Soil mechanics

1 Introduction
1.1 Soil and Soil Mechanics
1.2 Civil Engineering Problems Related to Soils
1.3 Development of Soil Mechanics
1.4 Contents of Soil Mechanics
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2 Composition and Index Properties of Soil
2.1 Formation of Soil
2.2 Soil Particle Size and Particle Size Distribution Curve
2.2.1 Soil Particle Size
2.2.2 Particle Size Distribution Gurve
2.2.3 Grain Size Analysis
2.3 Composition of Soil
2.3.1 Solid Phase
2.3.2 Liquid Phase
2.3.3 Air Phase
2.4 Clay Minerals
2.4.1 Structure of Clay Minerals
2.4.2 The Diffuse Double Layer
2.5 Physical Features and Index Properties of Soil
2.5.1 Weisht-Volume Relationships
2.5.2 Basic Physical Indexes (w,p, Gs)
2.5.3 Relationships among Unit Weight, Void Ratio, Water Content and Specific Gravity
2.5.4 Relative Density of Cohesionless Soils
2.6 Consistency of Soil-Atterberg Limits
2.6.1 Liquid Limit
2.6.2 Plastic Limit
2.6.3 Shrinkage Limit
2.6.4 Plastic Index and Liquid Index
2.? Soil Structure
2.8 Activity
Exercises
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3 Compaction and Classification of Soil
3.1 Soil Compaction
3.1.1 Compaction Principles of Soil
3.1.2 Moisture-Density Relationships
3.1.3 Standard Proctor Test
3.1.4 Factors of Affecting Compaction
3.2 Soil Classification
3.2.1 Classification System
3.2.2 Plasticity Chart
Exercises
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4 Seepage Flow through Soil
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Darcy's Law
4.2.1 Water Head in Soils
4.2.2 Darcy's Law
4.3 Determination of the Coefficient of Permeability
4.3.1 Empirical relations for the coefficient of permeability
4.3.2 Determination of the Coefficient of Permeability in the Laboratory
4.3.3 Pumping Test to Determine the Coefficient of Permeability in the Field
4.3.4 Equivalent Coefficient of Permeability in Stratified Soil
4.4 Two Dimensional Flow- LapLace's Equation
4.4.1 LapLace's Equation for Two-Dimensional Steady Flow
4.4.2 Flow Nets
4.5 Principle of Effective Stress
4.5.1 The Principle of Effective Stress
4.5.2 Effective Stress in Saturated Soil with Seepage
4.6 Seepage Force and Piping
4.6.1 Seepage Force
4.6.2 Critical Hydraulic Gradient
4.6.3 Piping
Exercises
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5 Stress in a Soil Mass
5.1 Geostatic Stresses
5.1.1 Effective Vertical Geostatic Stress
5.1.2 Effective Horizontal Geostatic Stress
5.2 Contact Pressure
5.2.1 Rigid Foundation
5.2.2 Flexible Foundation
5.3 Pressure at the Bottom of Rigid Foundation
5.3.1 Vertical Load Acting at the Center of the Foundation
5.3.2 Eccentric and Vertical Load Acting on the Foundation
5.3.3 Net Stress
5.4 Stress Distribution in the Ground
5.4.1 Vertical Stress Distribution due to Vertical Point Load
5.4.2 Vertical Stress Distribution due to A Line Load (Infinite length)
5.4.3 Vertical Stress Distribution Caused by a Strip Load (Finite width and Infinite Length)
5.4.4 Vertical Stress Distribution beneath the Corner of a Vertical and Uniformly Load
5.4.5 Vertical Stress Distribution beneath the Center of a Vertical and Uniformly Loaded Circular Foundation
5.4.6 Vertical Stress due to a Linearly Increasing Load on a Rectangular Area
Exercises
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6 Compression and Consolidation of Soil
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Compressibility of Soils
6.2.1 One Dimensional onsolidation Test
6.2.2 e-p Curve
6.2.3 Coefficient of Volume Compressibility my
6.2.4 e-lg p Curve and Compressibility Index
6.3 Fundamentals of Consolidation
6.3.1 Immediate Settlement Calculation Based on Elastic Theory
6.3.2 Total Settlement of Foundation
6.4 Terzaghi's Theory of One-dimensional Consolidation
6.4.1 Terzaghi's Theory of One-dimensional Consolidation
6.4.2 Average Degree of Consolidation
6.5 Secondary Consolidation
Exercises
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7 Shear Strength of Soil
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion
7.2.1 Coulomb Formula
7.2.2 Mohr's Circles & Mohr's Strength Envelope
7.2.3 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criteria
7.2.4 Failure Envelope
7.3 Determination of Shear Strength Parameters
7.3.1 Testing Types for Shear Strength
7.3.2 Direct Shear Test
7.3.3 Unconfined Compression Test
7.3.4 Triaxial Compression Test
7.4 Shear Behaviour of Sand
Exercises
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8 Lateral Earth Pressure
8.1 Introduction
8.2 At-Rest, Active, and Passive Earth Pressure
8.3 Earth Pressure At-Rest
8.4 Rankine's Earth Pressure Theory
8.4.1 Rankine's Active Pressure
8.4.2 Rankine's Passive Pressure
8.4.3 Effect of Ground Water
8.4.4 Effect of Cohesive Soil with Horizontal Backfill
8.4.5 Rankine Active and Passive Pressure with Sloping Backfill
8.5 Coulomb's Earth Pressure Theory
8.5.1 Coulomb's active pressure
8.5.2 Coulomb's passive pressure
Exercises
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9 Bearing Capacity of Foundation
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 General Concept
9.1.2 Modes of Shear Failure
9.2 Allowable Bearing Capacity of Foundations
9.3 Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
9.3.1 Prandtl's Method
9.3.2 Terzaghi's Method
9.3.3 General Bearing Capacity Equations
9.4 Characteristic Value of Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
Exercises
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10 Slope Stability
10. 1 Introduction
10.2 Slope Stability of Cohesionless Soil
10.3 Slope Stability of Cohesive Soil
10.3.1 Stability Analysis of Infinite Slopes in Cohesive Soil
10.3.2 Total Stress Analysis with
10.3.3 Method of Slices (Swedish Solution)
10.3.4 Bishop's Simplified Method
Exercises
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References