Foundations of contract law /
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作 者：[edited by] Richard Craswell, Alan Schwartz = 合同法基础 / 理查德·克拉斯韦尔, 艾伦·施瓦茨.
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ISBN：9787503652912
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简介
本书收录的大部分论文都运用经济学方法作学理分析，也有一部分借助伦理学理论阐释观点。我们选择论文的这种侧重一定程度上反映出某种偏好（我们对此偏好颇感理直气壮）。我们注重这两种分析方法，是因为我们想通过本书达到三个目的：
其一，我们希望通过这本论文集明确表明我们对合同法价值的立场。在遴选论文的过程中，我们有意排除了专门阐释判例法当前实况的文章。然而，这种选取标准也忽视了传统上不会直接与规范法律理论对话的其他重要分析方法。比如本书中极少涉及历史学分析（克莱尔·多尔顿的文章是例外）。事实上，现代惟有经济学家和哲学家（或受上述原则影响极深的法律职业者）才最清楚表明对法学价值的立场。
其二，我们希望本书能帮助解释当事人缔结合同的动机。最近经济学家创造出丰富的理论，以解释契约行为。这类理论许多是建立在数学工具和严格的计量经济学方法之上。这类文章也被我们摒弃了。然而技术经济学理论已经深深影响了法学研究，所以这本集子也收录了一些涉及该领域的文章。
其三，我们希望这本集子阐释法学院一年级课程涉及到的具体合同法问题。我们希冀本书的系列论文能陪伴学生研习合同法的整个学期甚或学年，而不是被归于这门课程开端或收尾的“理论概要”一类。故本书鲜有讲述整个合同法体系的文章，大多数都是专题讨论，如哈德利诉哈克森德案中的间接损害的赔偿限制，霍夫曼诉雷德·奥尔案判决中的合同磋商的责任范围。事实上，我们采用了一种实用原则，即人们对规范理论的理解是通过检测具体问题如何解决来实现的，而不是光靠对该理论的抽象分析。当然，这种尺度排除了阐释合同法整体理论而不涉及具体议题的文章。
这本集子的组织结构体现了我们希望与一年级合同法课程同步的目的。集子的核心是第二至五章，结构上遵循了由朗·富勒提出的“倒行”或救济第一之方式。故第二章阐释了违约之法律救济——以合同有效缔结而一方没有履行行为为前提展开论述。第三章“划定履行义务之范围”仍假设合同有效缔结，并在此前提下讨论合同要求的义务是什么。本章探讨了默示免责理由（不可行性、目的实现受阻、错误）和默示担保等专题。本章也收集了长期“关系”合同的新近理论。最后，第四和第五章讨论了合同的有效缔结这一议题。第四章讨论了对价和传统的要约一承诺问题，第五章讨论了显失公平和合同缔结的其他抗辩等论题。
显然这种分类有些随意。如撤消和恢复原状之损害赔偿金的讨论（第115页一第126页）实际上关乎一方有无“实质上”履行合同的考量和评估。这些内容其实可以放在第三章“划定履行义务之范围”中，而不是放在第二章“违约救济”里。关于“未公开”的讨论放在第三章（第160页一第174页），与“单方或双方错误”结合起来讲，其实还不如放在第五章“合同缔结的抗辩”之中。这些例子仅仅证明了法律是一张天衣无缝的网。从实用的角度，我们努力使得本书每部分“自立”（当然参考资料在相关章目间交叉使用），这样可以以任何顺序布置阅读。
这种“自立”或“组装”原则在第一章中也有反映。第一章中的文章与合同法课程的每部分内容均有潜在联系，其中讨论了三个问题：允诺的实施、违约规则的选择和合同法的分配效应。这些内容与合同缔结的紧密度和它们与违约救济的紧密度在伯仲之间，故本部分内容在合同法课程的任何阶段都能选读。我们将这些内容放在集子的开头并不当然意味着合同法的课就要从这些内容讲起（我们也从不按这个顺序授课）。本书各部分内容如此安排是为了随时满足合同法不同授课体例的需要。如果将这些内容分散到某一个法律原则的论述部分中去，我们编排上的灵活性会打折扣。
这本集子本意是用在美国法学院一年级合同法课堂上，但本书亦旨在争取更大范围的读者群。本书中的论文比较全面反映了近15年来具备规范思维的法律家、经济学家和哲学家的契约理论。这15年里契约理论得到了丰富。因此本书可于法学院的学前学术讨论会（我们已经如此尝试过了），也能在本科或研究生的法律经济学课或契约理论课上使用。
这本集子的出版得到许多人的帮助。我们特别需要感谢的是本套丛书的主编罗伯塔·罗曼诺。伊恩·艾尔斯、大卫·卡罗尔、贾森·约翰斯顿和大卫·斯劳森对本书的编写提出了有用的意见和建议。斯泰西·科尔、哈诺克·戴根和特伦斯加拉格尔对我们的研究作了协助工作。论文删节的部分用省略号标明，但脚注和副标题的删节没有标记出来。
理查德·克拉斯韦尔
艾伦·施瓦茨
洛杉矶
纽黑文
1993年12月
目录
contents
1. normative underpinnings, 1
1.1 enforcing promises, 2
the rise and fall of freedom of contract, 2
p. s. atiyah
contract as promise, 7
charles fried
notes on enforcing promises, 13
1.2 selecting default rules, 15
contract law, default rules, and the philosophy of promising, 15
richard craswell
filling gaps in incomplete contracts, 21
ian ayres and robert gertner
notes on selecting default rules, 27
1.3 distributional concerns, 29
passing on the costs of legal rules, 29
richard craswell
notes on distributional concerns, 37
2. remedies for breach, 39
2.1 expectation damages, 40
. law and economics, 40
robert cooter and thomas ulen
the efficient breach fallacy, 42
daniel friedmann
contract remedies, renegotiation, and the theory of efficient
breach, 44
richard craswell
notes on expectation damages, 52
2.2 limits on the expectation measure, 54
2.2.1 mitigation and reliance by the promisee, 54
the mitigation principle, 54
charles j. goetz and robert e. scott
unity in tort, contract, and property, 57
robert cooter
notes on mitigation and reliance by the promisee, 63
2.2.2 consequential damages, 65
beyond foreseeability: consequential damages in the law of
contract, 65
richard a. epstein
contract damages and cross-subsidization, 71
gwyn d. quillen
information and the scope of liability for breach of contract, 75
lucian ayre bebchuk and steven shavell
notes on consequential damages, 76
2.2.3 subjective losses, 80
cost of completion or diminution in market value, 80
timothy j. muris
proposals for products liability reform, 85
alan schwartz
notes on subjective losses, 89
2.3 alternatives to expectation damages, 92
2.3.1 specific performance, 92
the case for specific performance, 92
alan schwartz
notes on specific performance, 96
2.3.2 liquidated damages, 99
liquidated damages, penalties, and the just compensation principle,99
charles j. goetz and robert e. scott
efficiency implications of penalties and liquidated damages, 105
samuel a. rea, jr.
