Ecological paradigms lost : routes of theory change /
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作 者：[editors], Kim Cuddington, Beatrix E. Beisner.
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ISBN：9780120884599
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简介
This edited volume in the Theoretical Ecology series addresses the historical development and evolution of theoretical ideas in the field of ecology. Not only does it recount the history of the discipline by practitioners of the science of ecology, it includes commentary on these historical reflections by philosophers of science. Even though the theories discussed are, in many cases, are at the forefront of research, the language and approach make this material accessible to non-theoreticians. The book is structured in 5 major sections including population ecology, epidemiology, community ecology, evolutionary biology and ecosystem ecology. In each section a chapter by an eminent, experienced ecologist is complemented by analysis from a newer, cutting-edge researcher.
* Reflection on the past and future of ecology
* A historical overview of major ideas in the field of ecology
* Pairing of historical views by ecologists along with a philosophical commentary directed at the practicing scientists` views by a philosopher of science.
* Historical analysis by practicing ecologists including anectodal experiences that are rarely recorded.
* Based on a very popular symposium at the 2002 Ecological Society of America annual meeting in Tucson, AZ.
目录
Foreword: Robert Paine p. xv
Preface p. xxi
List of Contributors p. xxiii
1 Why a History of Ecology? An Introduction Beatrix E. Beisner and Kim Cuddington p. 1
References p. 6
Part I Population Ecology
2 Unstructured Models in Ecology: Past, Present, and Future Alan Hastings p. 9
2.1 Introduction p. 9
2.2 The Basic (Deterministic) Unstructured Models p. 11
2.3 Single Species p. 12
2.3.1 Continuous Time p. 12
2.3.2 Discrete Time p. 14
2.4 Two Species p. 16
2.4.1 Continuous Time Exploiter-Victim Models p. 17
2.4.2 Nicholson-Bailey Discrete Time Models p. 19
2.4.3 SIR Epidemiological Models p. 21
2.4.4 Competition p. 23
2.5 More Than Two Species p. 24
2.6 Time Series and Model Fitting p. 25
2.7 The Future of Unstructured Models p. 26
Acknowledgements p. 27
References p. 27
3 Unstructured Population Models: Do Population-Level Assumptions Yield General Theory? Andre M. De Roos and Lennart Persson p. 31
3.1 Introduction p. 31
3.2 Core Theory or Limiting Case? p. 35
3.3 Deriving General Population Models: Starting with the Individual p. 37
3.4 Three Case Studies p. 40
3.4.1 Consumer-Resource Interactions p. 40
3.4.2 Tritrophic Food Chain p. 43
3.4.3 Cannibalism p. 45
3.4.4 Overall Conclusions p. 48
3.5 An Appropriate Modelling Framework: Physiologically Structured Population Models p. 50
3.6 On Testability p. 52
3.7 Discussion and Concluding Remarks p. 53
Acknowledgements p. 58
References p. 58
4 The "Structure" of Population Ecology: Philosophical Reflections on Unstructured and Structured Models Jay Odenbaugh p. 63
4.1 Introduction p. 63
4.2 Models, Models, and More Models p. 64
4.3 Revisiting Modelling Trade-Offs p. 68
4.4 Generality? p. 70
4.5 Reductionism Redux p. 72
4.6 Structural Pluralism p. 74
4.7 Conclusion p. 76
Acknowledgements p. 76
References p. 76
Part II Epidemiological Ecology
5 The Law of Mass-Action in Epidemiology: A Historical Perspective Hans Heesterbeek p. 81
5.1 Introduction p. 81
5.2 Cato Maximilian Guldberg and Peter Waage p. 82
5.3 William Heaton Hamer p. 84
5.4 Ronald Ross and Anderson McKendrick p. 91
5.5 Herbert Edward Soper p. 95
5.6 A Science Taking Flight p. 101
Acknowledgements p. 103
References p. 103
6 Extensions to Mass-Action Mixing Matt J. Keeling p. 107
6.1 Introduction p. 107
6.2 Functional Forms p. 109
6.3 Metapopulation Models p. 111
6.4 Cellular Automata p. 117
