Holistic approach to English idioms for non-native speakers

　　Chapter One Introduction
　　 1.1 Background of the Present Study
　　 1.2 Objective of the Present Study
　　 1.3 Data Collection of the Present Study
　　 1.4 Organization of the Present Study
　　Chapter Two Description and Characterization of Idioms
　　 2.1 Describing Idioms
　　 2.1.1 Formation of Idioms
　　 2.1.2 Types of Idiom Collections
　　 2.1.3 Relationship : Idioms & Words
　　 2.1.4 Relationships : Idioms & Other Fixed Expressions
　　 2.2 Characterizing Idioms
　　 2.2.1 Distinct Properties
　　 2.2.2 General Delineation
　　Chapter Three Idiom Studies: Different Approaches
　　 3.1 Formal Approaches
　　 3.1.1 Brace Fraser (1970)
　　 3.1.2 Adam Makkai (1972)
　　 3.1.3 Rosamund Moon (1998)
　　 3.2 Functional Approaches
　　 3.2.1 Jury Strassler (1982)
　　 3.2.2 Cristina Cacciari & Sam Glucksberg(1991, 1993)
　　 3.2.3 Chitra Fernando (1996)
　　 3.2.4 Rachel Giora (1997)
　　 3.2.5 Rosa Elena Vega-Moreno (2001)
　　 3.3 Psycholinguistic Approaches
　　 3.3.1 S. Bobrow&S. Bell (1973)
　　 3.3.2 D. A. Swinney & A. Cutler (1979)
　　 3.3.3 Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr. (1980)
　　 3.3.4 C. Cacciari & P. Tabossi (1988)
　　 3.3.5 R.W. Gibbs, Jr. &N. P. Nayak (1989)
　　 3.3.6 R. W. Gibbs, Jr. et al. (1990-1995)
　　Chapter Four Flexibility & Productivity of Idioms
　　 4.1 Lexical Flexibility
　　 4.1.1 Structural Variety
　　 4.1.2 Variation Generation
　　 4.1.3 Variation Patterns
　　 4.1.3.1 Verb Variation
　　 4.1.3.2 Noun Variation
　　 4.1.3.3 Modifier Variation
　　 4.1.3.4 Miscellaneous Variation
　　 4.1.3.5 Variation between American andBritish English
　　 4.1.3.6 False Variation
　　 4.1.4 Regularity of Variation
　　 4.1.5 Variation Constraint & Comprehension
　　 4.1.6 Case Study : Relevance-Driven Variation Comprehension
　　 4.2 Syntactic Versatility
　　 4.2.1 Nominalization
　　 4.2.2 Pronominalization
　　 4.2.3 Passivization
　　 4.2.4 Topicalization
　　 4.2.5 Modification by Relative Clauses
　　 4.2.6 There Construction
　　 4.2.7 Comparative Construction
　　 4.2.8 Other Transformations
　　 4.2.9 Nonce Uses of Idioms
　　Chapter Five A Holistic Approach to English Idioms
　　 5.1 Developing Pragmatic Competence
　　 5.2 Developing Figurative Competence
　　 5.3 Developing Sociocultural Competence
　　 5.4 Integrating Processing Strategies
　　Chapter Six Conclusions
　　 6.1 Representation of Idioms
　　 6.2 Enlightenment from Previous Studies
　　 6.3 Compositionality and Flexibility
　　 6.4 Pedagogical Implications
　　 6.5 Suggestions for Further Exploration
　　References
　　Appendix Ⅰ List of Dictionaries Consulted
　　Appendix Ⅱ Tentative Classification of Fixed Expressions in English Lexicon
　　Appendix Ⅲ Figurative Patterns Underlying Current English Idioms
　　Appendix Ⅳ English Idioms with Respect to Fraser's Frozen Hierarchy
　　Appendix Ⅴ Makkai's Categorization of Idioms
　　Appendix Ⅶ Femando's Categorization of English Idioms
　　Appendix Ⅷ Representative Examples of Conceptual Metaphors