notes on liquidated damages, 113
2.3.3 rescission and restitution, 114
the mitigation principle, 114
charles j. goetz and robert e. scott
good faith in the enforcement of contracts, 118
eric g. andersen
notes on rescission and restitution, 124
2.3.4 punitive damages, 126
punitive damages: divergence in search of a rationale, 126
bruce chapman and michael trebilcock
notes on punitive damages, 135
3. defining the performance obligation, 137
3.1 implied excuses, 138
3.1.1 impracticability, frustration, and mistake, 138
impossibility and related doctrines in contract law, 138
richard a. posner and andrew m. rosenfield
contract as promise, 143
charles fried
mistake, frustration, and the windfall principle of contract
remedies, 147
andrew kull
relational contracts in the courts, 152
alan schwartz
notes on impracticability, frustration, and mistake, 156
3.1.2 nondisclosure and unilateral mistake, 159
mistake, disclosure, information, and the law of contracts, 159
anthony t. kronman
legal secrets, 165
kim lane scheppele
notes on nondisclosure and unilateral mistake, 169
……
4. contract formation, 222
5. unconscionability and other defenses, 287
1. normative underpinnings, 1
1.1 enforcing promises, 2
the rise and fall of freedom of contract, 2
p. s. atiyah
contract as promise, 7
charles fried
notes on enforcing promises, 13
1.2 selecting default rules, 15
contract law, default rules, and the philosophy of promising, 15
richard craswell
filling gaps in incomplete contracts, 21
ian ayres and robert gertner
notes on selecting default rules, 27
1.3 distributional concerns, 29
passing on the costs of legal rules, 29
richard craswell
notes on distributional concerns, 37
2. remedies for breach, 39
2.1 expectation damages, 40
. law and economics, 40
robert cooter and thomas ulen
the efficient breach fallacy, 42
daniel friedmann
contract remedies, renegotiation, and the theory of efficient
breach, 44
richard craswell
notes on expectation damages, 52
2.2 limits on the expectation measure, 54
2.2.1 mitigation and reliance by the promisee, 54
the mitigation principle, 54
charles j. goetz and robert e. scott
unity in tort, contract, and property, 57
robert cooter
notes on mitigation and reliance by the promisee, 63
2.2.2 consequential damages, 65
beyond foreseeability: consequential damages in the law of
contract, 65
richard a. epstein
contract damages and cross-subsidization, 71
gwyn d. quillen
information and the scope of liability for breach of contract, 75
lucian ayre bebchuk and steven shavell
notes on consequential damages, 76
2.2.3 subjective losses, 80
cost of completion or diminution in market value, 80
timothy j. muris
proposals for products liability reform, 85
alan schwartz
notes on subjective losses, 89
2.3 alternatives to expectation damages, 92
2.3.1 specific performance, 92
the case for specific performance, 92
alan schwartz
notes on specific performance, 96
2.3.2 liquidated damages, 99
liquidated damages, penalties, and the just compensation principle,99
charles j. goetz and robert e. scott
efficiency implications of penalties and liquidated damages, 105
samuel a. rea, jr.
notes on liquidated damages, 113
2.3.3 rescission and restitution, 114
the mitigation principle, 114
charles j. goetz and robert e. scott
good faith in the enforcement of contracts, 118
eric g. andersen
notes on rescission and restitution, 124
2.3.4 punitive damages, 126
punitive damages: divergence in search of a rationale, 126
bruce chapman and michael trebilcock
notes on punitive damages, 135
3. defining the performance obligation, 137
3.1 implied excuses, 138
3.1.1 impracticability, frustration, and mistake, 138
impossibility and related doctrines in contract law, 138
richard a. posner and andrew m. rosenfield
contract as promise, 143
charles fried
mistake, frustration, and the windfall principle of contract
remedies, 147
andrew kull
relational contracts in the courts, 152
alan schwartz
notes on impracticability, frustration, and mistake, 156
3.1.2 nondisclosure and unilateral mistake, 159
mistake, disclosure, information, and the law of contracts, 159
anthony t. kronman
legal secrets, 165
kim lane scheppele
notes on nondisclosure and unilateral mistake, 169
……
4. contract formation, 222
5. unconscionability and other defenses, 287
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