Linguistics：a new course book

Contents
Chapter 1  Introduction
  1.1  Linguistics
    1.1.1  Definition of linguistics
    1.1.2  Linguistics versus traditional grammar
    1.1.3  Use of studying linguistics
    1.1.4  Scope of linguistics
  1.2  Language
    1.2.1  Definition of language
    1.2.2  Origin of language
    1.2.3  Design features of language
    1.2.4  Functions of language
  1.3  Some Major Concepts in Linguistics
    1.3.1  Descriptive and prescriptive grammars
    1.3.2  Synchronic and diachronic linguistics
    1.3.3  Langue and parole
    1.3.4  Competence and performance
    1.3.5  Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations
    1.3.6  Functionalism and formalism
  Exercises and Discussion Questions
  Sources and Suggestions for Further Reading
  Supplementary Readings
Chapter 2  The Sounds of Language
  2.1  Introduction
  2.2  Phonetics
    2.2.1  Articulators and their functions
    2.2.2  Voiced and voiceless sounds
    2.2.3  Nasal and oral sounds
    2.2.4  Classification of English speech sounds
      2.2.4.1  English consonants
      2.2.4.2  English vowels
    2.2.5  Variations of sounds
      2.2.5.1  Liaison
      2.2.5.2  Elision and assimilation
  2.3  Phonology
    2.3.1  Phonemes: the phonological units of language
    2.3.2  Minimal pairs and sets
    2.3.3  Free variation
    2.3.4  Distinctive features
    2.3.5  Syllables and consonant clusters
    2.3.6  Suprasemental features
      2.3.6.1  Stress
      2.3.6.2  Intonation
  Exercises and Discussion Questions
  Sources and Suggestions for Further Reading
  Supplementary Readings
Chapter 3  Morphology
  3.1  Introduction
  3.2  Morphemes
    3.2.1  Free morphemes
    3.2.2  Bound morphemes
  3.3  Morphs and AIIomorphs
  3.4  Types of Word Formation
    3.4.1  Compounding
    3.4.2  Derivation
    3.4.3  Other ways of word formation
      3.4.3.1  Conversion
      3.4.3.2  Backformation
      3.4.3.3  Clipping
      3.4.3.4  Blending
      3.4.3.5  Acronym
      3.4.3.6  Initialism
  Exercises and Discussion Questions
  Sources and Suggestions for Further Reading
  Supplementary Readings
Chapter 4  Syntax
  4.1  Introduction
  4.2  Word classes
  4.3  The Prescriptive Approach
  4.4  The Descriptive Approach
    4.4.1  Structural analysis
    4.4.2  Immediate constituent analysis
  4.5  Constituent Structure Grammar
  4.6  Transformational Grammar
  4.7  Systemic Functional Grammar
  Exercises and Discussion Questions
  Sources and Suggestions for Further Reading
  Supplementary Readings
Chapter 5  Semantics
  5.1  Definition of Semantics
  5.2  Approaches to Meaning
    5.2.1  Meaning as naming
    5.2.2  Meaning as concept
    5.2.3  Meaning as behavior
    5.2.4  Meaning as context
    5.2.5  Meaning as truth conditions
  5.3  Word Meaning
    5.3.1  Sense and reference
    5.3.2  Seven types of meaning
      5.3.2.1  Conceptual meaning
      5.3.2.2  Connotative meaning
      5.3.2.3  Social meaning
      5.3.2.4  Affective meaning
      5.3.2.5  Reflective meaning
      5.3.2.6  Collocative meaning
      5.3.2.7  Thematic meaning
    5.3.3  Semantic fields
    5.3.4  Componential analysis
    5.3.5  Semantic relationships between words
      5.3.5.1  Homonymy
      5.3.5.2  Polysemy
      5.3.5.3  Homophony
      5.3.5.4  Synonymy
      5.3.5.5  Antonymy
      5.3.5.6  Hyponymy
      5.3.5.7  Meronymy
  5.4  Sentence Meaning
    5.4.1  Sentence and proposition
    5.4.2  Semantic roles
    5.4.3  Semantic relationships between sentences
      5.4.3.1  Entailment
      5.4.3.2  Presupposition
      5.4.3.3  Synonymy
      5.4.3.4  Inconsistency
      5.4.3.5  Implicature
  Exercises and Discussion Questions
  Sources and Suggestions for Further Reading
  Supplementary Readings
Chapter 6  Pragmatics
  6.1  Introduction
  6.2  Micropragmatics
    6.2.1  Reference
    6.2.2  Deixis
    6.2.3  Anaphora
    6.2.4  Presupposition
  6.3  Macropragmatics
    6.3.1  Speech act theory
      6.3.1.1  Illocutionary acts
