Legal reasoning, research, and writing for international graduate students / 2nd ed.
副标题：无
作 者：Nadia E. Nedzel.
分类号：
ISBN：9780735569539
微信扫一扫,移动浏览光盘
简介
Legal Reasoning, Research, and Writing for International Graduate Students Second Edition, offers broad coverage and skill-building exercises for legal research and writing courses geared toward LL.M. students. Nedzel has tailored her book with sensitivity to the needs of students who are either unfamiliar with U.S. law, or who are still i... more 籲 the process of mastering English, or both.
Legal Reasoning, Research, and Writing for International Graduate Students, Second Edition, features:
a comparative perspective that explains unique and important features of U.S. law, beginning with common and civil law
explanations of practical skills assuming no former knowledge of U.S. law or legal culture, the text is informative and clear
short, lucid chapters that reiterate major points to aid comprehension for those who are in the process of mastering English
complete coverage of basic methods-such as IRAC analysis for preparation of legal documents
integrated approach to proper citation format-explanation and instruction appears in context
coverage of plagiarism and U.S. law school honor codes
practical skill-building exercises in each chapter-many of them Internet-based
charts and summaries as reference tools
extensive Teacher s Manual that includes information about non-U.S. legal systems and legal education to prepare instructors to address the issues and challenges confronted by L.L.M. candidates.
Written with clarity and precision, the updated Second Edition features:
updated research sources
reasoning sections revised for greater clarity
clear instruction on how to write advisory memoranda on non-U.S. law for attorneys in the United States
Ideal for LL.M. candidates or other students who are engaged in the process of mastering English, Nedzel has designed a coursebook in legal reasoning, research, and writing that covers all of the bases and develops the skills they will use in practice. ?less
目录
Table Of Contents:
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxv
Chapter 1 United States Common Law 1
Introduction 1
I. The Nature of U.S. Common Law, as Compared to other Legal Systems 2
A. U.S. Common Law Contrasted with Civilian Jurisdictions 2
B. Background Norms of United States Law 6
1. United States Law as Compared to Shar'ia (Islamic) Law 6
2. United States Law as Compared to Asian Legal Traditions 8
3. United States Legal Philosophy as Compared to Marxist/Leninist Theories 9
II. Comparative Development of Western Legal Systems 11
A. The Civil Law Tradition 11
B. The Anglo-American Development of Common Law 12
1. The Founding of Circuit Courts, Separation of Law and Religion, and Stare Decisis 12
2. The Role of Scholars 14
3. The Jury System 14
4. Common Law Civil Procedure: Writ Pleading, the Distinction between Law and Equity, and Its Effect on the Jury System 16
5. Legal Education 17
III. The Study of Law in the United States: The Case Method 18
IV. Briefing Cases 21
A. Components of a Case Brief 23
Discussion Notes 30
Exercise 31
Supplementary Exercise 37
Bibliography 37
Chapter 2 Introduction to American Legal Research and the Federal System 39
I. United States Legal Resources 39
A. Types of Legal Resources 39
B. Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Research Media 40
II. Research Techniques and Interpretive Skills 41
III. The First Research Skill: Locating a Given Legal Authority 42
A. Primary Authority and Citation Forms 44
1. Constitutions 44
2. Statutes 44
3. Regulations 47
4. Case Law 47
a. The Role of Judicial Review 48
b. Official and Unofficial Versions 49
c. Commercial Versions versus Official Versions 49
d. Federal Court Reporters 50
