowel Syndrome 782(1)

22.9.8 Colon Cancer 783(1)

22.9.9 Drug Interaction 784(1)

22.9.10 Wound Healing 784(1)

22.9.11 Effect on Skin Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts 784(1)

22.9.12 Allergy 784(1)

22.9.13 Bleeding Hemorrhoids 785(1)

22.9.14 Antimicrobial Activity 785(1)

22.9.15 Toxicity 785(1)

22.10 Usages 785(1)

22.11 Future Perspective 786(1)

Acknowledgments 786(1)

References 787(6)

Chapter 23 Christmas Candle Senna: An Ornamental and a Pharmaceutical Plant 793(8)

J. Bradley Morris

23.1 Introduction 793(1)

23.2 Ecology and Cultivation 794(2)

23.3 Ornamental Characteristics 796(1)

23.4 Ethnobotanical Uses 796(2)

23.5 Potential Pharmaceutical Uses 798(1)

23.6 Conclusions 798(1)

References 799(2)

Chapter 24 Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) 801(46)

S. K. Malhotra

24.1 Introduction 802(1)

24.2 Domestication and Dissemination of Fenugreek 803(3)

24.2.1 History and Domestication 803(1)

24.2.2 Origin and Dissemination 804(2)

24.3 Botany 806(6)

24.3.1 Taxonomy 806(1)

24.3.2 Plant Structure and Growth Habit 807(2)

24.3.3 Flowering and Floral Biology 809(2)

24.3.4 Pods and Seeds 811(1)

24.3.5 Seed Development 812(1)

24.4 Cytogenetics 812(4)

24.4.1 Chromosomes: Description and Number 812(1)

24.4.2 Interspecific Relationships 813(2)

24.4.3 Polyploidy 815(1)

24.5 Genetics 816(1)

24.5.1 Genetics of Qualitative Characters 816(1)

24.5.2 Association Analysis 816(1)

24.6 Germplasm Resources 817(4)

24.7 Germplasm Enhancement 821(6)

24.7.1 Breeding Objectives 821(1)

24.7.1.1 Production Breeding 821(1)

24.7.1.2 Resistance Breeding 822(1)

24.7.1.3 Breeding for Agronomic and Physiological Characters 823(1)

24.7.1.4 Breeding for Nutraceuticals/Special Use 823(1)

24.7.2 Breeding Methods 824(3)

24.8 Biotechnology 827(2)

24.8.1 Callus Culture and Micropropagation 827(1)

24.8.2 Production of Secondary Metabolites and Biotransformation 828(1)

24.9 Nutraceutical Constituents 829(5)

24.9.1 Natural Steroidal Sapogenins 830(1)

24.9.2 Polysaccharide Galactomannans 830(1)

24.9.3 Hydroxyl-isoleucine (HIL) 831(1)

24.9.4 Antioxidants and Other Compounds 831(1)

24.9.5 Nutraceutical Properties and Industrial Uses 832(2)

24.10 Conclusions 834(1)

References 835(12)

Chapter 25 Aloe vera 847(38)

Jose Imery-Buiza

25.1 Introduction 847(1)

25.2 Composition and Therapeutic Uses 848(3)

25.3 Origin 851(1)

25.4 Etymology 851(2)

25.5 Taxonomy and Evolution 853(1)

25.6 Botanical and Ecological Features 854(5)

25.7 Pests and Diseases 859(3)

25.8 Genetics 862(9)

25.8.1 Karyotype 862(3)

25.8.2 Constitutive Heterochromatin 865(1)

25.8.3 Haploid Chromosomes 865(1)

25.8.4 Karyological Abnormalities 866(4)

25.8.5 Molecular Markers (RAPD-PCR) 870(1)

25.9 Plant Breeding 871(4)

25.9.1 Mutagenesis 871(1)

25.9.2 Polyploidy 871(1)

25.9.3 Hybridization 871(3)

25.9.4 Genetic Transformation with Agrobacterium 874(1)

25.10 Micropropagation 875(1)

25.11 Conclusion 876(1)

Acknowledgments 876(1)

References 877(8)

Chapter 26 Stevia rebaudiana---A Natural Substitute for Sugar 885(26)

Vikas Jaitak

Kiran Kaul

V. K. Kaul

Virendra Singh

Bikram Singh

26.1 Introduction 886(1)

26.2 Botany 886(1)

26.3 Origin 886(1)

26.4 Distribution 887(1)

26.5 Importance 887(1)

26.6 Biological Activities 887(2)

26.6.1 Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Activities 887(1)

26.6.2 Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities 888(1)

