Biotechnology : demystifying the concepts /

Table Of Contents:

CHAPTER 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO LIVING THINGS 1(22)

The Cellular Basis of Life 2(1)

Organization of Cells 3(3)

Biomolecules 6(5)

Lipids 7(2)

Proteins 9(2)

Nucleic Acids 11(1)

Carbohydrates 11(1)

Chemical Forces Important to Biomolecules 11(5)

Ionic Bonds 12(1)

Covalent Bonds 13(1)

Hydrogen Bonds 14(2)

Hydrophobic Forces 16(1)

The Key to Life 16(5)

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 17(1)

Activation Energy 18(1)

Catalysis 19(1)

Enzymes 20(1)

Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions 20(1)

ISSUES: Risk and New Technology 21(1)

Summary 22(1)

Review Questions 22(1)

CHAPTER 2 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: THE FLOW OF INFORMATION WITHIN CELLS 23(24)

The Structure of DNA 24(6)

Building Blocks 24(1)

The Double-stranded Structure 25(4)

The Helix 29(1)

Review of Structure and Function 30(1)

The Flow of Biological Information 30(14)

The Language of DNA 31(1)

Transcription 32(5)

Translation 37(5)

Replication of DNA 42(1)

Differences Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells 42(2)

ISSUES: Who Owns Our Genes? 44(1)

Summary 45(1)

Review Questions 45(2)

CHAPTER 3 CHROMOSOMES, CELL DIVISION, AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION 47(21)

The Packaging and Structure of Chromosomes 48(4)

Cell Division 52(6)

Eukaryotic Cell Cycle 52(1)

Mitosis 53(4)

Cytokinesis 57(1)

Mitosis in Context 57(1)

Sexual Reproduction 58(2)

The Benefits of Genetic Variety 60(4)

ISSUES: Genetic Differences Between Sexes 64(2)

ESSAY: Genes, Behavior, and Prejudice 66(1)

Summary 67(1)

Review Questions 67(1)

CHAPTER 4 MENDELIAN GENETICS 68(18)

The Law of Equal Segregation 69(8)

Inheritance of Traits 69(3)

Significance of Statistical Rations 72(2)

Diagraming Inheritance 74(2)

Developing a Model 76(1)

The Law of Independent Assortment 77(2)

Observing Multiple Traits 77(1)

Developing a Model 77(2)

ESSAY: Science Is More than Facts 79(1)

Extensions of Mendelian Genetics 80(4)

Incomplete Dominance 80(2)

Genetic Linkage 82(2)

ISSUES: Generalizations and Exceptions 84(1)

Summary 84(1)

Review Questions 85(1)

CHAPTER 5 MUTATIONS AND GENETIC DISEASE 86(19)

Gene-level Mutations 87(5)

Environmental Mutagens 87(2)

Mutations and the Flow of Information 89(3)

Chromosome-level Mutations 92(3)

Deletions 92(1)

Translocations 92(1)

Aneuploidy 93(2)

ESSAY: Can Knowledge of Genetic Makeup Create Stigmas? 95(1)

Genetic Diseases 95(8)

Autosomal Recessive Disorders 96(2)

Autosomal Dominant Disorders 98(3)

X-linked Diseases 101(2)

Genetic Predispositions 103(1)

Summary 103(1)

Review Questions 104(1)

CHAPTER 6 COMPLEXITIES OF GENETICS: POLYGENES, BEHAVIORAL TRAITS, AND EUGENICS 105(20)

Polygenic Traits 105(3)

Variability and the Environment 108(3)

Familial and Heritable Traits 108(1)

Measuring Heritability: Twin Studies 109(1)

Behavioral Traits 110(1)

ESSAY: Genetic Determinism 111(1)

Eugenics--A Social Movement Based on the Inheritance of Complex Traits 112(11)

The Origin of "Degeneracy" 114(2)

Intelligence Testing and Eugenics 116(5)

Political Effects of Eugenics 121(1)

Eugenics in Nazi Germany 122(1)

The Decline of Eugenics 123(1)

ISSUES: The Balance of Social and Scientific Beliefs 123(1)

A Final Questions 123(1)

Summary 124(1)

Review Questions 124(1)