e. Regional Reporters 51
B. Secondary Sources 51
IV. The First Interpretive Skill: Ranking or Weight of Authority 55
A. Three-Tier Court System 56
B. Mandatory versus Persuasive Authority 56
C. Federalism, Subject Matter Jurisdiction, and the Preemption Doctrine 57
D. Timeliness 61
Discussion Notes 61
Exercise 62
Exercise Hints For Various Media 64
Chapter 3 Legal Reasoning and Objective Legal Writing 67
Introduction 67
I. Deductive Reasoning and the Syllogism 68
II. IRAC and CRAG Reasoning 69
A. I: Identification of an Issue 71
B. R: Analysis of a Legal Rule 72
1. Types of Legal Rules 72
a. Elemental or Conjunctive Rules 72
b. Disjunctive Rules 72
c. Exceptions 73
d. Factors and Balancing Tests 73
e. Totality-of-the-Circumstances Rules 74
2. Difficulties in Stating Common Law Rules 74
3. Incorporating Case Law into the Rule Analysis 76
4. Incorporating Policy Concerns 76
5. Considering Relative Weight of Authority 77
C. A and C: Application and Conclusion 78
III. Example of IRAC Analysis: The Gun-in-the-boot Problem 78
A. Facts and Basic Rule Analysis 79
B. Case Law 79
C. Issue Identification 80
D. Example of a Case Law Chart 81
E. Factual Comparisons to the Harris Problem 82
F. Policy Analysis 82
G. Summary 82
IV. The Interoffice Memo 83
A. The Assignment: Interviewing the Employer 84
B. Interoffice Memo Form 85
C. Discussion Section 87
1. Two-Issue Discussion Sections 87
a. Rule Section (major premise) 88
b. Application Section (minor premise) 88
2. Concluding Sentence 89
D. Other Information about the Interoffice Memo 89
1. Tone and Style 89
2. Citations 90
3. Plagiarism 91
4. Revising 92
V. Sample Interoffice Memo 93
VI. The Open Research Memo 95
A. Definition of an Open Research Memo 95
B. Similarities and Differences between Closed and Open Memos 95
C. Checklist: Researching and Writing the Open Memo 96
Discussion Notes 97
Exercise 100
Chapter 4 The Legal Process 101
Introduction to Civil and Administrative Procedure 101
I. Civil Trial Sequence 102
A. Summary of Civil Trial Sequence 102
B. Documents and Details of Civil Trials 103
A. Pretrial Procedure and Documents 105
1. Preliminary Documents 105
2. Discovery 106
a. Policy Reasons for Broad Powers of Discovery 107
b. Types of Discovery 107
B. The Trial 109
C. Levels of Proof and Standards of Review 110
1. Level of Proof at Trial 110
2. Standards of Review 111
II. Administrative Process 112
A. Rulemaking Processes 113
B. Adjudication Processes 114
C. Judicial Review of Agency Decisions and the Chevron Standard of Review 116
Discussion Notes 117
Chapter 5 The Research Process 119
Introduction 119
I. Ethical and Practical Demands 120
II. The Research Process 121
III. Research Advice 121
A. Media Choices 121
1. Comparison of Fee-Based Computer Databases 123
2. Noncommercial, Non-Fee Computer Databases 125
3. CD-ROM and Microforms 125
B. Finding Tools 126
C. Keeping on Track, Saving Citations 127
D. Preserving Research Results 127
E. Reading for Research 128
F. Planning Project Time 128
G. Determining When Research Is Complete 128
IV. Stage 1: Background Research and Preparation 129
A. Facts: Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How 130
B. Jurisdiction, Area of Law, and Issue or Search Terms 131
C. Research Media Choice 131
D. Initial Research Plan 132
E. Research in Secondary Sources 132
1. Get an Overview of Area of Law and Underlying Policy Considerations 132
2. Identify Probable Source or Sources of Law 132
3. Revise List of Search Terms or Issue Statement 132
4. Locate Applicable Legal Principle 133
5. Scavenge Secondary Sources for Citations to Mandatory Authority 133
F. Issue Statement Refinement 133
G. Research Plan Refinement 133
H. Sample Research Log 133
V. The Purpose and Importance of Secondary Research 139
A. Secondary Sources: Hard Copy or Online? 140