6.5 Network Models p. 120
6.6 Analytical Approximations: Power-Law Exponents p. 124
6.7 Analytical Approximations: Pair-Wise Models p. 126
6.8 Analytical Approximations: Moment Closure p. 133
6.9 Conclusions p. 136
References p. 138
7 Mass-Action and System Analysis of Infection Transmission James S. Koopman p. 143
7.1 Introduction p. 143
7.2 Model Forms as Paradigms for Theory Change p. 146
7.3 Robustness Assessment p. 151
7.4 Advancing a Science of Infection Transmission System Analysis p. 152
References p. 154
Part III Community Ecology
8 Community Diversity and Stability: Changing Perspectives and Changing Definitions Anthony R. Ives p. 159
8.1 Introduction p. 159
8.2 History p. 160
8.3 Multiple Types of Stability in a Model Ecosystem p. 162
8.3.1 The 1970s and 1980s p. 164
8.3.2 The 1950s and 1960s p. 167
8.3.3 The 1990s p. 169
8.3.4 Summary p. 17
8.4 Testing Relationships Between Diversity and Stability p. 171
8.4.1 The 1950s and 1960s p. 171
8.4.2 The 1970s and 1980s p. 173
8.4.3 The 1990s p. 174
8.4.4 Summary p. 175
8.5 Suggestions for Specific "Tests" p. 175
Q1 What Is the Most Appropriate Measure of Diversity? p. 176
Q2 How Strong Are Species Interactions, and Are They Linear and Additive? p. 176
Q3 What Dictates the Structure of Communities? p. 177
8.6 Summary p. 178
Acknowledgements p. 179
References p. 179
9 Perspectives on Diversity, Structure, and Stability Kevin S. McCann p. 183
9.1 Introduction p. 183
9.2 A Brief History of Diversity and Stability p. 184
9.2.1 The Intuitive Years p. 184
9.2.2 The Limits to Diversity p. 186
9.2.3 Some Current and Future Considerations: Food Webs Across Space and Time p. 193
References p. 197
10 Diversity and Stability: Theories, Models, and Data David Castle p. 201
10.1 Introduction p. 201
10.2 Why Care About Theory Change? p. 202
10.3 Knowledge in Ecology p. 204
10.4 Theory Change in Community Ecology p. 206
10.5 Theory Change, Abated p. 208
References p. 209
Part IV Historical Reflection
11 Ecology's Legacy from Robert MacArthur Eric R. Pianka and Henry S. Horn p. 213
11.1 Introduction p. 213
11.2 The Legacy p. 214
11.3 "Population Biology" of MacArthur Citations p. 217
11.4 Eric's Reflections p. 220
11.5 Henry's Reverie p. 223
11.6 Concluding Remarks p. 226
Acknowledgements p. 228
References p. 228
Part V Evolutionary Ecology
12 On the Integration of Community Ecology and Evolutionary Biology: Historical Perspectives and Current Prospects Robert D. Holt p. 235
12.1 Introduction p. 235
12.2 Background Reflections p. 236
12.3 A Capsule History of the Relationship Between Evolution and Community Ecology p. 242
12.4 What Derailed the Fusion of Evolution and Community Ecology? p. 250
12.5 Pointers to the Future p. 253
12.5.1 Evolution and Ecology at Commensurate Timescales p. 256
12.5.2 Final Thoughts on the Interplay of Ecology and Evolution p. 260
12.6 Conclusions p. 263
Acknowledgements p. 264
References p. 264
13 Modelling the Ecological Context of Evolutionary Change: Deja Vu or Something New? Troy Day p. 273
13.1 Introduction p. 273
13.2 Theoretical Ecology p. 274
13.3 Theoretical Evolutionary Biology p. 277
13.3.1 Classical Population Genetics p. 277
13.3.2 Optimization and Game Theory p. 280
13.4 Theoretical Evolutionary Ecology p. 281
13.4.1 Single-Locus Theory p. 282
13.4.2 Quantitative-Genetic Theory p. 284
13.4.3 Game Theory p. 289
13.4.4 Adaptive Dynamics p. 297
13.5 Where Do We Stand? Where Do We Go? Is Anything New? p. 302
13.5.1 Future Empirical Directions p. 302
13.5.2 Future Theoretical Directions p. 303
13.5.3 Conclusions: Deja Vu or Something New? p. 305
References p. 306
14 The Elusive Synthesis Kim Sterelny p. 311
14.1 Source and Consequence Laws p. 311
14.2 The Limits of Equilibrium p. 314
14.2.1 The Grain Problem p. 315
14.2.2 Organisms Do Not Merely Experience Environments, They Change Them p. 316
14.2.3 Ecological Agents p. 317
