The urban experience : economics, society, and public policy /

Table Of Contents:

Part I Introduction to Cities and Suburbs

The Wonder and Paradox of Urban Life 3(22)

Urban Issues and the Social Science Lens 3(6)

Our Love/Hate Relationship with the City 5(1)

Our Love/Hate Relationship with the Suburbs 6(2)

The Importance of Density 8(1)

Urban Spillovers 8(1)

The Dynamics of Metropolitan Development 9(7)

Well-Being and Public Policy 12(1)

The Role of Political Power and Interest Groups 13(2)

Paradox and Urban Inquiry 15(1)

Key Issues in Urban Policy 16(2)

The Changing Role of the U.S. City in a ``Flat'' World 17(1)

The Tools of the Trade 18(5)

Opportunity Cost 18(2)

The Criteria of Efficiency and Equity 20(1)

Externalities 20(1)

Unintended Consequences 21(1)

Other Important Economic Concepts 22(1)

Questions and Exercises 23(2)

How Metro Areas Rank 25(36)

Cities and Their Reputations 25(2)

Defining Metro Areas 27(5)

The Need for Standard Definitions 27(1)

New Definitions 28(4)

Ranking Metropolitan Areas 32(18)

Race and Ethnicity 37(4)

Median Family Income 41(4)

Changes in Median Income over Time 45(3)

Poverty 48(2)

Additional Measures of Metro Area Well-Being 50(5)

Purchasing Power 50(2)

Affordable Housing and Home Ownership 52(1)

Income Disparity and Inequality 53(1)

Education 53(1)

Environmental Quality 54(1)

Crime 54(1)

Transportation 55(1)

Using Data Wisely 55(1)

Questions and Exercises 56(5)

Part II Dynamics of Metropolitan Development

Urban America From the Seventeenth to the Early Twentieth Century: The Dynamics of City Growth 61(39)

The Geography of Growth: Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces 62(3)

The Era of Water and Steam Power 63(1)

The Era of Railroads, Electricity, and the Telephone 64(1)

Some Economic Concepts Underlying Urban Growth 65(8)

Trade and Transportation Costs 66(1)

Agglomeration Economies and Density 66(2)

Internal Economies of Scale 68(2)

Size of Consumer Markets 70(1)

Technological Progress 70(3)

Transportation Costs between Nineteenth-Century Cities 73(8)

Weber's Graphical Model of Transportation Costs 76(2)

Other Important Ideas from Weber and from Isard 78(3)

Transportation Costs within Nineteenth-Century Cities 81(1)

Agglomeration Economies and the Growth of Cities 82(3)

Technological Progress and Innovation 85(1)

Demographic Growth and Change in Urban Areas 86(8)

Internal Migration: From Rural to Urban America 87(3)

Immigration and the Growth of American Cities 90(4)

Annexation and the Growing Size of Cities 94(1)

The Changing Pattern of Urban Population Growth 94(4)

Questions and Exercises 98(2)

Cities and Suburbs in the Late Twentieth Century: The Dynamics of Metropolitan Expansion 100(43)

Formal Models of Urban Growth and Development 101(11)

Understanding Urban Land Values 103(1)

The Basic Alonso Model 103(1)

How Does a Bid Rent Curve Get Established? 104(2)

What Happens When There is More Than One Bid Rent Curve? 106(2)

Applying the Bid Rent Model to Metro Area Development 108(2)

The Residential Paradox 110(2)

Constrained Choice and Political Factors in Land Values and Location 112(1)

The Evolution of Twentieth-Century U.S. Metropolitan Areas 113(1)

The Decentralization of Business Location 113(1)

Post---World War II Business Location 114(2)

The Rise of the Post---World War II Suburb 116(1)

The Impact of Federal Policies on Suburbanization 117(4)

Class, Race, and Ethnic Segregation in the American City 121(4)

New Immigration and the Cities 123(2)

Cross-Currents of the Late Twentieth Century: Sunbelt Cities, Edge Cities, and Gentrification 125(4)

The Rise of Sunbelt Cities 125(1)

The Rise of Edge Cities 126(2)

Central Cities and Gentrification 128(1)

Classification of Twentieth-Century Cities 129(5)

The Changing Fortunes of Individual Cities 131(3)

Appendix A: Expansions on the Basic Alonso Model 134(6)

Questions and Exercises 140(3)

U.S. Metro Areas in the Twenty-First Century: The New Dynamics of Urban Location 143(28)

The New World Is ``Flat'' 143(3)

Weber and the Twenty-First-Century City 146(4)

Expansions on the Basic Weber Model 146(1)

Weber in a World of Declining Transportation and Communications Costs 147(3)

Alonso and the Twenty-First-Century City 150(3)