      6.3.1.2  Classification of illocutionary acts
      6.3.1.3  Indirect speech acts
    6.3.2  The Cooperative Principle
      6.3.2.1  The Cooperative Principle and its maxims
      6.3.2.2  Conversational implicatures
    6.3.3  The Politeness Principle
  Exercises and Discussion Questions
  Sources and Suggestions for Further Reading
  Supplementary Readings
Chapter 7  Discourse Analysis
  7.1  Discourse and Discourse Analysis
  7.2  Information Structure
    7.2.1  Given and new information
    7.2.2  Topic and comment
    7.2.3  Contrast
  7.3  Cohesion and Coherence
    7.3.1  Cohesion
      7.3.1.1  Reference
      7.3.1.2  Substitution
      7.3.1.3  Ellipsis
      7.3.1.4  Conjunction
      7.3.1.5  Lexical cohesion
    7.3.2  Coherence
  7.4  Discourse Markers
  7.5  Conversational Analysis
    7.5.1  Adjacency pairs
    7.5.2  Preference structure
    7.5.3  Presequences
  7.6  Critical Discourse Analysis
  Exercises and Discussion Questions
  Sources and Suggestions for Further Reading
  Supplementary Readings
Chapter 8  Sociolinguistics
  8.1  Introduction
  8.2  Language Varieties
    8.2.1  Standard language
    8.2.2  Dialects
    8.2.3  Registers
    8.2.4  Pidgins and creoles
    8.2.5  Language planning
  8.3  Choosing a Code
    8.3.1  Diglossia
    8.3.2  Bilingualism and multilingualism
    8.3.3  Code-switching
  8.4  Linguistic Taboos and Euphemisms
  8.5  Language and Gender
  Exercises and Discussion Questions
  Sources and Suggestions for Further Reading
  Supplementary Readings
Chapter 9  Psycholinguistics
  9.1  Introduction
  9.2  Language Acquisition
  9.3  Language Production
    9.3.1  Conceptualization
    9.3.2  Formulation
    9.3.3  Articulation
    9.3.4  Self-regulation
  9.4  Language Comprehension
    9.4.1  Sound comprehension
    9.4.2  Word comprehension
    9.4.3  Sentence comprehension
    9.4.4  Text comprehension
  9.5  Language and Thought
    9.5.1  Language determines thought
    9.5.2  Thought determines language
  Exercises and Discussion Questions
  Sources and Suggestions for Further Reading
  Supplementary Readings
Chapter 10  Cognitive Linguistics
  10.1  Introduction
  10.2  Categorization and Categories
    10.2.1  The classical theory
    10.2.2  Prototype theory
    10.2.3  Levels of categorization
  10.3  Conceptual Metaphor and Metonymy
    10.3.1  Conceptual metaphor
    10.3.2  Conceptual metonymy
  10.4  Iconicity
    10.4.1  Iconicity of order
    10.4.2  Iconicity of distance
    10.4.3  Iconicity of complexity
  10.5  Grammaticalization
  Exercises and Discussion Questions
  Sources and Suggestions for Further Reading
  Supplementary Readings
Chapter 11  Language Acquisition
  11.1  First Language Acquisition
    11.1.1  The behaviorist approach
    11.1.2  The innateness approach
    11.1.3  Stages of acquiring the first language
  11.2  Second Language Acquisition
    11.2.1  Contrastive analysis
    11.2.2  Error analysis
    11.2.3  Interlanguage
  11.3  Individual Differences in Second Language Acquisition
    11.3.1  Language aptitude
    11.3.2  Cognitive style: field dependence and field independence
    11.3.3  Personality traits
    11.3.4  Learning strategies
  11.4  Instruction and L2 Acquisition
    11.4.1  Form-focused instruction
    11.4.2  Learner-instruction matching
    11.4.3  Strategy training
  Exercises and Discussion Questions
  Sources and Suggestions for Further Reading
  Supplementary Readings
Chapter 12  Applied Linguistics
  12.1  Introduction
  12.2  Language Teaching
    12.2.1  The grammar-translation method
    12.2.2  The direct method
    12.2.3  The audiolingual method
    12.2.4  Situational language teaching
    12.2.5  Functional language teaching
    12.2.6  Communicative language teaching
    12.2.7  Other approaches
  12.3  Testing
    12.3.1  The main types of language tests
    12.3.2  Principles of language testing
  12.4  Summary
  Exercises and Discussion Questions
  Sources and Suggestions for Further Reading
  Supplementary Readings
Glossary
Index