14.3 The Grain Problem and Its Macroecological Solution p. 318
14.4 Niche Construction and Its Consequences p. 320
14.5 The Emergent Property Hypothesis p. 323
References p. 328
Part VI Ecosystem Ecology
15 The Loss of Narrative T.F.H. Allen and A.J. Zellmer and C.J. Wuennenberg p. 333
15.1 Introduction p. 333
15.1.1 The History of the Problem p. 338
15.1.2 A Postmodern View of Ecology p. 339
15.1.3 Analogy in Ecology p. 341
15.2 The Paradigm of Narrative p. 342
15.2.1 A History of the Ecosystem Paradigm p. 342
15.2.2 Scientific Paradigms Versus Humanitarian Commonplaces p. 343
15.2.3 Paradigms, Complexity, and Narratives p. 346
15.3 Higher Dimensionality in Narratives p. 350
15.3.1 Essences, Models, and Observables p. 350
15.3.2 Dimensions of Narratives p. 351
15.3.3 The Observer-Observation Complex p. 352
15.3.4 Dimensionality in Science p. 354
15.4 The Complementarity of Narratives p. 356
15.5 Why It Matters in Applied Systems p. 360
15.6 The Postmodern Paradigm in Ecology p. 363
Acknowledgements p. 368
References p. 368
16 Ecological Management: Control, Understanding Garry D. Peterson p. 371
16.1 Introduction p. 371
16.2 A History of Ecological Management p. 372
16.2.1 Forestry p. 372
16.2.2 Fisheries p. 373
16.2.3 Ecosystems and Ecological Management p. 375
16.3 A Theoretical Framework for Ecological Management p. 377
16.3.1 Uncertainty p. 377
16.3.2 Controllability p. 379
16.4 Current Approaches to Ecological Management p. 381
16.4.1 Adaptive Management p. 382
16.4.2 Resilience Building p. 383
16.4.3 Scenario Planning p. 384
16.5 Frontiers of Ecological Management p. 385
16.5.1 An Approach: Resilience Analysis p. 386
16.6 Conclusions p. 390
Acknowledgements p. 391
References p. 391
17 Is Ecosystem Management A Postmodern Science? Kevin de Laplante p. 397
17.1 Introduction p. 397
17.2 Ecosystem Ecology: Conceptual and Historical Background p. 398
17.2.1 Ambiguities of the Ecosystem Concept p. 398
17.2.2 The Classical Tradition of Ecosystem Ecology p. 400
17.2.3 The Rise, Fall, and Reemergence of the Classical Tradition p. 402
17.3 Post-normal Science p. 406
17.3.1 Origins of the Term p. 406
17.3.2 Does Post-normal Imply Postmodern? p. 408
17.4 The "Paradigm of Narrative": Defending the Holling Figure-Eight p. 409
17.5 Theory Change in Ecosystem Ecology: Gradual Development or Paradigm Shift? p. 412
17.6 Conclusion p. 413
Acknowledgements p. 414
References p. 414
Part VII Conclusion
18 Kuhnian Paradigms Lost: Embracing the Pluralism of Ecological Theory Kim Cuddington and Beatrix E. Beisner p. 419
18.1 Kuhn and Beyond p. 420
18.2 Paradigm Shifts in Ecological Theory? p. 421
18.3 Concluding Remarks p. 426
References p. 427
Index p. 429
Preface p. xxi
List of Contributors p. xxiii
1 Why a History of Ecology? An Introduction Beatrix E. Beisner and Kim Cuddington p. 1
References p. 6
Part I Population Ecology
2 Unstructured Models in Ecology: Past, Present, and Future Alan Hastings p. 9
2.1 Introduction p. 9
2.2 The Basic (Deterministic) Unstructured Models p. 11
2.3 Single Species p. 12
2.3.1 Continuous Time p. 12
2.3.2 Discrete Time p. 14
2.4 Two Species p. 16
2.4.1 Continuous Time Exploiter-Victim Models p. 17
2.4.2 Nicholson-Bailey Discrete Time Models p. 19
2.4.3 SIR Epidemiological Models p. 21
2.4.4 Competition p. 23
2.5 More Than Two Species p. 24
2.6 Time Series and Model Fitting p. 25
2.7 The Future of Unstructured Models p. 26
Acknowledgements p. 27
References p. 27
3 Unstructured Population Models: Do Population-Level Assumptions Yield General Theory? Andre M. De Roos and Lennart Persson p. 31
3.1 Introduction p. 31
3.2 Core Theory or Limiting Case? p. 35
3.3 Deriving General Population Models: Starting with the Individual p. 37
3.4 Three Case Studies p. 40
3.4.1 Consumer-Resource Interactions p. 40
3.4.2 Tritrophic Food Chain p. 43
3.4.3 Cannibalism p. 45
3.4.4 Overall Conclusions p. 48