B. Types of Secondary Sources 140
1. Restatements 141
a. Media Choices 143
b. How to Cite Restatements 143
c. Updating Restatements and Scavenging for Primary Authority 144
2. Treatises and Hornbooks 144
a. Research Methods for Treatises 145
b. Media Choices 145
c. How to Cite Treatises 145
d. Updating Treatises 146
3. Legal Periodicals 146
a. Finding an Appropriate Article 147
b. Citing Law Review Articles 148
c. Updating Law Review Articles 148
4. American Law Reports 148
a. How to Find A.L.R. Annotations 148
b. Updating A.L.R. Annotations 149
c. Citing A.L.R. Annotations 149
5. Legal Encyclopedias 149
6. Digests 149
Discussion Notes 150
Exercise 151
Chapter 6 Researching and Updating Case Law 153
Introduction 153
I. Finding and Verifying Case Law 153
A. Scavenging from Secondary Sources 154
B. Using Citators to Verify, Update, and Broaden Research 154
1. Scavenging Cases from Citations Given in a Case 155
2. Citators 155
3. Using Citators to Verify Case Law 156
4. Using Citators to Locate Case Law and Secondary Authority 157
5. The Importance of Citators 158
C. Locating Case Law Using Subject Indexes 158
D. Term and Full-Sentence Searches on Internet Databases 159
1. Choosing the Appropriate Database 159
2. Choosing between Boolean and Full-Sentence Searches 160
3. Avoid Boolean and Full-Sentence Searches until You Have Used Other Methods 160
4. Tailoring Boolean Searches for Accuracy 161
II. Citing Cases 161
A. The Case Name 162
1. Short-Form Case Names 162
B. Reporter Information, Volume and Page Numbers 163
1. Parallel Citations 163
2. Pinpoint Citations 164
a. Locating Page Numbers 164
b. Citing Multiple Pages 164
C. Court and Year 164
D. Subsequent History 164
E. Short Citation Forms 165
Exercises: Finding and Citing Case Law 166
Chapter 7 Researching and Interpreting Constitutions, Statutes, Regulations, and International Law 169
I. Statute, Regulation, or Case Law: Which is it? 169
II. Researching Constitutions 171
III. Researching Statutes 172
A. Locating Statutes 172
1. Scavenge from Secondary Sources 172
2. Use Subject Indexes to Locate Controlling Statute 172
3. Analyze Associated Statutes 173
4. Locate and Analyze Noted Cases in Annotations 173
5. Use Citators to Update and Broaden Case Research 174
6. Use Term and Sentence-Lorne Searches 174
7. Research Legislative History II Needed 174
B. Congressional Powers and the Legislative Process 174
1. Structure and Functions of Congress 174
2. How a Bill Becomes Law I 75
3. Researching New Statutes I 77
IV. Researching and Updating Administrative Regulations 178
V. Interpreting Statutes 179
A. Plain Language 180
B. Textualist Approach 182
C. Purposive Interpretation 184
1. Documents Generated During the Legislative Process 184
2. Weight of Authority in Legislative History 184
3. How to Find Legislative History Documents 185
4. Controversies Surrounding Legislative History 186
5. Interpretations Based on Public Policy 186
VI. International Law and Treaties 187
A. Researching International Law Online 188
B. U.S. Interpretations of International Law 188
Exercises 189
Bibliography 193
Chapter 8 Rewriting and Style 195
I. United States Legal Writing Rhetoric 195
A. The Ideal 195
B. The Reality 196
II. Rewriting 196
III. Reorganization 196
A. The Macro-Organization of an Objective Memo 197
B. Reorganization of the Discussion 198
C. Small-Scale Organization of the Rule Section 200
1. Use of Case Law and Avoidance of Laundry Lists 200
2. More Than One Problematic Component 201
3. Sequence of Cases 201
4. Paragraphs Discussing Cases 202
5. Incorporating Secondary Authority 202
D. Small-Scale Organization of an Application Section 203
1. Structure of the Application Section 203
2. Fact-to-Fact Analogy 205
E. Reorganization of the Facts 206
F. Reorganization of the Conclusion 206