Alonso in a World of Declining Transportation and Communications Costs 150(3)

What's Left for the City in the Twenty-First Century? 153(3)

Cities as Centers for Twenty-First-Century Business Services 153(1)

Cities as Centers for Twenty-First-Century Consumption 154(1)

Cultural Amentities versus Economic Factors 155(1)

The Classification and Economic Functions of U.S. Metro Areas in the Twenty-First Century 156(5)

A Taxonomy of Twenty-First-Century Cities 157(4)

Smart Growth and the New urbanism Movement 161(1)

The New Demographics of the Twenty-First-Century City 162(5)

Gentrification and Income Segregation 163(1)

Young Workers, Empty Nesters, and New Immigrants 164(3)

Questions and Exercises 167(4)

Part III Foundations of Metropolitan Area Prosperity

Urban Prosperity and the Role of Trade 171(35)

Metro Area Household Incomes 171(3)

A Short Primer on the Economics of Trade 174(5)

Absolute Advantage 174(1)

Comparative Advantage 175(2)

Limitations in the Theory of Comparative Advantage 177(1)

New Trade Theory 178(1)

The Theory of Competitive Advantage 179(3)

Trade and Prosperity 181(1)

Export Base Theory: The Demand Side of the Metropolitan Area's Economy 182(2)

The Basic/Nonbasic Approach: A Simple Measurement Technique 184(3)

Job Multipliers 184(1)

Location Quotients 185(1)

Limitations of the Basic/Nonbasic Approach 186(1)

Input-Output Analysis: A More Complex Measurement Technique 187(2)

Limitations of the Input-Output Measurement Technique 187(1)

Limitations of the Demand-Side Focus 188(1)

Shifting the Focus from the Demand Side to the Supply Side 188(1)

The Supply Side: A Long-Term Perspective 189(3)

Interactions between the Demand Side and the Supply Side 190(1)

Strategies for Less Resilient Metropolitan Areas 191(1)

Competitive Advantage in Inner-city Neighborthoods 192(1)

Understanding Metro Area Prosperity in Light of Economic Theory 192(7)

The Case of Detroit 193(1)

The Case of Hartford 193(1)

The Case of Boston 194(1)

The Case of Chicago, Milwaukee, and Buffalo 195(1)

Newly Prosperous Metro Regions 195(4)

Appendix A: Input-Output Calculations 199(4)

Questions and Exercises 203(3)

Urban Labor Markets and Metro Prosperity 206(41)

Employment and Unemployment 207(4)

Where Are the Good Jobs? 209(2)

Labor Market Earnings by Metro Area 211(7)

Occupational Wage Differentials across Metro Areas 214(2)

Occupational Wage Differentials between Occupations across Metro Areas 216(2)

Understanding Wage Differentials 218(18)

Human Capital 219(1)

Market Power and Barriers to Mobility 220(2)

Racial and Ethnic Discrimination 222(2)

Spatial Mismatch 224(4)

Skills Mismatch 228(2)

Spatial Mismatch, Deindustrialization, Education, and Race 230(2)

The Role of Unions 232(3)

Immigration 235(1)

Explaining Metro Area Earnings Differentials 236(2)

Labor Markets and Urban Prosperity 238(1)

Appendix A: The Sources of Personal Income 239(3)

Appendix B: The Simple Labor Market 242(2)

Questions and Exercises 244(3)

Urban Public Educations and Metro Prosperity 247(40)

The Decentralized U.S. Educational System 248(1)

The Importance of Schooling in Modern Society 249(5)

Variation in Educational Attainment across Metro Areas 250(4)

Educational Attainment and Metro Area Income 254(1)

Education, New Growth Theory, and the Well-Being of Cities and Suburbs 254(3)

New Growth Theory 255(1)

Education and Urban Economic Development 256(1)

Education Production Functions 257(7)

Variation in School Spending 258(3)

Does Spending Matter? 261(1)

Where Teachers Teach 262(1)

School Tracking and Curriculum Choice 263(1)

What Really Counts in School Performance 264(3)

An Expanded Education Production Function 264(2)

Educational Success: The Empirical Record 266(1)

Challenges Facing urban School Systems 267(4)

Racial Segregation and Educational Achievement 268(3)

Urban Schools and Reform of School Structure 271(11)

Magnet Schools, Charter Schools, and For-Profit Schools 272(3)

Educational Standards and ``No Child Left Behind'' 275(1)

School Choice and Voucher Programs 276(1)

Do These School Reforms Work? 277(5)

Questions and Exercises 282(5)

Part IV Current Policy Issues in Metropolitan Areas

The Urban Public Sector 287(44)

Government's Economic Role in Metro Areas 287(4)