26.6.3 Antioxidant Activity 888(1)

26.6.4 Antirotavirus Activity 888(1)

26.6.5 Antifertility Activity 888(1)

26.6.6 Antidiabetic Activity 889(1)

26.7 Soil and Climate 889(1)

26.8 Propagation and Cultivation 889(1)

26.9 Performance of Stevia rebaudiana under Palampur Agroclimatic Conditions 890(3)

26.10 Constituents of Stevia rebaudiana 893(4)

26.10.1 Steviol Glycosides 893(2)

26.10.2 Terpenes 895(1)

26.10.3 Flavonoids 895(2)

26.10.4 Volatile Oil Constituents 897(1)

26.10.5 Miscellaneous Constituents 897(1)

26.11 Biosynthesis of Steviol Glycosides 897(1)

26.12 Extraction and Quantification of Major Steviol Glycosides 898(2)

26.13 Analytical Methods for the Quantification of Steviol Glycosides in S. rebaudiana 900(1)

26.14 Enzymatic Modification of Stevioside for Removal of Bitterness 901(1)

26.15 Health and Safety 902(1)

26.16 Market Importance of Stevia rebaudiana 903(1)

26.17 Conclusion 903(1)

Acknowledgments 904(1)

References 904(7)

Chapter 27 Ipecac---Carapichea ipecacuanha 911(12)

Carlos Roberto Carvalho

Luiz Orlando de Oliveira

27.1 Introduction 911(1)

27.2 Nomenclature and Synonymy 912(1)

27.3 Botany 912(2)

27.4 Origins and Geographical Distribution 914(2)

27.5 Cytogenetics 916(1)

27.6 Pharmacological and Medicinal Aspects 917(1)

27.7 Agriculture 918(1)

27.7.1 Agriculture Procedures 918(1)

27.7.2 Propagation and Seedlings Preparation 918(1)

27.7.3 Harvest 918(1)

27.8 Conservation 919(1)

27.9 Conclusion 919(1)

References 919(4)

Chapter 28 Myrtus communis: Phytotherapy in the Mediterranean 923(12)

Munir Ozturk

Salih Gucel

Ali Celik

Ernaz Altundag

Tuba Mert

Eren Akcicek

Sezgin Celik

28.1 Introduction 923(1)

28.2 Morphology 924(2)

28.3 Ecology 926(3)

28.4 Medicinal Importance 929(2)

28.5 Precautionary Measures 931(1)

References 931(4)

Chapter 29 Licorice (Glycyrrhiza species) 935(24)

Marjan Nassiri-Asl

Hossein Hosseinzadeh

29.1 Introduction 935(1)

29.2 The Genus 936(1)

29.3 Genetic Information of Glycyrrhiza 936(1)

29.4 Chemical Composition 936(1)

29.4.1 Active Components 936(1)

29.4.2 Miscellaneous Compounds 937(1)

29.5 Pharmacological Effects 937(6)

29.6 Clinical Studies 943(1)

29.6.1 Gastrointestinal Effects 943(1)

29.6.2 Anticancer Effects 943(1)

29.6.3 Antioxidative Effects 943(1)

29.6.4 Antiviral and Hepatoprotective Effects 943(1)

29.6.5 Dermatological Studies 943(1)

29.6.6 Endocrinological Effects 944(1)

29.6.7 Respiratory Diseases 944(1)

29.6.8 Other Effects 944(1)

29.7 Side Effects and Toxicity 944(1)

29.8 Pharmacokinetics 945(1)

29.9 Drug Interactions 946(1)

29.10 Future Outlook 947(1)

References 947(12)

Chapter 30 Applications of Biotechnology and Molecular Markers in Botanical Drug Standardization and Quality Assurance 959(24)

Kalpana Joshi

Preeti Chavan-Gautam

Bhushan Patwardhan

30.1 Introduction 960(1)

30.2 Quality Control of Starting Materials 960(1)

30.3 Problems in Quality Control of Starting/Raw Materials 960(1)

30.4 Conventional Methods of Crude Drug Identification and Their Limitations 961(1)

30.5 Alternative Approaches to Botanical Identification 962(1)

30.6 Types of DNA Markers Used in Plant Genetic Variation Analysis 963(8)

30.6.1 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism 963(2)

30.6.2 Variable Number Tandem Repeats 965(1)

30.6.3 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA 965(1)

30.6.4 DNA Amplification Fingerprinting 966(1)

30.6.5 Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction 966(1)

30.6.6 Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences 967(1)

30.6.7 Sequence Characterized Amplified Region Markers 967(1)

30.6.7.1 Case Study I: Development of SCAR Markers for Zingiber officinale Roscoe 967(1)

30.6.7.2 Case Study II: Development of SCAR Markers for Phyllanthus emblica Linn 967(1)

30.6.8 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism 968(1)

30.6.9 Intersimple Sequence Repeats 969(1)

30.6.10 Ribosomal and Plastid DNA-Based Analysis 969(2)

30.7 DNA Microarrays in Pharmacognosy 971(1)

30.8 Conclusion 972(1)

References 973(10)
Appendix 983(4)
Bibliograpy 987(4)
Index 991