G. Picturing How Sections of a Law Firm Memo Work Together 207
IV. Editing 207
A. Paragraphs 207
1. Paragraph Structure 207
2. Topic Sentences 207
3. Transitions 208
a. Transitional Sentences 209
b. Word or Phrase Transitions 209
c. Linking 211
4. Paragraph Length 211
B. Editing Sentences 212
1. Sentence Length 212
2. Sentence Structure 213
3. Paraphrasing and Using Language Consistently 214
C. Editing Details 215
1. Paragraph and Sentence Format 215
2. Word Choice 215
3. Grammar 216
a. Verb Tenses 216
b. Articles 216
c. Possessive Form 216
d. Capitalization 217
e. Collective Nouns 217
f. Punctuation 217
g. Issues of Style 220
h. Citations 221
V. Proofreading 222
Exercises 222
Chapter 9 Advanced Objective Writing 225
Introduction 225
I. Types of Scholarly Articles 226
A. Seminar Papers and Thesis Papers 226
B. Law Review Articles 226
II. Subject Choice and Development 228
A. Identifying a Particular Issue or Narrow Area 228
B. Approaches to Articles 229
C. Unanticipated Research Problems 231
III. The Contents of a Scholarly Article 231
A. Thesis Statement 231
B. Basic Organization of a Scholarly Paper 233
C. Footnotes 233
1. String Citations 233
2. Discursive Citations 234
D. Plagiarism Warning 236
IV. Time Management and Reward-1 Strategies 237
A. Avoiding Procrastination 237
B. Research. Strategy 238
C. Storing and Organising Research for Larger Projects 239
D. Reorganizing Research: Prewriting 239
V. The Writing Process 240
A. The Natural Writing Process 241
B. Prewriting 242
1. Notecards and Preliminary Notes 242
2. Outlining 243
a. Organizational Paradigms for Comparative Projects 243
b. Case Charts and Informal Diagrams 245
3. Free-Form Outlining 245
4. Dump Drafts 247
5. Summary of the Optimal Prewriting Process 247
C. Writing 247
1. Problematic Sections 248
2. Translation Problems with Comparative Topics 248
3. Keeping Track of Citations 248
D. Rewriting 249
1. Organization 249
2. Content and Scope 249
E. Editing 249
1. Signposts and Transitions 249
2. Paragraph and Sentence Structure 250
3. Style and Tone 250
F. Introductions and Conclusions 251
G. Polishing and Proofreading 252
H. Final Thoughts 253
Exercise 253
Bibliography 253
Chapter 10 Non-Fee Internet Legal Research 255
Introduction 255
I. Research Strategies 256
A. Stage 1 Research 256
B. Stage 2 Research 258
1. Researching Statutes 258
2. Researching Regulations 258
3. Researching Case Law 259
C. Stage 3 Research 260
II. Research Methodology: Boolean Searches 260
A. The and Connector 261
B. The or Connector 261
C. Problems with the Meaning of a Space between Words 261
D. Parentheses: Using and and or in the Same Search 262
E. Proximity Connectors 262
F. Quotations, Pluralization, and Wild Cards 262
G. Getting the Most from a Search 263
III. Non-fee Legal Research Web Sites 263
A. Legal Research Web Crawlers 264
B. Law School and Other Nonprofit Organization Sites 264
C. Government Sites 265
1. Broad-Scoped Databases and Search Engines 265
2. Specific U.S. Government Databases 266
D. Generic Search Engines and Web Crawlers 266
Exercises: Locating Authorities Using Non-Fee CALR 267
Chapter 11 Persuasive Writing 269
Introduction: Objective versus Persuasive Writing 269
I. Issues of Form 270
II. Descriptions of Filings 271
A. The Complaint 272
B. The Answer 272
C. Motions to Dismiss 273
D. Notice of Appeal and the Appellate Brief 274
III. Drafting Memoranda in Support or Appellate Briefs 275
A. Prewriting 275
B. Format 276
C. Drafting Sequence 277
D. The Introduction and Question Presented 278
E. The Statement of the Case or Statement of Facts 278
1. Be Careful When Incorporating to-Be-Established Factual Assertions 279
2. Use of Emotional Language 280
3. Balancing Accuracy, Unfavorable Facts, and Organization 280
4. Appellate Briefs: The Appellee's Statement of Facts 281
