1  Introduction
2  Basic Solutions of Elastic and Electric Fields of
Piezoelectric Materials
  with Inclusions and Defects
  2.1  The Coupled Differential Equations of Elastic and
Electric Fields in Piezoelectric Solids
    2.1.1  Thermodynamic Framework
    2.1.2  Linear Constitutive Equations
    2.1.3  The Equation of Equlibrium
    2.1.4  The Basic Equations of a Static
Electric Field
    2.1.5  Differential Equations for
Piezoelectric Materials
  2.2  Boundary Conditions
  2.3  Solution Methods for Two-Dimensional
Problems
    2.3.1  The Stroh Formalism for
Piezoelectric Materials
    2.3.2  The Lekhnitskii Formalism for
Piezoelectric Materials
    2.3.3  Conformal Transformation of the Core
Function
  2.4  Basic Solutions for Two-Dimensional Problems
    2.4.1  Elliptical Cylindrical Inclusions in
Piezoelectric Materials
    2.4.2  Cracks
    2.4.3  Dislocations and Line Charges
  2.5  Solution Methods for Three-Dimensional
Problems
    2.5.1  Eigenstrains and Equivalent
Inclusion Method
    2.5.2  Method of Fourier Integrals
    2.5.3  Method of Green's Function
  2.6  Basic Solution for Three-Dimensional
Problems
    2.6.1  Ellipsoidal Inhomogeneous
Inclusions
    2.6.2  Flat Elliptical Cracks
    2.6.3  Ellipsoidal Inhomogeneity Embedded
in an Infinite Matrix when both Phases Undergo Eigenstrains
    2.6.4  Green's Function
  2.7  Remarks
    References
3  Micromechanics Models of Piezoelectric and Ferroelectrie
Composites
  3.1  Background
  3.2  Some Definitions
  3.3  Effective Material Constants of Piezoelectric
Composites
    3.3.1  The Dilute Model
    3.3.2  The Self-Consistent Model
    3.3.3  The Mori-Tanaka Mean Field
Model
    3.3.4  The Differential Model
  3.4  Energy Formulation of Ferroelectric
Composites
    3.4.1  Elastic Strain Energy Density for
Ferroelectric Composites
    3.4.2  Intrinsic Free Energy Density for
Ferroelectric Composites
    3.4.3  Total Free Energy for Ferroelectric
Composites with Spherical Inclusions
  3.5  Phase Diagrams
    3.5.1  Total Free Energy for Ferroelectric
Composites with
    Spherical Inclusions and Equiaxed Strains
    3.5.2  Phase Diagrams and Total
Polarizations
  3.6  Remarks
  Appendix A: Radon Transform
  References
4  Determination of the Smallest Sizes of Ferroeleetric
Nanodomains
  4.1  Introduction
  4.2  Electric Fields in Ferroelectric Thin Film
    4.2.1  General Expression of Electric Field
of Ferroelectric Domain
    4.2.2  AFM-Induced Electric Field in
Ferroelectric Thin Films
  4.3  Energy Expressions
    4.3.1  Energy Expression for 180~ Domain in
a Ferroelectric
      Film Covered with Top and Bottom
Electrodes
    4.3.2  Energy Expression for 180~ Domain in
Ferroelectric
      Film Induced by an AFM Tip without
the Top Electrode
  4.4  Driving Force and Evolution Equations of Domain
Growth
  4.5  Stability Analysis
  4.6  Remarks
  Appendix B: Derivation of the Electric and Magnetic Field
for a Growing 180° Domain
  References
5  Size and Surface Effects of Phase Transition on
Nanoferroelectrie Materials
  5.1  Introduction and Overview of Ferroelectrics in
Nanoscale Dimensions
    5.1.1  Ferroelectric Thin Films in
Nanoscale Dimensions
    5.1.2  Ferroelectric Tunneling Junctions
and Capacitors in Nanoscale Dimensions
    5.1.3  Ferroelectric Multilayers in
Nanoscale
    5.1.4  Ferroelectric Nanowires and
Nanotubes
    5.1.5  Ferroelectric Nanograins or
Nanoislands on Substrates
  5.2  Thermodynamic Modeling and Stability Analysis of
Ferroelectric Systems
    5.2.1  Background of the Thermodynamic
Modeling for Ferroeleclrics
    5.2.2  Electrostatics for
Ferroelectrics
    5.2.3  Thermodynamics of
Ferroelectrics
    5.2.4  Stability Analysis on Critical
Properties of Ferroelectric Systems
  5.3  Ferroelectric Thin Films in Nanoscale
    5.3.1  Thermodynamic Model for a Thick
Ferroelectric Film
    5.3.2  Size and Surface Effects on
Ferroelectric Thin Films
    5.3.3  The Evolution Equation and Stability
of the Stationary States ..