How the private Market is Supposed to Work 288(1)

Supply and Demand in the Private Sector 289(2)

Market Failure and the Public Sector 291(7)

Market Power 291(2)

Information Problems 293(1)

Negative and Positive Externalities 294(1)

Pollution: A Negative Externality 294(1)

Elementary and Secondary Education: A Positive Externality 295(1)

Pure Public Goods 296(2)

Government and the Distribution of Well-Being 298(3)

The Debate over the Scope of Government Intervention 299(2)

Market Failure and the Alternatives for Providing Goods and Services 301(2)

Regulated Private Markets 301(1)

Public funding/Private Provision 302(1)

Public Provision 302(1)

Local Government Employment and Spending Patterns 303(4)

Privatization 305(2)

Paying for Government Services 307(2)

Income and Sales Taxes Levied by Local Governments 309(1)

Pricing in the Public Sector 309(7)

A Primer on the Economics of Building and Paying for Bridges 310(1)

Uncrowded Bridge Used by a Cross-Section of the Population 311(1)

Uncrowded Bridge Used Primarily by Higher-Income Households 311(1)

Crowded Bridge 312(1)

User Fees 313(1)

The Tiebout Hypothesis 313(1)

Limitations in the Tiebout Hypothesis 314(2)

Metropolitanism 316(1)

Individuals, Interest Groups, and Values 316(6)

Public Choice Theory 317(1)

Interest Groups and Elites 317(1)

Incrementalism 318(1)

Regime Theory and Growth Machines 319(1)

The Challenge of Public-Sector Decision Making 320(2)

Appendix A: Negative Externalities 322(2)

Appendix B: Positive Externalities 324(4)

Questions and Exercises 328(3)

Urban Physical Infrastructure: Water, Sewer, and Waste; Parks and Libraries; Transportation 331(41)

Combating Disease and Death 331(3)

Density and the Spread of Epidemics 332(2)

Water Supply Systems 334(2)

From Private to Public Operation 334(2)

Solid Waste Mangement 336(4)

The First Municipal Garbage Systems 336(2)

Coping with Mountains of Trash 338(2)

Urban Wastewater and Sewers 340(5)

Urban Sewer Systems 341(1)

New Challenges to Urban Sewer Systems 342(3)

Urban Public Amenities: Public Libraries and Pastoral Parks 345(3)

Social Unrest and the Provision of Urban Public Amenities 346(2)

A Failure of Expectations 348(1)

Transportation: Roads and Rails in Metro Areas 348(20)

What Consumers Want: The Demand Side of Metropolitan Transportation 350(1)

Travel Trends 350(4)

The Journey to Work 354(1)

Externalities and Mass-Transit Subsidies 355(3)

The Supply Side of Metropolitan Transportation 358(2)

Issues in Contemporary Meropolitan Transportation Policy 360(1)

Short-Run Issues: Getting Prices Right 360(4)

Long-Run Issues: Deciding on Future Transportation Infrastructure Investment 364(1)

Transportation Equity Issues 365(3)

Questions and Exercises 368(4)

Urban Social Infrastructure: Public Health, Public Safety, and Public Welfare Policy 372(29)

The Provision of Public Health Services 372(10)

Local Public Health Departments 373(1)

Personal Health Care: Hospitals and Health Centers 374(2)

Health Care for the Poor 376(1)

Health Disparities in the Metro Region 377(1)

Why Are Health Disparities So Prevalent? 378(2)

Health Disparities between Neighborhoods 380(1)

Urban Public Health in a Global Context: Epidemics, Bioterrorism, and Homeland Security 381(1)

Urban Police 382(8)

The Impact of Demographic Change on Police 383(2)

Transformation in the Structure and Responsibilities of Urban Police Departments 385(1)

Crime Prevention in Urban Settings: From Twentieth- to Twenty-First-Century Paradigms 386(1)

Community Policing versus Traditional Approaches 386(3)

Twenty-First-Century Public Safety Issues: Private Security, Internet-Based Crime, and Homeland Security 389(1)

Fire Departments and Emergency Medical Services 390(2)

Emergency Medical Services 392(1)

Urban Social Welfare 392(5)

Ameliorating Living Conditions in Poor Neighborhoods 394(3)

Questions and Exercises 397(4)

Urban Housing Markets, Residential Location, and Housing Policy 401(50)

The Housing Consumer: The Price of an Individual Home 401(5)

Attributes Theory and Hedonic Prices 403(1)

Budget Constraints and Housing Preferences 404(2)

Home Ownership versus Rental Housing 406(5)

The Role of Government Incentives for Home Ownership 407(1)

Trends in Home Ownership 408(1)

Household Income and the Individual's Housing Demand 409(2)

