Engineering the risks of hazardous wastes /
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作 者：Daniel A. Vallero, with a contribution by J. Jeffrey Peirce.
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ISBN：9780750677424
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简介
Many engineers, from the chemical and process industries, waste treatment system management and design to the clean-up of contaminated sites, are engaged in careers that address hazardous wastes. However, no single book is available that explains how to manage the risks of those wastes. At best it is dealt with in diverse sections of books on the general field of environmental engineering, and in various treatments of the subject of risk, statistics and hazard assessment. This is a reference and text that blends together theoretical explanations, techniques and case study examples to complement practicalknowledge. These include problems with solutions, case studies of current and landmark hazardous waste problems, a companion website, and reference sections that will makecertain that this text stays on the practicing engineer's bookshelf. - Addresses a subject of theoretical and regulatory importance - The only book to take this approach - Includes textbook case studies and examples as well as practical advice.
目录
Front Cover 1
Engineering the Risks of Hazardous Wastes 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Foreword 14
Preface 18
Acknowledgments 22
Chapter 1. An Engineering Perspective on the Risks of Hazardous Wastes 24
How Engineers Can Help Reduce the Risks Posed by Hazardous Wastes 24
History of Hazardous Waste Engineering 25
Why Engineers Should Care about Hazardous Wastes 26
What Is Our Focus? 31
What Human Values Are Important in Hazardous Waste Decisions? 31
What Is Hazardous Waste, Anyway? 34
Toxicity Testing 41
Chapter 2. Entering the Risk Era 46
How Engineers Can Manage Hazardous Waste Risks 46
How Toxicity Is Calculated and Applied to Risk 52
Estimating Exposure to Hazardous Waste 67
Where Does the Engineer Fit in the Risk-Assessment Paradigm? 76
Risk Roles for the Engineer 81
Chapter 3. The Fate, Transformation, and Transport of Hazardous Chemicals 86
How Hazardous Compounds Move and Change in the Environment 86
What Kinds of Hazardous Chemicals Are There? 107
Using Physical Movement and Chemical Changes to Estimate Possible Chemical Risks 126
Chapter 4. Opportunities for Hazardous Waste Intervention by Engineers 144
Intervention to Prevent and Control the Risks Associated with Hazardous Wastes 144
Opportunities in Science, Engineering, and Technology to Control the Risks Associated with Hazardous Wastes 150
A Prerequisite Consideration: The Peirce Progression 151
Thermal Processing: Examples of the Science, Engineering, and Technology of Hazardous Waste Incineration 151
Microbiologic Processing: Examples of the Science, Engineering, and Technology of Hazardous Waste Biotreatment 159
Hazardous Waste Storage Landfills: Examples of the Science, Engineering, and Technology of Long-Term Storage of Hazardous Waste 169
Chemoluminescence and Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH): Examples of the Science, Engineering, and Technology Available to Monitor the Magnitude of the Risks Associated with a Hazardous Waste Problem 174
Chapter 5. A Risk-Based Assessment to Support Remediating a Hazardous Waste Site 182
How Risk Information Is Used in Hazardous Waste Site Remediation 182
Chapter 6. The Role of the Engineer in Emergency Response 214
Lessons from the Emergency Response at the World Trade Center 214
Chapter 7. Risk Perception: What You Say May Not Be What They Hear 230
What Are People\u2019s Perceptions of Risks Posed by Hazardous Waste? 230
What Is the Possibility of a Severely Negative or Catastrophic Outcome? 231
How Familiar Are the Situation and the Potential Risks? 232
Can the Engineer Succinctly Explain the Processes and Mechanisms Being Proposed or Undertaken? 233
How Certain Is the Science and Engineering? 233
How Much Personal Control Is Perceived? 234
Is the Exposure Voluntary or Involuntary? 234
Are Children or Other Sensitive Subpopulations at Risk? 235
When Are the Effects Likely to Occur? 236
Are Future Generations at Risk? 236
Are Potential Victims Readibly Identifiable? 237
How Much Do People Dread the Outcome? 237
Do People Trust the Institution Responsible for Assessing the Risk and Managing the Cleanup? 237
What Is the Media Saying? 238
What Is the Accident History of This Site or Facility or of Similar Sites or Facilities? 238
Is the Risk Distributed Equitably? 238
Are the Benefits Clear? 239
If There Is Any Failure, Will It Be Reversible? 239