    5.3.4  Curie Temperature and Critical
Thickness
    5.3.5  Curie-Weiss Law of Ferroelectric
Thin Film in Nanoscale
  5.4  Critical Properties of Ferroelectric Capacitors or
Tunnel Junctions..
    5.4.1  The Thermodynamic Potential of the
Ferroelectric
    Capacitors or Tunnel Junctions
    5.4.2  The Evolution Equation and Stability
of the Stationary States..
    5.4.3  Curie Temperature of the
Ferroelectric Capacitors or
    Tunnel Junctions
    5.4.4  Polarization as a Function of
Thickness of the Ferroelectric
    Capacitors or Tunnel Junctions
    5.4.5  Critical Thickness of the
Ferroelectric Capacitors or
    Tunnel Junctions
    5.4.6  Curie-Weiss Relation of the
Ferroelectric Capacitors or
    Tunnel Junctions .
  5.5  Ferroelectric Superlattices in Nanoscale
    5.5.1  The Free Energy Functional
ofFerroelectric Superlattices
    5.5.2  The Phase Transition Temperature
ofPTO/STO Superlattice.
    5.5.3  Polarizafion and Critical Thickness
ofPTO/STO Superlattice
    5.5.4  The Curie-Weiss-Type Relation
ofPTO/STO Superlattice
  5.6  Ferroelectric Nanowires and Nanotubes
    5.6.1  Surface Tension ofFerroelectric
Nanowires and Nanotubes.
    5.6.2  Size and Surface Effects on
Ferroelectric Nanowires
    5.6.3  Ferroelectric Nanotubes
  5.7  Ferroelectric Nanograins or Nanoislands
    5.7.1  Free Energy of Ferroelectric
Nanograins or Nanoislands
    5.7.2  Stability of the Ferroelectric State
and Transition
    Characteristics
    5.7.3  Critical Properties of Nanograins or
Nanoislands
  5.8  Remarks
  References
6  Strain Engineering: Ferroeleetrie Films on Compliant
Substrates
  6.1  Background
  6.2  Manipulation of Phase Transition Behavior of
Ferroelectric Thin
    Films on Compliant Substrates
    6.2.1  Free Energy Expressions
    6.2.2  Evolution Equations
    6.2.3  Manipulation of Ferroelectric
Transition Temperature and Critical Thickness
    6.2.4  Manipulation of the Order of
Transition
  6.3  Piezoelectric Bending Response and Switching
Behavior of
    Ferroelectric Thin Film with Compliant
Paraelectric Substrate
    6.3.1  Model of Ferroelectric Thin Film
with Compliant
    Paraelectric Substrate and the Energy
Expressions
    6.3.2  Solution of the Evolution
Equation
    6.3.3  The Stationary and Relative Bending
Displacements of the
    Bilayer
    6.3.4  Dynamic Piezoelectric and Bending
Response of the
    Bilayer Under a Cyclic Electric Field
    6.3.5  Examples and Discussions
  6.4  Critical Thickness for Dislocation Generation in
Piezoelectric Thin
    Films on Substrate
    6.4.1  Elastic and Electric Fields in a
Piezoelectric Semi-Infinite
    Space with a Dislocation
    6.4.2  Critical Thickness for Dislocation
Generation
    6.4.3  Effect of Piezoelectric Behavior of
the Materials on the
    Critical Thickness for Dislocation
Formation
  6.5  Critical Thickness of Dislocation Generation in
Ferroelectdc
    Thin Film on a Compliant Substrate
    6.5.1  Mechanical Properties of the
Problem
    6.5.2  The Formation Energy and the
Critical Thickness of Spontaneous Formation of Misfit
Dislocation
  6.6  Remarks
  References
7  Derivation of the Landau-Ginzburg Expansion
Coefficients
  7.1  Introduction
  7.2  Fundamental of the Landau-Devonshire Theory
    7.2.1  The History of the Landau Free
Energy Theory
    7.2.2  The Thermodynamic Functions of the
Dielectrics and Phase Transition
    7.2.3  The Expansion of the Free Energy and
Phase Transition
  7.3  Determination of Landau Free Energy Expansion
