语言学教程[电子资源.图书]

1．The Nature of Language
1.1 What does“language”mean？
1.2 What is language？
1.3　Design features
1.3.1 Arbitrariness
1.3.2　Duality
1.3.3　Productivity
1.3.4　Displacement
1.3.6　Interchangeability
1.3.5　Cultural transmission
1.4 Functions of language
1.4.1 Phatic
1.4 2 Directive
1.4.3 Informative
1.4.4 Interrogative
1.4.5 Expressive
1.4.6　Evocative
1.4.7　Performative
1.5　The origin of language
1.5.1　The divine-origin theory
1.5.3 The evolutionary theory
1.5.2 The invention theory
1.5.4 The first language
2．What is Linguistics？
2.1 What is linguistics
2.2 Some basic distinctions in linguistics
2.2.1 Speech and writing
2.2.2 Descriptive er prescriptive？
2.2.3 Synchronic and diachronic studies
2.2.4 Langue and parole
2.2.5 Competence and performance
2.2.6 Linguistic potential and actual linguisticbehaviour
2.3 Major branehes of general linguisties
2.3.1 Phonetics
2.3.2 Phonology
2.3.3 Morphology
2.3.4 Syntax
2.3.5 Semantics
2.4 Uses of linguistics
2.4.1 Linguistics and language teaching
2.4.2 Linguistics and society
2.4.3 Linguistics and literature
2.4.4 Linguistics and psychology
2.4.5 Some other applications
3．Phonetics
3.1 Scope of phonetics
3.1.1 Articulatory phonetics
3.1.2 Auditory phonetics
3.1.3 Acoustic phonetics
3.2 The vocal organs
3.2.1 The initiator of the air-stream
3.2.2 The vocal cords
3.2.3 The resonating cavities
3.3.1 Places of articulation
3.3 Consonants
3.3.2 Manners of articulation
3.3.3 The classification of consonants
3.4 Vowels
3.4.1 Cardinal vowels
3.4.2 The classification of vowels
3.5 Phonetic transcription
3.5.1 The International Phonetic Alphabet
3.5.2 Narrow and Broad Transcriptions
4．Phonology
4.1 Distinctiveness in speech sounds
4.2.1 Minimal pairs
4.2 The phoneme theory
4.2.2 Free variation
4.2.3 Complementary distribution
4.2.4 Phonemic similarity
4.2.5 Pattern congruity
4 3 A functional approach
4.3.1 Neutralization and archiphoneme
4.3.2 Distinctive features
4.4 Suprasegmental phonology
4 4.1 The syllable
4.4.2 Stress
4.4 3 Piteh
4.4.4 Intonation
5．Morphology
5.1 Morphology
5.1.1 Inflection
5.1.2 Word-formation
5.2 Word and morpheme
5.2 1 Morpheme
5.2.2 Morpheme and phoneme
5.2.4 Allomorph
5.2.3 Morphemic structure and phonological tructu re
5.3.1 Free morpheme and bound morpheme
5.3.2 Roots
5.3 Types of morphemes
5.3.3 Affix
5.3.4 Root and stem
5.4 Morphophonology and morphophonemics
5.4.1 Phonologically conditioned
5.4.2 Morphologically conditioned
6.2 Word
6.2.1 Three senses of“word”
6.1 Lexicon
6．Lexicon
6.2.2 The identification of words
6.2.3 Subclassification of words
6.2.4 Lexeme
6.3 Idiom
6.3.1 Two basic requirements
6.3.2 Factors which account for the forma-tion of idioms
6.3.3 Application of idioms
6.4.1 Mutual expectancy
6.4.2 Fixed syntactic-lexical relations
6.4 Collocation
6.4.3 Inexplicability
7．Syntax
7.1 Syntactic relations
7.1.1 Positional relation
7.1.2 Relation of substitutability
7.1.3 Relation of co-occurrence
7.2 Construction and constituent
7.2.1 Construction
7.2.2 Immediate constituent
7 2.3 Endocentric and exocentric const ructions
7.2.4 Coordinate and subordinate constructions
7.3 Syntactic function
7 3.1 Subject
7.3.2 Predicate
7.3.3 Object
7.3.4 The relation between classes and functions