3.5 An Appropriate Modelling Framework: Physiologically Structured Population Models p. 50
3.6 On Testability p. 52
3.7 Discussion and Concluding Remarks p. 53
Acknowledgements p. 58
References p. 58
4 The "Structure" of Population Ecology: Philosophical Reflections on Unstructured and Structured Models Jay Odenbaugh p. 63
4.1 Introduction p. 63
4.2 Models, Models, and More Models p. 64
4.3 Revisiting Modelling Trade-Offs p. 68
4.4 Generality? p. 70
4.5 Reductionism Redux p. 72
4.6 Structural Pluralism p. 74
4.7 Conclusion p. 76
Acknowledgements p. 76
References p. 76
Part II Epidemiological Ecology
5 The Law of Mass-Action in Epidemiology: A Historical Perspective Hans Heesterbeek p. 81
5.1 Introduction p. 81
5.2 Cato Maximilian Guldberg and Peter Waage p. 82
5.3 William Heaton Hamer p. 84
5.4 Ronald Ross and Anderson McKendrick p. 91
5.5 Herbert Edward Soper p. 95
5.6 A Science Taking Flight p. 101
Acknowledgements p. 103
References p. 103
6 Extensions to Mass-Action Mixing Matt J. Keeling p. 107
6.1 Introduction p. 107
6.2 Functional Forms p. 109
6.3 Metapopulation Models p. 111
6.4 Cellular Automata p. 117
6.5 Network Models p. 120
6.6 Analytical Approximations: Power-Law Exponents p. 124
6.7 Analytical Approximations: Pair-Wise Models p. 126
6.8 Analytical Approximations: Moment Closure p. 133
6.9 Conclusions p. 136
References p. 138
7 Mass-Action and System Analysis of Infection Transmission James S. Koopman p. 143
7.1 Introduction p. 143
7.2 Model Forms as Paradigms for Theory Change p. 146
7.3 Robustness Assessment p. 151
7.4 Advancing a Science of Infection Transmission System Analysis p. 152
References p. 154
Part III Community Ecology
8 Community Diversity and Stability: Changing Perspectives and Changing Definitions Anthony R. Ives p. 159
8.1 Introduction p. 159
8.2 History p. 160
8.3 Multiple Types of Stability in a Model Ecosystem p. 162
8.3.1 The 1970s and 1980s p. 164
8.3.2 The 1950s and 1960s p. 167
8.3.3 The 1990s p. 169
8.3.4 Summary p. 17
8.4 Testing Relationships Between Diversity and Stability p. 171
8.4.1 The 1950s and 1960s p. 171
8.4.2 The 1970s and 1980s p. 173
8.4.3 The 1990s p. 174
8.4.4 Summary p. 175
8.5 Suggestions for Specific "Tests" p. 175
Q1 What Is the Most Appropriate Measure of Diversity? p. 176
Q2 How Strong Are Species Interactions, and Are They Linear and Additive? p. 176
Q3 What Dictates the Structure of Communities? p. 177
8.6 Summary p. 178
Acknowledgements p. 179
References p. 179
9 Perspectives on Diversity, Structure, and Stability Kevin S. McCann p. 183
9.1 Introduction p. 183
9.2 A Brief History of Diversity and Stability p. 184
9.2.1 The Intuitive Years p. 184
9.2.2 The Limits to Diversity p. 186
9.2.3 Some Current and Future Considerations: Food Webs Across Space and Time p. 193
References p. 197
10 Diversity and Stability: Theories, Models, and Data David Castle p. 201
10.1 Introduction p. 201
10.2 Why Care About Theory Change? p. 202
10.3 Knowledge in Ecology p. 204
10.4 Theory Change in Community Ecology p. 206
10.5 Theory Change, Abated p. 208
References p. 209
Part IV Historical Reflection
11 Ecology's Legacy from Robert MacArthur Eric R. Pianka and Henry S. Horn p. 213
11.1 Introduction p. 213
11.2 The Legacy p. 214
11.3 "Population Biology" of MacArthur Citations p. 217
11.4 Eric's Reflections p. 220
11.5 Henry's Reverie p. 223
11.6 Concluding Remarks p. 226
Acknowledgements p. 228
References p. 228
Part V Evolutionary Ecology
12 On the Integration of Community Ecology and Evolutionary Biology: Historical Perspectives and Current Prospects Robert D. Holt p. 235
12.1 Introduction p. 235
12.2 Background Reflections p. 236
12.3 A Capsule History of the Relationship Between Evolution and Community Ecology p. 242
12.4 What Derailed the Fusion of Evolution and Community Ecology? p. 250
12.5 Pointers to the Future p. 253
12.5.1 Evolution and Ecology at Commensurate Timescales p. 256
