心理学与生活:第18版·英文版

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作   者:(美) 理查德·格里格, (美) 菲利普·津巴多著

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ISBN:9787115244611

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简介

   理查德?格里格编著的《心理学与生活》从生活中的心理学入手,介   绍心理学是什么,通过强有力   的科学研究方法澄清了人们对心理学的一些误解,概括地介绍了心   理学中的研究方法、心理学所关注的主题,详细介绍了它如何与生   活密切联系,将理论与实践结合起来,指导你如何在生活中运用批   判性思维。第18版还纳入了文化因素,增强了本书的普适性,内   容也更加丰富多彩。    《心理学与生活》可作为大学本科生普通心理学课程的适用教材,也   是普通   大众了解心理学、更好地理解生活的首选读物。对于准备出国或者   是准备在国内攻读心理学硕士学位的学生而言,本书将成为他们的   重要参考书。   

目录

PREFACE
1 PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE 3
WHAT MAKES PSYCHOLOGY UNIQUE? 4
 Definitions 4
 The Goals of Psychology 5
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE:CAN PSYCHOLOGY HELP FIND ME A CAREER? 8
THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY 9
 Psychology’s Historical Foundations 9
 Current Psychological Perspectives 11
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE:WHY DO FRIENDSHIPS END? 16
WHAT PSYCHOLOGISTS DO 17
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK 19
 Study Strategies 19
 Study Techniques 20
 Special Features 20
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS 21
KEY TERMS 21
2 RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY 25
THE PROCESS OF RESEARCH 26
 Observer Biases and Operational Definitions 27
 Experimental Methods:Alternative Explanations and the Need for Controls 30
 Correlational Methods 33
 Subliminal Influence? 34
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE:CAN SURVEY RESEARCH AFFECT YOUR ATTITUDES? 36
PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT 37
 Achieving Reliability and Validity 37
 Self-Report Measures 37
 Behavioral Measures and Observations 38
ETHICAL ISSUES IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL RESEARCH 40
 Informed Consent 40
 Risk/Gain Assessment 41
 Intentional Deception 41
 Debriefing 41
 Issues in Animal Research 41
BECOMING A WISER RESEARCH CONSUMER 42
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE:HOW CAN YOU EVALUATE PSYCHOLOGICAL INFORMATION ON THE WEB? 43
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS 44
KEY TERMS 44
STATISTICAL SUPPLEMENT 46
UNDERSTANDING STATISTICS:ANALYZING DATA AND FORMING CONCLUSIONS 46
ANALYZING THE DATA 47
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 48
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS 51
BECOMING A WISE CONSUMER OF STATISTICS 53
KEY TERMS 53
3 THE BIOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY BASES OF BEHAVIOR 55
HEREDITY AND BEHAVIOR 56
 Evolution and Natural Selection 57
 Variation in the Human Genotype 59
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ACTION 63
 The Neuron 63
 Action Potentials 65
 Synaptic Transmission 67
 Neurotransmitters and Their Functions 68
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR 70
 Eavesdropping on the Brain 70
 The Nervous System 74
 Brain Structures and Their Functions 75
 Hemispheric Lateralization 81
 The Endocrine System 84
 Plasticity and Neurogenesis:Our Changing Brains 85
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE:WHAT DOES “IT’S GENETIC” MEAN? 71
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE:WHY DOES MUSIC HAVE AN IMPACT ON HOW YOU FEEL? 87
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS 88
KEY TERMS 89
4 SENSATION AND PERCEPTION 93
SENSING, ORGANIZING, IDENTIFYING, AND RECOGNIZING 94
 The Proximal and Distal Stimuli 95
 Reality, Ambiguity, and Illusions 97
SENSORY KNOWLEDGE OF THE WORLD 99
 Psychophysics 99
 From Physical Events to Mental Events 102
THE VISUAL SYSTEM 103
 The Human Eye 103
 The Pupil and the Lens 103
 The Retina 104
 Processes in the Brain 105
 Seeing Color 108
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE:CAN TECHNOLOGY RESTORE SIGHT? 108
HEARING 112
 The Physics of Sound 112
 Psychological Dimensions of Sound 112
 The Physiology of Hearing 113
YOUR OTHER SENSES 117
 Smell 117
 Taste 117
 Touch and Skin Senses 118
 The Vestibular and Kinesthetic Senses 119
 Pain 120
ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESSES IN PERCEPTION 121
 Attentional Processes 121
 Principles of Perceptual Grouping 124
 Spatial and Temporal Integration 125
 Motion Perception 126
 Depth Perception 126
 Perceptual Constancies 129
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE:WHY IS EATING“HOT”FOOD PAINFUL? 122
IDENTIFICATION AND RECOGNITION PROCESS 131
 Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processes 131
 The Influence of Contexts and Expectations 133
 Final Lessons 134
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS 134
KEY TERMS 135
5 MIND, CONSCIOUSNESS, AND ALTERNATE STATES 139