7.4 Category
7.4.1 Number
7.4.2 Gender
7.4.3 Case
7.4.5 Government
7.4.4 Concord
7.5 Phrase,clause and sentence
7.5.1 Phrase
7.5.2 Clause
7.5.3 Sentence
7.6 The extension of sentence
7.6.1 Conjoining
7.6.2 Embedding
7.6.3 Recursiveness
7.7 Syntax beyond the sentence
7.6.4 Hypotactic and paratactic
7.7.1 Sentential connection
7.7.2 Cohesion
8．Semantics
8.1 What is semantics？
8.2 What is meaning？
8.2.1 The realist vs the nominalist
8.2.2 Conceptualism or mentalism
8.2.3 Mechanism
8.2.4 Contextualism
8.2.6 Functionalism
8.2.5 Behaviourism
8.3 Kinds of meaning
8.3.1 The traditional approach
8.3.2 The functional approach
8.3.3 The pragmatic approach
8.4 Sense relationships
8.4.1 Synonymy
8.4.2 Antonymy
8.4.3 Hyponymy
8.4.4 Polysomy and homonymy
8.4.5 Sense relations between sentences
8.5 Semantic analysis
8.5.1 Componential analysis
8.5.2 Predication analysis
8.5.3 Relational components
8.5.4 Logical elements
9．Writing
9.1 The growth of writing
9.1.1 The iconic stage
9.1.2 Word writing
9.1.3 Syllabic writing
9.1.4 Sound writing
9.2.1 Word writing system
9.2 The writing systems
9.2.2 Syllabic writing system
9.2.3 Sound writing system
9.3 Graphemics
9.3.1 Graphemes
9.3.2 Reference
9.4 Writing and speech
9.4.1 The graphemic system and the phonologicalsystem
9.4.3 The influence of one writing system onanother
9.4.2 Variation in graphemic representation
9.4.4 The disparity between speech and writing
9.4.5 The importance of writing
10．Language Variation
10.1 The changing language
10.2 Lexical change
10.2.1 Invention
10.2.2 Compounding
10.2.3 Blending
10.2.4 Abbreviation
10.2.5 Acronym
10.2.6 Metanalysis
10.2.8 Analogical creation
10.2.7 Baek-formation
10.2.9 Borrowing
10.3 Phonological change
10.3.1 Loss
10.3.2 Addition
10.3.3 Metathesis
10.3.4 Assimilation
10.4 Grammatical change
10.4.1 Morphological change
10.3.5 Dissimilation
10.4.2 Syntactical change
10.5 Semantic change
10.5.1 Broadening
10.5.2 Narrowing
10.5.3 Meaning shift
10.5.4 Class shift
10.5.5 Folk etymology
10.6 Orthographic change
11．Varieties of Language
11.1 English or Englishes？
11.2.1 Regional dialect
11.2 Dialect
11.2.2 Temporal dialect
11.2.3 Social dialect
11.2.4 Standard dialect
11.2.5 Ideolect
11.2.6 Categorization of dialectal varieties
11.3 Register
11.3.1 Field of discourse
11.3.2 Mode of discourse
11.3.4 Categorization of diatypic varieties
11.3.3 Tenor of discourse
11.4 Discourse
12．Linguistic Comparison
12.1 Comparative and historical linguistics
12.1.1 Correspondence
12.1.2 The reconstruction of a proto-language
12.1.3 Language families
12.2 Linguistic typology
12.2.1 Phonetic typology
12.2.2 Phonological typology
12.2.3 Grammatical typology
12.2.4 Structural typology
12.2.5 Semantic typology
13．Language,Thought and Culture
13.1 Language as the dress of thought
13.1.1 The monistic view of language and thought
13.1.2 Reaction to the monistic view
13.1.3 Language facilitates thinking
13.2 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
13.2.1 Linguistic determinism
13.2.2 Linguistic relativity
13.3 Language and culture
13.3.1 Cultural and linguistic universals
13.3.2 Cultural and linguistic peculiarities
13.3.3 Language and culture:a dialectical relationship
