简介
In The System of Professions Andrew Abbott explores central questions about the role of professions in modern life: Why should there be occupational groups controlling expert knowledge? Where and why did groups such as law and medicine achieve their power? Will professionalism spread throughout the occupational world? While most inquiries in this field study one profession at a time, Abbott here considers the system of professions as a whole. Through comparative and historical study of the professions in nineteenth- and twentieth-century England, France, and America, Abbott builds a general theory of how and why professionals evolve. Abbott begins by evaluating the link - which he calls jurisdiction - between an occupation and its work. The concept of jurisdiction leads directly to an analysis of professions as existing in a system ; since one profession can preempt another's work, the histories of professions are inevitably interdependent. Abbott goes on to discuss both internal and external cultural and social forces bearing on this system and closes by illustrating his approach with three detailed histories of contested jurisdictions, in the areas of information, law, and psychotherapy.
Underlying Abbott's theoretical synthesis is an explanation of how a division of labor - in this case a division of expert labor - constructs itself in modern society. In addressing this question, he also offers a powerful analysis of contingency that bridges the gap between analytic sociology and narrative history. Written with grace and clarity, this highly original treatise will be required reading for those interested in the history and sociology of the professions. - Back cover.
目录
Preface
Introduction
The Professions
Literature
The Concept of Professionalization
Cases of Professional Development
Work, Jurisdiction, and Competition
Professional Work
Objective and Subjective
Diagnosis Treatment
Inference
Academic Knowledge
The Claim of Jurisdiction
Audiences Settlements
Internal Structure
The System of Professions
The Implications of Exclusion: A System of Professions
Sources of Systems
Disturbances
The Mechanisms of Jurisdiction Shift: Abstractions
Conclusion
The System's Environment
Internal Differentiation and the Problem of Power
Internal Stratification
Client Differentiation
Workplace, Workplace Structure, and Internal Divisions of Labor
Career Patterns
Power
The Social Environment of Professional Development
Forces Opening and Closing Jurisdictions
The Internal Organization of Professional Work
Changing Audiences for Jurisdictional Claims
Co-optable Powers, Oligarchy, and the New Class
The Cultural Environment of Professional Development
Changes in the Organization of Knowledge
New Forms of Legitimacy
The Rise of Universities
Three Case Studies
The Information Professions
The Qualitative Task Area
The Quantitative Task Area
The Combined Jurisdiction
Lawyers and Their Competitors
Potential Jurisdictional Conflicts of the Legal Profession
Complaints about Unqualified Practice and Other Invasions
Conclusions
The Construction of the Personal Problems Jurisdiction
The Status of Personal Problems, 1850-75
The First Response to "American Nervousness"
The Psychiatric Revolution
The Rise of Psychotherapy
Conclusion: The Clergy Surrender
Conclusion
The System of Professions History
Theory and the Professions
Notes
References
Index
Introduction
The Professions
Literature
The Concept of Professionalization
Cases of Professional Development
Work, Jurisdiction, and Competition
Professional Work
Objective and Subjective
Diagnosis Treatment
Inference
Academic Knowledge
The Claim of Jurisdiction
Audiences Settlements
Internal Structure
The System of Professions
The Implications of Exclusion: A System of Professions
Sources of Systems
Disturbances
The Mechanisms of Jurisdiction Shift: Abstractions
Conclusion
The System's Environment
Internal Differentiation and the Problem of Power
Internal Stratification
Client Differentiation
Workplace, Workplace Structure, and Internal Divisions of Labor
Career Patterns
Power
The Social Environment of Professional Development
Forces Opening and Closing Jurisdictions
The Internal Organization of Professional Work
Changing Audiences for Jurisdictional Claims
Co-optable Powers, Oligarchy, and the New Class
The Cultural Environment of Professional Development
Changes in the Organization of Knowledge
New Forms of Legitimacy
The Rise of Universities
Three Case Studies
The Information Professions
The Qualitative Task Area
The Quantitative Task Area
The Combined Jurisdiction
Lawyers and Their Competitors
Potential Jurisdictional Conflicts of the Legal Profession
Complaints about Unqualified Practice and Other Invasions
Conclusions
The Construction of the Personal Problems Jurisdiction
The Status of Personal Problems, 1850-75
The First Response to "American Nervousness"
The Psychiatric Revolution
The Rise of Psychotherapy
Conclusion: The Clergy Surrender
Conclusion
The System of Professions History
Theory and the Professions
Notes
References
Index
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