CHAPTER 7 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 125(13)

Regulation of Metabolism 125(3)

Control of Gene Expression 128(2)

Cellular Communication 130(4)

Specificity of Molecular Interactions 130(2)

Signal Transduction 132(2)

Disease: The Loss of Biological Control 134(1)

Biotechnology's Concern: Useful Changes in Control 135(1)

ISSUES: Ethics in Biotechnology 135(1)

Summary 136(1)

Review Questions 136(2)

CHAPTER 8 GENETIC ENGINEERING: TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES 138(32)

Diabetes and the Role of Insulin 138(2)

ISSUES: Treat the Symptoms or Prevent the Disease? 140(1)

General Considerations 141(3)

Biological Reactions Inside and Outside the Cell 141(1)

Growing Bacteria in the Laboratory 142(2)

Detecting What Happens to Individual Molecules 144(1)

The Cloning and Expression of Genes 144(4)

Obtaining the Insulin Gene 144(2)

Inserting Genes into Bacterial Cells 146(2)

ISSUES: Why Do Restriction Enzymes Exist in Nature? 148(4)

Selecting Cells with the Desired Gene 151(1)

ISSUES: Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria--Evolution in Action 152(12)

Inducing the Expression of Insulin in Bacterial Cells 158(4)

Purifying the Product 162(2)

ISSUES: Safety in Genetic Engineering 164(2)

Cloning Considerations 166(2)

Choosing a Cloning Vector 166(2)

Choosing a Host 168(1)

Summary 168(1)

Review Questions 169(1)

CHAPTER 9 MORE GENETIC ENGINEERING: ANALYSIS OF DNA AND APPLICATIONS 170(37)

Analysis of DNA Moledules 171(5)

Gel Electrophoresis 171(5)

DNA Sequencing 176(12)

Hybridization 178(6)

Polymerase Chain Reaction 184(2)

RFLP Analysis 186(2)

Applications of Recombinant DNA: Products and Processes 188(2)

Basic Research 188(1)

The Human Genome Project 189(1)

ISSUES: The Value of the Human Genome Project 190(12)

Medical Applications 190(3)

Forensics 193(2)

Environmental Applications 195(1)

Agricultural Uses of Recombinant DNA 196(2)

Plants and Bacteria 198(3)

Insecticides and Herbicides 201(1)

ISSUES: Genetic Engineering and Evolution 202(1)

ESSAY: Concerns About the Use of Recombinant DNA 203(2)

Summary 205(1)

Review Questions 206(1)

CHAPTER 10 GENETIC DISEASE AND GENE THERAPY 207(28)

Genes That Cause Disease 207(5)

Inheritance of Disease 208(1)

Finding and Cloning a Human Disease-causing Gene 209(3)

Genetic Diagnosis 212(7)

Specificity of Diagnosis 213(2)

Prenatal Diagnosis 215(2)

Embryonic Diagnosis 217(1)

Diagnosis of Adults 218(1)

ISSUES: To Know or Not to Know? 219(1)

Genetic Screening 220(3)

Tay-Sachs Screening 221(1)

Sickle-cell Anemia Screening 222(1)

ESSAY: When Should a Screening Program Be Instituted? 223(1)

Genetic Counseling 224(1)

Treatment of Genetic Disease 224(6)

Traditional Treatments 224(1)

Gene Therapy 224(6)

Social Implications of Treating Genetic Disease 230(2)

Regulation and Approval of Gene Therapy Trials 230(1)

Germ Line Gene Therapy 231(1)

ESSAY: A Response to Koshland 232(1)

Summary 233(1)

Review Questions 233(2)

CHAPTER 11 IMMUNOLOGY 235(32)

First Line of Defense 236(1)

Nonspecific Defenses 236(5)

Cells That Kill Invading Microorganisms 236(3)

Antimicrobial Proteins 239(1)

The Inflammatory Response 240(1)

The Fever Response 240(1)

The Immune System 241(15)

The Immune Response 241(6)

The Diversity of the Immune System 247(2)

Self-recognition by the Immune System 249(5)

Vaccines 254(2)

The State of Some Infectious Diseases 256(1)

ESSAY: Vaccines for the Third World 257(8)