The Urban/Metro Housing Market 411(10)

What Drives Metro Area Housing Prices: Supply and Demand 414(3)

Housing ``Affordability'' 417(1)

Housing Prices and Vacancy Rates 417(4)

The Impact of Housing Prices on Local Employment and Population Growth 421(7)

Housing Prices and Employment Growth 424(2)

Housing Prices and Population Migration 426(2)

Post---World War II Suburbanization and Residential Segregation 428(5)

Measuring Segregation 429(1)

The Causes of Housing Segregation 429(2)

Segregation and Social-Class Structure 431(1)

Concentrated Poverty in the Inner City 432(1)

Federal Housing Policy 433(3)

Subsidizing Housing Demand 434(1)

Subsidizing Housing Supply 435(1)

State and Local Housing Policy 436(2)

Rent Control 438(4)

The Unintended Short-Run Consequences of Rent Control 438(1)

The Unintended Long-Run Consequences of Rent Control 439(3)

Intervening in Housing Markets: A Word of Caution 442(1)

Appendix A: Indifference Curves and Budget Constraints 443(3)

Questions and Exercises 446(5)

Land-Use Controls, Sprawl, and Smart Growth 451(32)

Land-Use Restrictions and Zoning 452(8)

The Power of Eminent Domain 453(1)

The Power to Enact Zoning Regulations 454(2)

Houston's Alternative to Zoning 456(2)

Underzoning and Overzoning 458(2)

Equity Issues in Zoning 460(2)

Zoning and Metropolitan Sprawl 462(11)

What's Wrong with Sprawl? 463(1)

Urban Sprawl and Commuting Times 463(4)

The Debate about Sprawl 467(1)

Measuring Sprawl 468(5)

Generating Sprawl: Market Forces and Public Policy 473(5)

Reducing Sprawl: Market Forces and Public Policy 474(1)

Smart Growth 475(1)

Barriers to Smart Growth Implementation 476(1)

Equity and Efficiency Considerations in Alternative Metropolitan Growth Scenarios 477(1)

Land-Use Controls and Spatial Form 478(3)

Questions and Exercises 481(2)

Urban Economic Development Strategies 483(40)

Deindustrialization and Firm Relocation 483(3)

Deindustrialization in the 1970s 485(1)

Continuing Deindustrialization 486(1)

Goals of Economic Development 486(2)

Location from the Business Perspective 488(2)

Public Policy, Economic Development, and Firm Location 490(10)

Reducing Capital Costs (r X K) 491(2)

Reducing Labor Costs (W X L) 493(1)

Reducing Raw Materials, Natural Resources, and Transportation Costs (pn X N), Cs 494(1)

Reducing Taxes (T) 495(2)

Streamlining Regulations (R) 497(2)

Increasing Social Amenities 499(1)

What Works? 500(11)

Increasing a Firm's Total Revenue 502(1)

Reducing a Firm's Capital Costs 503(2)

Reducing Labor Costs/Increasing Skills and Education 505(2)

Public Provision of Transportation and Land 507(1)

Industrial Parks and Eminent Domain 508(1)

Reducing state and local Taxes 508(1)

Streamlining Regulations and Enterprise Zones 509(1)

Building Convention Centers and Sports Stadiums 510(1)

Why Do Cities Pursue Economic Development Strategies with Such Low Payoffs? 511(2)

What Should City Leaders and Policy Makers Do to Play the Economic Development Game Better? 513(2)

Appendix A: Cost-Benefit Analysis 515(6)

Questions and Exercises 521(2)

Urban Well-Being, Civility, and Civic Engagement in the Twenty-First Century 523(26)

What do We Want from Our Neighborhoods and How Do We Get It? 523(6)

The Tiebout Hypothesis and the Privatization of Public Space 524(2)

Gated Communities and the Avoidance of Disamenities 526(1)

Dissatisfied Citizens and Their Choices: Exit versus Voice 527(2)

How Do We Create Better Communities? 529(6)

The Role of Social Capital and Civic Engagement 530(2)

Social Capital, Suburbanization, and Sprawl 532(1)

Social Capital and Neighborhood Form 532(2)

Recent Empirical Work on Communities and Social Capital 534(1)

Neighborhood Form and Crime Reduction 535(1)

The Effect of Social Capital on the Lives of the Most Vulnerable 536(2)

Central City Renaissance 538(3)

Regeneration for Whom? Rebuilding Central City Neighborhoods 541(6)

The Role of Community Development Corporations 542(2)

Demographic Change and Low-Income Communities 544(1)

The Perils of Success 544(3)

Questions and Exercises 547(2)
Glossary 549(34)
Index 583(18)
CD-ROM Instructions 601