F. Statement of Jurisdiction 282
G. Standard of Review or Decisional Standard 282
H. The Argument 285
1. The Umbrella Paragraph 285
2. Point Headings or Issues for Review 286
3. Formulate a Favorable Rule 286
4. Use the Favorable Rule to Develop Point Headings 288
5. Supporting Arguments Using CRAC Analysis 290
6. Handling Counterarguments 292
7. Organizing Arguments for Factor and Totality-of-the-Circumstances Rules 293
8. The Prayer 295
IV. A Cautionary Note: Ethical Rules and Writing Standards Applicable to Advocacy 295
Discussion Notes 298
Exercise 300
Appendix to Chapter 11: Sample Filings 300
Chapter 12 Drafting Contracts 317
I. The Nature of Contract Drafting 317
II. Background and Preparation 319
A. The Initial Client Interview 320
B. The Outline 321
C. The Term Sheet or Draft Contract 322
1. Term Sheet 322
2. The Letter of Intent 323
D. The Contract 323
1. Pattern or Formbooks and Other Resources 323
2. The Form of a Contract 325
III. Drafting the Contract 326
A. Title 326
B. Date 326
C. Introduction 326
D. Recitals 328
E. Definitions 330
F. Substantive Provisions (Terms) 332
1. Operating Clauses 334
2. Termination Clauses 335
3. Contingency Clauses 336
4. Damages and Remedies 336
5. Miscellaneous 338
a. Housekeeping Provisions 338
b. Provisions for Modification 338
G. Signatures and Dates 338
H. Notarization and Witnesses 339
Exercise 339
Bibliography 342
Appendix A: Preparing for and Taking Examinations 343
Introduction 343
I. Outlining and Studying 345
A. Preparing an Outline 345
B. Studying and Practicing with Hypothetical Problems 346
C. Sample Outline 346
II. Taking U.S. Law School Examinations 349
A. The Plan of Attack 349
1. Read the General Directions 349
2. Scan the Exam and Allocate Your Time 349
3. Apportion One-Third of Your Time for Reading and Outlining Essay Questions 350
4. Read Each Essay Question Twice 350
5. Highlight Clues and Note Key Concepts 350
6. Outline Your Answer 350
7. Write Your Essay Answer with an Eye on the Clock 351
B. Writing the Exam: IRAC and CRAG 351
C. Common Errors 351
1. Taking Sides 352
2. Failing to Explicitly State Controlling Law 352
3. Failing to Note the Relationship between Legal Issues 352
4. Mixing Legal Categories 352
5. Discussing Irrelevant Legal Principles 353
D. Sample Torts Question and Answers 353
Exercise 354
Comparing the Two Answers 356
Bibliography 358
Appendix B: Drafting Advisory Memoranda for Attorneys in the United States 361
I. Visually Approximate the Standard U.S. Office Memo Format 361
II. In Presenting the Legal Analysis, Approximate (as much as possible) the IRAC Structure used in the United States 362
III. In Addition to Approximating the Structure of a U.S. Advisory Memorandum, Approximate Common Law Methodology as much as possible as Well 363
Add an Explanation of your Legal System's Methodology as needed to help the U.S. Reader Understand the Differences 363
IV. Remember to use Transitions and to Edit and Carefully Proofread your Memo 363
V. Providing updates on a Number of Topics 364
VI. Sample Memorandum: The Wedding Dress in Chile 364
Index 369
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxv
Chapter 1 United States Common Law 1
Introduction 1
I. The Nature of U.S. Common Law, as Compared to other Legal Systems 2
A. U.S. Common Law Contrasted with Civilian Jurisdictions 2
B. Background Norms of United States Law 6
1. United States Law as Compared to Shar'ia (Islamic) Law 6
2. United States Law as Compared to Asian Legal Traditions 8
3. United States Legal Philosophy as Compared to Marxist/Leninist Theories 9
II. Comparative Development of Western Legal Systems 11
A. The Civil Law Tradition 11
B. The Anglo-American Development of Common Law 12
1. The Founding of Circuit Courts, Separation of Law and Religion, and Stare Decisis 12