14．Language and Society
14.1 Language as a social activity
14.1.1 Internal authority
14.1.2 External authority
14.2 Language planning
14.2.1 The standard language
14.2.2 The national language
14.2.3 The official language
14.3 The interrelation between language and society
14.3.1 Roles
14.3.2 Reputations
14.3.3 Domain
14.3.4 Communication codes
14.3.5 Code-switching
14.3.6 Language maintenance
14.4 The role of dictionaries and grammars as asocial force
14 4.1 Dictionaries
14.4.2 Grammars
15．Pragmatics
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Context and meaning
15.3 Speech act theory
15.3.1 Illocutionary acts
15.3.2 Types of illocutionary acts
15.3.3 Indirect speech acts
15.3.4 Difficulties in speech act theory
15.4 Conversational analysis
15.4.1 Adjacency pairs
15.4.2 Preferred second parts
15.4.3 Presequences
15.5 The Cooperative Principle(CP)
15.5.1 The cooperative principle and its Maxims
15.5.2 Conversational implicatures
15.5.3 Licensing violations of the Maxims
16．Linguistics and Literature
16.1 The function of linguistics in the study ofliterature
16.2 A method of linguistic analysis
16.2.1 Phonological features
16.2.2 Lexical features
16.2.3 Grammatical features
16.2.4 Semantic features
16.2.5 Graphological features
16.3.1 Deviation
16.3 The theory of foregrounding
16.3.2 Parallelism
16.3.3 Patterning
16.4 Stylistic Variants
Appendix Ⅰ．Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching
Ⅰ.1 The relation of linguistics to foreign languageteaching
Ⅰ.2 Various linguistic views and their significancein FL learning and teaching
Ⅰ.2.1 Traditional grammars
Ⅰ.2.2 Structuralist linguistics
Ⅰ.2.3 Transformational-Generative linguistics
Ⅰ.2.4 Functional linguistics
Ⅰ.2.5 The theory of communicative competence
Ⅰ.3 Syllabus design
Ⅰ.3.1 What is syllabus？
Ⅰ.3.2 Major factors in syllabus design
Ⅰ.3.3 Types of syllabus
Ⅰ.4 Error analysis
Ⅰ.4.1 Errors,mistakes,and error analysis
Ⅰ.4.2 Attitudes to errors
Ⅰ.4.3 Procedure of error analysis
Ⅰ.4.4 Contrastive analysis and non-contrastiveanalysis
Ⅰ.5 Testing
Ⅰ.5.1 Two different approaches to testing
Ⅰ.5.2 Types of test
Ⅰ.5.3 Requirements of a good test
Ⅰ.5.4 Test content and test form
Ⅰ.5.5 Marking and interpretation of scores
Ⅰ.6 Summary
Appendix Ⅱ．Modern Linguistic Schools and Theories
Ⅱ.1 Ferdinand de Saussure
Ⅱ.1.1 Nature of the linguistic sign
Ⅱ.1.2 The relational nature of language units
Ⅱ.1.3 Langue and parole
Ⅱ.1.4 The relation between diachronic and synchronic studies
Ⅱ.2 The Prague School
Ⅱ.2.1 Introduction
Ⅱ.2.2 Phonological oppositions
Ⅱ.2.3 Functional sentence perspective(FSP)
Ⅱ.3 American structurahsm
Ⅱ.3.1 Introduction
Ⅱ.3.2 Structural grammar
Ⅱ.3.3 Behaviourist psychology in structuralism
Ⅱ.3.4 A comparison between traditional andstructural grammars
Ⅱ.4.1 Introduction
Ⅱ.4 Transformational-Generative grammar
Ⅱ.4.2 Chomsky s innateness hypothesis
Ⅱ.4.3 Phrase structure rules
Ⅱ.4.4 Transformational rules
Ⅱ.4.5 A comparison between structural grammarand TG grammar
Ⅱ.5 The London School
Ⅱ.5.1 Introduction
Ⅱ.5.2 Malinowski s theory of meaning
Ⅱ.5.3 Firth s theory of meaning
Ⅱ.5.4 Halliday s systemic grammar
Ⅱ.5.5 Halliday s functional grammar
Index (with Chinese translation)