Coefficients Based on Experimental Methods
    7.3.1  The Experimental Observation of the
Phase Transition Characteristics in Ferroelectrics
    7.3.2  The Phenomenological Treatment of
Devonshire Theory
    7.3.3  The Elastic Gibbs Free Energy of
PbTiO3 and Its Coefficients
    7.3.4  The Determination of the Expansion
Coefficients from
      the First-Principle Calculation
Based on the Effective
      Hamiltonian Method
  7.4  Gradient Terms in the Landau-Devonshire-Ginzburg
Free Energy Expansion
    7.4.1  The Consideration of Spatial
Non-uniform Distribution
      of the Order Parameters in the
Landau Theory
    7.4.2  The Critical Region and the
Applicability of Landau
      Mean Field Theory
    7.4.3  Determination of the Gradient Terms
from the Lattice
    Dynamic Theory
    7.4.4  The Extrapolation Length and the
Gradient Coefficient
  7.5  The Transverse Ising Model and Statistical
Mechanics Approaches
    7.5.1  Phase Transition from the Transverse
Ising Model
    7.5.2  Relationship of the Parameters
Between Landau Theory
    and the Transverse Ising Model
    7.5.3  Determination of Landau-Ginzburg
Free Energy Expansion
    Coefficients from Statistical Mechanics
  7.6  Remarks
  References
8  Multiferroie Materials
  8.1  Background
  8.2  Coupling Mechanism of Multiferroic Materials
    8.2.1  Single Phase Multiferroic
Materials
    8.2.2  Magnetoelectric Composites
  8.3  Theories of Magnetoeleclric Coupling Effect at Low
Frequency
    8.3.1  Energy Formulation for Multiferroic
Composites
    8.3.2  Phase Transition Behaviors in
Layered Structures
    8.3.3  Magnetoelectfic Coupling
Coefficients in Layered Structures
  8.4  Magnetoelectric Coupling at Resonance
Frequency
    8.4.1  Magnetoelectric Coupling at Bending
Modes
    8.4.2  Magnetoelectfic Coupling at
Electromechanical Resonance
    8.4.3  Magnetoelectric Coupling at
Ferromagnetic Resonance
  8.5  Remarks
  References
9  Dielectric Breakdown of Mieroeleetronie and Nanoeleetronie
Devices.
  9.1  Introduction
  9.2  Basic Concepts
    9.2.1  MOS Structure
    9.2.2  Different Tunneling Modes
    9.2.3  Dielectric Breakdown Modes
    9.2.4  Defect Generation
    9.2.5  Basic Statistical Concepts of
Dielectric Breakdown
    9.2.6  Stress Induced Leakage Current
    9.2.7  Holes Generation
    9.2.8  Energetics of Defects
  9.3  Mechanism Analysis of Tunneling Phenomena in Thin
Oxide Film.
    9.3.1  Self-consistent SchrSdinger's and
Poisson's Equations
    9.3.2  Transmission Coefficient
    9.3.3  Tunneling Current Components
    9.3.4  Microscopic Investigation of Defects
from First-Principles Calculation
    9.3.5  Manipulating Tunneling by Applied
Strains
  9.4  Degradation Models in Gate Oxide Films
    9.4.1  Anode Hole Injection Model
    9.4.2  Thermochemical Model
    9.4.3  Anode Hydrogen Release Model
    9.4.4  Thermal Breakdown Model
    9.4.5  Mechanical-Stress-Induced Breakdown
Model
    9.4.6  Remarks
  9.5  Statistical Models of Dielectric Breakdown
    9.5.1  A Basic Statistical Model
    9.5.2  A Three-Dimensional Statistical
Model
    9.5.3  Sphere and Cube Based Percolation
Models
    9.5.4  Combination of Percolation Model and
Degradation Model
  9.6  Damage of Dielectric Breakdown in MOSFET
    9.6.1  Lateral Propagation of Breakdown
Spot
    9.6.2  Dielectric Breakdown-Induced
Epitaxy
    9.6.3  Dielectric Breakdown-Induced
Migration
    9.6.4  Meltdown and Regrowth of Silicided
Poly-Si Gate
    9.6.5  Damage in Substrate
  9.7  Remarks
  References
  Index