12.5.2 Final Thoughts on the Interplay of Ecology and Evolution p. 260
12.6 Conclusions p. 263
Acknowledgements p. 264
References p. 264
13 Modelling the Ecological Context of Evolutionary Change: Deja Vu or Something New? Troy Day p. 273
13.1 Introduction p. 273
13.2 Theoretical Ecology p. 274
13.3 Theoretical Evolutionary Biology p. 277
13.3.1 Classical Population Genetics p. 277
13.3.2 Optimization and Game Theory p. 280
13.4 Theoretical Evolutionary Ecology p. 281
13.4.1 Single-Locus Theory p. 282
13.4.2 Quantitative-Genetic Theory p. 284
13.4.3 Game Theory p. 289
13.4.4 Adaptive Dynamics p. 297
13.5 Where Do We Stand? Where Do We Go? Is Anything New? p. 302
13.5.1 Future Empirical Directions p. 302
13.5.2 Future Theoretical Directions p. 303
13.5.3 Conclusions: Deja Vu or Something New? p. 305
References p. 306
14 The Elusive Synthesis Kim Sterelny p. 311
14.1 Source and Consequence Laws p. 311
14.2 The Limits of Equilibrium p. 314
14.2.1 The Grain Problem p. 315
14.2.2 Organisms Do Not Merely Experience Environments, They Change Them p. 316
14.2.3 Ecological Agents p. 317
14.3 The Grain Problem and Its Macroecological Solution p. 318
14.4 Niche Construction and Its Consequences p. 320
14.5 The Emergent Property Hypothesis p. 323
References p. 328
Part VI Ecosystem Ecology
15 The Loss of Narrative T.F.H. Allen and A.J. Zellmer and C.J. Wuennenberg p. 333
15.1 Introduction p. 333
15.1.1 The History of the Problem p. 338
15.1.2 A Postmodern View of Ecology p. 339
15.1.3 Analogy in Ecology p. 341
15.2 The Paradigm of Narrative p. 342
15.2.1 A History of the Ecosystem Paradigm p. 342
15.2.2 Scientific Paradigms Versus Humanitarian Commonplaces p. 343
15.2.3 Paradigms, Complexity, and Narratives p. 346
15.3 Higher Dimensionality in Narratives p. 350
15.3.1 Essences, Models, and Observables p. 350
15.3.2 Dimensions of Narratives p. 351
15.3.3 The Observer-Observation Complex p. 352
15.3.4 Dimensionality in Science p. 354
15.4 The Complementarity of Narratives p. 356
15.5 Why It Matters in Applied Systems p. 360
15.6 The Postmodern Paradigm in Ecology p. 363
Acknowledgements p. 368
References p. 368
16 Ecological Management: Control, Understanding Garry D. Peterson p. 371
16.1 Introduction p. 371
16.2 A History of Ecological Management p. 372
16.2.1 Forestry p. 372
16.2.2 Fisheries p. 373
16.2.3 Ecosystems and Ecological Management p. 375
16.3 A Theoretical Framework for Ecological Management p. 377
16.3.1 Uncertainty p. 377
16.3.2 Controllability p. 379
16.4 Current Approaches to Ecological Management p. 381
16.4.1 Adaptive Management p. 382
16.4.2 Resilience Building p. 383
16.4.3 Scenario Planning p. 384
16.5 Frontiers of Ecological Management p. 385
16.5.1 An Approach: Resilience Analysis p. 386
16.6 Conclusions p. 390
Acknowledgements p. 391
References p. 391
17 Is Ecosystem Management A Postmodern Science? Kevin de Laplante p. 397
17.1 Introduction p. 397
17.2 Ecosystem Ecology: Conceptual and Historical Background p. 398
17.2.1 Ambiguities of the Ecosystem Concept p. 398
17.2.2 The Classical Tradition of Ecosystem Ecology p. 400
17.2.3 The Rise, Fall, and Reemergence of the Classical Tradition p. 402
17.3 Post-normal Science p. 406
17.3.1 Origins of the Term p. 406
17.3.2 Does Post-normal Imply Postmodern? p. 408
17.4 The "Paradigm of Narrative": Defending the Holling Figure-Eight p. 409
17.5 Theory Change in Ecosystem Ecology: Gradual Development or Paradigm Shift? p. 412
17.6 Conclusion p. 413
Acknowledgements p. 414
References p. 414
Part VII Conclusion
18 Kuhnian Paradigms Lost: Embracing the Pluralism of Ecological Theory Kim Cuddington and Beatrix E. Beisner p. 419
18.1 Kuhn and Beyond p. 420
18.2 Paradigm Shifts in Ecological Theory? p. 421
18.3 Concluding Remarks p. 426
References p. 427
Index p. 429
Ecological paradigms lost : routes of theory change /
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