THE CONTENTS OF CONSCIOUSNESS 140
 Awareness and Consciousness 140
 Studying the Contents of Consciousness 142
THE FUNCTIONS OF CONSCIOUSNESS 143
 The Uses of Consciousness 143
 Studying the Functions of Consciousness 144
SLEEP AND DREAMS 145
 Circadian Rhythms 145
 The Sleep Cycle 146
 Why Sleep 148
 Sleep Disorders 148
 Dreams:Theater of the Mind 150
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE:DO YOU GET ENOUGH SLEEP? 150
ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS 152
 Lucid Dreaming 153
 Hypnosis 153
 Meditation 155
 Religious Ecstasy 156
MIND-ALTERING DRUGS 157
 Dependence and Addiction 157
 Varieties of Psychoactive Drugs 158
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE:DOES ECSTASY HARM THE BRAIN? 160
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS 162
KEY TERMS 162
6 LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS 165
THE STUDY OF LEARNING 166
 What Is Learning? 166
 Behaviorism and Behavior Analysis 167
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING:LEARNING PREDICTABLE SIGNALS 168
 Pavlov’s Surprising Observation 168
 Processes of Conditioning 170
 Focus on Acquisition 172
 Applications of Classical Conditioning 174
OPERANT CONDITIONING:LEARNING ABOUT CONSEQUENCES 176
 The Law of Effect 176
 Experimental Analysis of Behavior 178
 Reinforcement Contingencies 179
 Properties of Reinforcers 182
 Schedules of Reinforcement 183
 Shaping 186
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE:HOW DOES CLASSICAL CONDITIONING AFFECT CANCER TREATMENT? 177
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE:TO SPANK OR NOT TO SPANK 184
BIOLOGY AND LEARNING 187
 Instinctual Drift 187
 Taste-Aversion Learning 188
COGNITIVE INFLUENCES ON LEARNING 190
 Animal Cognition 190
 Observational Learning 192
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS 195
KEY TERMS 195
7 MEMORY 199
WHAT IS MEMORY? 200
 Types of Memories 200
 An Overview of Memory Processes 202
MEMORY USE FOR THE SHORT-TERM 203
 Iconic Memory 204
 Short-Term Memory 205
 Working Memory 207
LONG-TERM MEMORY:ENCODING AND RETRIEVAL 209
 Retrieval Cues 209
 Context and Encoding 210
 The Processes of Encoding and Retrieval 213
 Why We Forget 215
 Improving Memory for Unstructured Information 217
 Metamemory 218
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE:HOW CAN MEMORY RESEARCH HELP YOU PREPARE FOR EXAMS? 219
STRUCTURES IN LONG-TERM MEMORY 220
 Memory Structures 220
 Remembering as a Reconstructive Process 224
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MEMORY 227
 Searching for the Engram 227
 Amnesia 228
 Brain Imaging 229
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE:WHY DOES ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AFFECT MEMORY? 227
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS 231
KEY TERMS 232
8 COGNITIVE PROCESSES 235
STUDYING COGNITION 237
 Discovering the Processes of Mind 237
 Mental Processes and Mental Resources 237
LANGUAGE USE 240
 Language Production 240
 Language Understanding 243
 Language and Evolution 247
 Language,Thought,and Culture 248
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE:WHY AND HOW DO PEOPLE LIE? 249
VISUAL COGNITION 250
 Using Visual Representations 250
 Combining Verbal and Visual Representations 252
PROBLEM SOLVING AND REASONING 255
 Problem Solving 255
 Deductive Reasoning 257
 Inductive Reasoning 260
JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 262
 Heuristics and Judgment 262
 The Psychology of Decision Making 265
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE:CAN POLITICAL EXPERTS PREDICT THE FUTURE? 269
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS 270
KEY TERMS 270
9 INTELLIGENCE AND INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENT 273
WHAT IS ASSESSMENT? 274
 History of Assessment 274
 Basic Features of Formal Assessment 275
INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENT 278
 The Origins of Intelligence Testing 278
 IQ Tests 278
 Extremes of Intelligence 280
THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE 282
 Psychometric Theories of Intelligence 282
 Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence 284
 Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences and Emotional Intelligence 285
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE:CAN YOU TRUST ASSESSMENT ON THE WEB? 283
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE:DO THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE MATTER? 287
THE POLITICS OF INTELLIGENCE 287
 The History of Group Comparisons 288
 Heredity and IQ 289
 Environments and IQ 291
 Culture and the Validity of IQ Tests 293
CREATIVITY 295