2. The Role of Scholars 14
3. The Jury System 14
4. Common Law Civil Procedure: Writ Pleading, the Distinction between Law and Equity, and Its Effect on the Jury System 16
5. Legal Education 17
III. The Study of Law in the United States: The Case Method 18
IV. Briefing Cases 21
A. Components of a Case Brief 23
Discussion Notes 30
Exercise 31
Supplementary Exercise 37
Bibliography 37
Chapter 2 Introduction to American Legal Research and the Federal System 39
I. United States Legal Resources 39
A. Types of Legal Resources 39
B. Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Research Media 40
II. Research Techniques and Interpretive Skills 41
III. The First Research Skill: Locating a Given Legal Authority 42
A. Primary Authority and Citation Forms 44
1. Constitutions 44
2. Statutes 44
3. Regulations 47
4. Case Law 47
a. The Role of Judicial Review 48
b. Official and Unofficial Versions 49
c. Commercial Versions versus Official Versions 49
d. Federal Court Reporters 50
e. Regional Reporters 51
B. Secondary Sources 51
IV. The First Interpretive Skill: Ranking or Weight of Authority 55
A. Three-Tier Court System 56
B. Mandatory versus Persuasive Authority 56
C. Federalism, Subject Matter Jurisdiction, and the Preemption Doctrine 57
D. Timeliness 61
Discussion Notes 61
Exercise 62
Exercise Hints For Various Media 64
Chapter 3 Legal Reasoning and Objective Legal Writing 67
Introduction 67
I. Deductive Reasoning and the Syllogism 68
II. IRAC and CRAG Reasoning 69
A. I: Identification of an Issue 71
B. R: Analysis of a Legal Rule 72
1. Types of Legal Rules 72
a. Elemental or Conjunctive Rules 72
b. Disjunctive Rules 72
c. Exceptions 73
d. Factors and Balancing Tests 73
e. Totality-of-the-Circumstances Rules 74
2. Difficulties in Stating Common Law Rules 74
3. Incorporating Case Law into the Rule Analysis 76
4. Incorporating Policy Concerns 76
5. Considering Relative Weight of Authority 77
C. A and C: Application and Conclusion 78
III. Example of IRAC Analysis: The Gun-in-the-boot Problem 78
A. Facts and Basic Rule Analysis 79
B. Case Law 79
C. Issue Identification 80
D. Example of a Case Law Chart 81
E. Factual Comparisons to the Harris Problem 82
F. Policy Analysis 82
G. Summary 82
IV. The Interoffice Memo 83
A. The Assignment: Interviewing the Employer 84
B. Interoffice Memo Form 85
C. Discussion Section 87
1. Two-Issue Discussion Sections 87
a. Rule Section (major premise) 88
b. Application Section (minor premise) 88
2. Concluding Sentence 89
D. Other Information about the Interoffice Memo 89
1. Tone and Style 89
2. Citations 90
3. Plagiarism 91
4. Revising 92
V. Sample Interoffice Memo 93
VI. The Open Research Memo 95
A. Definition of an Open Research Memo 95
B. Similarities and Differences between Closed and Open Memos 95
C. Checklist: Researching and Writing the Open Memo 96
Discussion Notes 97
Exercise 100
Chapter 4 The Legal Process 101
Introduction to Civil and Administrative Procedure 101
I. Civil Trial Sequence 102
A. Summary of Civil Trial Sequence 102
B. Documents and Details of Civil Trials 103
A. Pretrial Procedure and Documents 105
1. Preliminary Documents 105
2. Discovery 106
a. Policy Reasons for Broad Powers of Discovery 107
b. Types of Discovery 107
B. The Trial 109
C. Levels of Proof and Standards of Review 110
1. Level of Proof at Trial 110
2. Standards of Review 111
II. Administrative Process 112
A. Rulemaking Processes 113
B. Adjudication Processes 114
C. Judicial Review of Agency Decisions and the Chevron Standard of Review 116
Discussion Notes 117
Chapter 5 The Research Process 119
Introduction 119
I. Ethical and Practical Demands 120
II. The Research Process 121
III. Research Advice 121
A. Media Choices 121
1. Comparison of Fee-Based Computer Databases 123
2. Noncommercial, Non-Fee Computer Databases 125