What Is the Personal Stake of Each Person? 239
What Is the Origin of the Problem? 240
What Is the Bottom Line about Risk Perception? 240
The Enigma of Risk Perception 240
Chapter 8. Closing Thoughts on the Future of Hazardous Waste Engineering 246
Appendix 1. Glossary of Hazardous Waste Engineering Terminology 248
Appendix 2. Minimum Risk Levels for Chemicals 268
Appendix 3. What to Do If a Company Produces Only a Small Amount of Hazardous Waste 282
Appendix 4. Safety, Health, and Environmental Management Protocol for Field Activities1 286
Appendix 5. Fundamentals of Chemical Equilibria 296
Endnotes and Commentary 304
Index 322
Engineering the Risks of Hazardous Wastes 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Foreword 14
Preface 18
Acknowledgments 22
Chapter 1. An Engineering Perspective on the Risks of Hazardous Wastes 24
How Engineers Can Help Reduce the Risks Posed by Hazardous Wastes 24
History of Hazardous Waste Engineering 25
Why Engineers Should Care about Hazardous Wastes 26
What Is Our Focus? 31
What Human Values Are Important in Hazardous Waste Decisions? 31
What Is Hazardous Waste, Anyway? 34
Toxicity Testing 41
Chapter 2. Entering the Risk Era 46
How Engineers Can Manage Hazardous Waste Risks 46
How Toxicity Is Calculated and Applied to Risk 52
Estimating Exposure to Hazardous Waste 67
Where Does the Engineer Fit in the Risk-Assessment Paradigm? 76
Risk Roles for the Engineer 81
Chapter 3. The Fate, Transformation, and Transport of Hazardous Chemicals 86
How Hazardous Compounds Move and Change in the Environment 86
What Kinds of Hazardous Chemicals Are There? 107
Using Physical Movement and Chemical Changes to Estimate Possible Chemical Risks 126
Chapter 4. Opportunities for Hazardous Waste Intervention by Engineers 144
Intervention to Prevent and Control the Risks Associated with Hazardous Wastes 144
Opportunities in Science, Engineering, and Technology to Control the Risks Associated with Hazardous Wastes 150
A Prerequisite Consideration: The Peirce Progression 151
Thermal Processing: Examples of the Science, Engineering, and Technology of Hazardous Waste Incineration 151
Microbiologic Processing: Examples of the Science, Engineering, and Technology of Hazardous Waste Biotreatment 159
Hazardous Waste Storage Landfills: Examples of the Science, Engineering, and Technology of Long-Term Storage of Hazardous Waste 169
Chemoluminescence and Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH): Examples of the Science, Engineering, and Technology Available to Monitor the Magnitude of the Risks Associated with a Hazardous Waste Problem 174
Chapter 5. A Risk-Based Assessment to Support Remediating a Hazardous Waste Site 182
How Risk Information Is Used in Hazardous Waste Site Remediation 182
Chapter 6. The Role of the Engineer in Emergency Response 214
Lessons from the Emergency Response at the World Trade Center 214
Chapter 7. Risk Perception: What You Say May Not Be What They Hear 230
What Are People\u2019s Perceptions of Risks Posed by Hazardous Waste? 230
What Is the Possibility of a Severely Negative or Catastrophic Outcome? 231
How Familiar Are the Situation and the Potential Risks? 232
Can the Engineer Succinctly Explain the Processes and Mechanisms Being Proposed or Undertaken? 233
How Certain Is the Science and Engineering? 233
How Much Personal Control Is Perceived? 234
Is the Exposure Voluntary or Involuntary? 234
Are Children or Other Sensitive Subpopulations at Risk? 235
When Are the Effects Likely to Occur? 236
Are Future Generations at Risk? 236
Are Potential Victims Readibly Identifiable? 237
How Much Do People Dread the Outcome? 237
Do People Trust the Institution Responsible for Assessing the Risk and Managing the Cleanup? 237
What Is the Media Saying? 238
What Is the Accident History of This Site or Facility or of Similar Sites or Facilities? 238
Is the Risk Distributed Equitably? 238
Are the Benefits Clear? 239
If There Is Any Failure, Will It Be Reversible? 239
What Is the Personal Stake of Each Person? 239
What Is the Origin of the Problem? 240
What Is the Bottom Line about Risk Perception? 240
The Enigma of Risk Perception 240
Chapter 8. Closing Thoughts on the Future of Hazardous Waste Engineering 246
Appendix 1. Glossary of Hazardous Waste Engineering Terminology 248
Appendix 2. Minimum Risk Levels for Chemicals 268
Appendix 3. What to Do If a Company Produces Only a Small Amount of Hazardous Waste 282
Appendix 4. Safety, Health, and Environmental Management Protocol for Field Activities1 286
Appendix 5. Fundamentals of Chemical Equilibria 296
Endnotes and Commentary 304
Index 322
Engineering the risks of hazardous wastes /
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