 Assessing Creativity and the Link to Intelligence 295
 Extremes of Creativity 295
ASSESSMENT AND SOCIETY 297
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS 299
KEY TERMS 299
10 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN 303
STUDYING DEVELOPMENT 304
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN 306
 Prenatal and Childhood Development 306
 Physical Development in Adolescence 310
 Physical Changes in Adulthood 311
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN 312
 Piaget’s Insights Into Mental Development 312
 Contemporary Perspectives on Early Cognitive Development 314
 Cognitive Development in Adulthood 318
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE:WILL YOUR BRAIN WORK DIFFERENTLY AS YOU AGE? 320
ACQUIRING LANGUAGE 321
 Perceiving Speech and Perceiving Words 321
 Learning Word Meanings 322
 Acquiring Grammar 323
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN 324
 Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages 325
 Social Development in Childhood 326
 Social Development in Adolescence 331
 Social Development in Adulthood 333
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE:HOW DOES DAY CARE AFFECT CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT?330
SEX AND GENDER DIFFERENCES 336
 Sex Differences 336
 Gender Identity and Gender Roles 337
MORAL DEVELOPMENT 338
 Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning 338
 Gender and Cultural Perspectives on Moral Reasoning 340
LEARNING TO AGE SUCCESSFULLY 341
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS 342
KEY TERMS 343
11 MOTIVATION 347
UNDERSTANDING MOTIVATION 348
 Functions of Motivational Concepts 348
 Sources of Motivation 349
 A Hierarchy of Needs 352
EATING 353
 The Physiology of Eating 354
 The Psychology of Eating 355
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE:HOW DOES GENETICS CONTRIBUTE TO OBESITY? 356
SEXUAL BEHAVIORS 360
 Nonhuman Sexual Behaviors 360
 Human Sexual Arousal and Response 362
 The Evolution of Sexual Behaviors 363
 Sexual Norms 364
 Homosexuality 366
MOTIVATION FOR PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENT 370
 Need for Achievement 368
 Attributions for Success and Failure 369
 Work and Organizational Psychology 371
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE:HOW DOES MOTIVATION AFFECT ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT·373
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS 374
KEY TERMS 374
12 EMOTION, STRESS, AND HEALTH 377
EMOTIONS 378
 Basic Emotions and Culture 378
 Theories of Emotion 381
 Functions of Emotions 385
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE:WHY ARE SOME PEOPLE HAPPIER THAN OTHERS? 388
STRESS OF LIVING 389
 Physiological Stress Reactions 389
 Psychological Stress Reactions 392
 Coping with Stress 397
 Positive Effects of Stress 401
HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY 402
 The Biopsychosocial Model of Health 403
 Health Promotion 403
 Treatment 406
 Personality and Health 409
 Job Burnout and the Health-Care System 410
 A Toast to Your Health 411
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE:CAN HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY HELP YOU BE A HEALTHY PERSON BY 2010? 407
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS 413
KEY TERMS 413
13 UNDERSTANDING HUMAN PERSONALITY 417
TYPE AND TRAIT PERSONALITY THEORIES 418
 Categorizing by Types 418
 Describing with Traits 419
 Traits and Heritability 423
 Do Traits Predict Behaviors? 423
 Evaluation of Type and Trait Theories 425
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES 425
 Freudian Psychoanalysis 425
 Evaluation of Freudian Theory 429
 Extending Psychodynamic Theories 430
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE:WHY ARE SOME PEOPLE SHY? 426
HUMANISTIC THEORIES 432
 Features of Humanistic Theories 432
 Evaluation of Humanistic Theories 433
SOCIAL-LEARNING AND COGNITIVE THEORIES 434
 Mischel’s Cognitive-Affective Personality Theory 435
 Bandura’s Cognitive Social-Learning Theory 436
 Cantor’s Social Intelligence Theory 438
 Evaluation of Social-Learning and Cognitive Theories 438
SELF THEORIES 439
 Dynamic Aspects of Self-Concepts 439
 Self-Esteem and Self-Presentation 440
 The Cultural Construction of Self 441
 Evaluation of Self Theories 442
COMPARING PERSONALITY THEORIES 443
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE:WHO ARE YOU ON THE INTERNET? 443
ASSESSING PERSONALITY 444
 Objective Tests 444
 Projective Tests 446
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS 448
KEY TERMS 448
14 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS 451
THE NATURE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS 452