Smallpox 258(1)

Measles 259(1)

Polio 260(1)

Tetanus 261(1)

Malaria 261(4)

Summary 265(1)

Review Questions 265(2)

CHAPTER 12 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY TECHNOLOGY 267(16)

Producing Antibodies 267(6)

Polyclonal Antibodies 268(2)

Monoclonal Antibodies 270(3)

Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies 273(5)

Medical Diagnosis--ELISA Tests 273(3)

Treatment of Disease and "Magic Bullets" 276(2)

ESSAY: Treating Symptoms 278(3)

Passive Immunization 279(1)

Detection, Isolation, and Purification of Biomolecules 279(2)

Summary 281(1)

Review Questions 281(2)

CHAPTER 13 AIDS AND HIV 283(30)

The HIV Virus 284(7)

HIV Replication Cycle 287(3)

Why Does HIV Infection Result in AIDS? 290(1)

HIV and the Immune System 291(2)

Initial Response to HIV Infection 291(1)

How HIV Evades the Immune System 291(2)

Diagnosing HIV Infection 293(4)

Testing for the Presence of Antibodies Against HIV 293(2)

Testing for the Presence of HIV Genes: PCR Test 295(2)

Treating HIV Infection 297(7)

Efforts to Boost the Immune System 297(1)

Preventing the Spread of HIV Throughout the Body 297(7)

ISSUES: Vaccines Against HIV 304(1)

ESSAY: The Economics of Illness 304(4)

Animal Models of HIV Infection 305(1)

Testing New Therapeutic Agents 306(2)

ESSAY: Should Promising Drugs Be Approved for Use Before Testing Is Complete? 308(1)

ESSAY: How Safe Should Therapeutic Agents Be? 309(1)

The Role of Biotechnology in HIV and AIDS Research 310(1)

Summary 311(1)

Review Questions 311(2)

CHAPTER 14 CANCER 313(23)

What Is Cancer? 313(2)

Common Traits of Tumor Cells 315(5)

Benign and Malignant Tumors 318(1)

Tumors and the Immune System 318(2)

Cancer as a Genetic Disease 320(5)

Cancer and Viruses 320(2)

Proto-oncogences and Tumor Induction 322(1)

Transformation: What Does It Take? 322(3)

Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer 325(7)

Diagnosis 325(1)

Traditional Treatments and Therapies 326(2)

New Approaches to Cancer Therapy 328(4)

ISSUES: The War Against Cancer 332(1)

Summary 333(1)

Review Questions 334(2)

CHAPTER 15 THE BUSINESS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES 336(17)

The Choice of Product or Service 337(6)

Ideas and Research 337(1)

Typical Sequence of Events 338(3)

Risk and Reward 341(2)

Patents and the Protection of Ideas 343(5)

Patenting Life 343(3)

Other Patents 346(2)

Biotechnology in the United States: A Status Report 348(3)

Biotechnology in Health Care 349(1)

Biotechnology in Agriculture 350(1)

Biotechnology and the Environment 351(1)

Summary 351(1)

Review Questions 352(1)

CHAPTER 16 BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD 353(19)

Blueprints for Success 354(1)

The Promises and Potential of Biotechnology 355(10)

Agriculture 355(2)

Food Products 357(2)

Livestock Breeding and Animal Health 359(4)

Medicine and Public Health 363(1)

Energy 364(1)

Bioconversion and Recycling of Materials 364(1)

Application: Ethanol Production in Brazil and the United States 365(2)

Application: Malaysia and Palm Oil 367(3)

Summary 370(1)

Review Questions 370(2)

CHAPTER 17 NOW WHAT? 372(15)

The Technical Aspects of Biotechnology 372(3)

Summary of Risks 373(1)

Potential Breakthroughs? 373(2)

Genetic Information: Potential Uses and Abuses 375(6)

Inheritance 375(1)

Causality 376(1)

Genetic Determinism 376(1)

Testing and Prediction 377(2)

Scientific Reductionism 379(1)

Ownership and Responsibility 380(1)

Sociology of Science 381(1)

Biotechnology: Risks and Ethics 382(3)

Summary 385(1)

Review Questions 385(2)
GLOSSARY 387(16)
INDEX 403