 Deciding What Is Abnormal 452
 The Problem of Objectivity 454
 Classifying Psychological Disorders 454
 The Etiology of Psychopathology 457
ANXIETY DISORDERS 459
 Generalized Anxiety Disorder 459
 Panic Disorder 459
 Phobias 460
 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 460
 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 461
 Causes of Anxiety Disorders 462
MOOD DISORDERS 464
 Major Depressive Disorder 464
 Bipolar Disorder 465
 Causes of Mood Disorders 465
 Gender Differences in Depression 467
 Suicide 468
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE:HOW CAN WE PINPOINT INTERACTIONS OF NATURE AND NURTURE? 469
PERSONALITY DISORDERS 470
 Borderline Personality Disorder 470
 Antisocial Personality Disorder 471
SOMATOFORM AND DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS 472
 Somatoform Disorders 472
 Dissociative Disorders 473
SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERS 474
 Major Types of Schizophrenia 475
 Causes of Schizophrenia 476
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE:IS “INSANITY” REALLY A DEFENSE? 480
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF CHILDHOOD 480
 Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 481
 Autistic Disorder 481
THE STIGMA OF MENTAL ILLNESS 482
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS 483
KEY TERMS 484
15 THERAPIES FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS 487
THE THERAPEUTIC CONTEXT 488
 Goals and Major Therapies 488
 Therapists and Therapeutic Settings 489
 Historical Perspectives on Institutional Treatment 490
PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPIES 491
 Freudian Psychoanalysis 491
 Later Psychodynamic Therapies 493
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE:ARE LIVES HAUNTED BY REPRESSED MEMORIES? 494
BEHAVIOR THERAPIES 494
 Counterconditioning 495
 Contingency Management 496
 Social-Learning Therapy 498
 Generalization Techniques 499
COGNITIVE THERAPIES 501
 Changing False Beliefs 501
 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 502
HUMANISTIC THERAPIES 502
 Client-Centered Therapy 503
 Gestalt Therapy 503
GROUP THERAPIES 504
 Couple and Family Therapy 504
 Community Support Groups 505
BIOMEDICAL THERAPIES 506
 Drug Therapy 506
 Psychosurgery 508
 EC and rTMS 509
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE:DOES THERAPY AFFECT BRAIN ACTIVITY? 510
TREATMENT EVALUATION AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES 511
 Evaluating Therapeutic Effectiveness 511
 Prevention Strategies 512
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS 513
KEY TERMS 514
16 SOCIAL COGNITION AND RELATIONSHIPS 517
CONSTRUCTING SOCIAL REALITY 518
 The Origins of Attribution Theory 519
 The Fundamental Attribution Error 519
 Self-Serving Biases 520
 Expectations and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies 521
 Behaviors That Confirm Expectations 522
ATTITUDES, ATTITUDE CHANGE, AND ACTION 524
 Attitudes and Behaviors 524
 Processes of Persuasion 525
 Persuasion by Your Own Actions 527
 Compliance 529
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE:DO LATE-NIGHT TV ADS REALLY WORK? 532
PREJUDICE 531
 Origins of Prejudice 531
 Effects of Stereotypes 533
 Reversing Prejudice 534
SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS 536
 Liking 536
 Loving 537
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE:CAN LASTING RELATIONSHIPS FORM ON THE INTERNET? 540
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS 541
KEY TERMS 541
17 SOCIAL PROCESSES, SOCIETY, AND CULTURE 545
THE POWER OF THE SITUATION 546
 Roles and Rules 546
 Social Norms 548
 Conformity 549
 Decision Making in Groups 552
 Situational Power:Candid Camera Revelations 552
ALTRUISM AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR 553
 The Roots of Altruism 553
 Motives for Prosocial Behavior 555
 The Effects of the Situation of Prosocial Behavior 556
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE:HOW CAN YOU GET PEOPLE TO VOLUNTEER? 558
AGGRESSION 559
 Evolutionary Perspectives 559
 Individual Differences 560
 Situational Influences 561
 Cultural Constraints 563
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CONFLICT AND PEACE 566
 Obedience to Authority 566
 The Psychology of Genocide and War 569
 Peace Psychology 572
A PERSONAL ENDNOTE 574
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE:HOW MIGHT RECONCILIATION BE POSSIBLE? 575
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS 576
KEY TERMS 576
ANSWER APPENDIX A-1
GLOSSARY G-1
REFERENCES R-1
NAME INDEX N-1
SUBJECT INDEX S-1
CREDITS C-1

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