3. CD-ROM and Microforms 125
B. Finding Tools 126
C. Keeping on Track, Saving Citations 127
D. Preserving Research Results 127
E. Reading for Research 128
F. Planning Project Time 128
G. Determining When Research Is Complete 128
IV. Stage 1: Background Research and Preparation 129
A. Facts: Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How 130
B. Jurisdiction, Area of Law, and Issue or Search Terms 131
C. Research Media Choice 131
D. Initial Research Plan 132
E. Research in Secondary Sources 132
1. Get an Overview of Area of Law and Underlying Policy Considerations 132
2. Identify Probable Source or Sources of Law 132
3. Revise List of Search Terms or Issue Statement 132
4. Locate Applicable Legal Principle 133
5. Scavenge Secondary Sources for Citations to Mandatory Authority 133
F. Issue Statement Refinement 133
G. Research Plan Refinement 133
H. Sample Research Log 133
V. The Purpose and Importance of Secondary Research 139
A. Secondary Sources: Hard Copy or Online? 140
B. Types of Secondary Sources 140
1. Restatements 141
a. Media Choices 143
b. How to Cite Restatements 143
c. Updating Restatements and Scavenging for Primary Authority 144
2. Treatises and Hornbooks 144
a. Research Methods for Treatises 145
b. Media Choices 145
c. How to Cite Treatises 145
d. Updating Treatises 146
3. Legal Periodicals 146
a. Finding an Appropriate Article 147
b. Citing Law Review Articles 148
c. Updating Law Review Articles 148
4. American Law Reports 148
a. How to Find A.L.R. Annotations 148
b. Updating A.L.R. Annotations 149
c. Citing A.L.R. Annotations 149
5. Legal Encyclopedias 149
6. Digests 149
Discussion Notes 150
Exercise 151
Chapter 6 Researching and Updating Case Law 153
Introduction 153
I. Finding and Verifying Case Law 153
A. Scavenging from Secondary Sources 154
B. Using Citators to Verify, Update, and Broaden Research 154
1. Scavenging Cases from Citations Given in a Case 155
2. Citators 155
3. Using Citators to Verify Case Law 156
4. Using Citators to Locate Case Law and Secondary Authority 157
5. The Importance of Citators 158
C. Locating Case Law Using Subject Indexes 158
D. Term and Full-Sentence Searches on Internet Databases 159
1. Choosing the Appropriate Database 159
2. Choosing between Boolean and Full-Sentence Searches 160
3. Avoid Boolean and Full-Sentence Searches until You Have Used Other Methods 160
4. Tailoring Boolean Searches for Accuracy 161
II. Citing Cases 161
A. The Case Name 162
1. Short-Form Case Names 162
B. Reporter Information, Volume and Page Numbers 163
1. Parallel Citations 163
2. Pinpoint Citations 164
a. Locating Page Numbers 164
b. Citing Multiple Pages 164
C. Court and Year 164
D. Subsequent History 164
E. Short Citation Forms 165
Exercises: Finding and Citing Case Law 166
Chapter 7 Researching and Interpreting Constitutions, Statutes, Regulations, and International Law 169
I. Statute, Regulation, or Case Law: Which is it? 169
II. Researching Constitutions 171
III. Researching Statutes 172
A. Locating Statutes 172
1. Scavenge from Secondary Sources 172
2. Use Subject Indexes to Locate Controlling Statute 172
3. Analyze Associated Statutes 173
4. Locate and Analyze Noted Cases in Annotations 173
5. Use Citators to Update and Broaden Case Research 174
6. Use Term and Sentence-Lorne Searches 174
7. Research Legislative History II Needed 174
B. Congressional Powers and the Legislative Process 174
1. Structure and Functions of Congress 174
2. How a Bill Becomes Law I 75
3. Researching New Statutes I 77
IV. Researching and Updating Administrative Regulations 178
V. Interpreting Statutes 179
A. Plain Language 180
B. Textualist Approach 182
C. Purposive Interpretation 184
1. Documents Generated During the Legislative Process 184
2. Weight of Authority in Legislative History 184
3. How to Find Legislative History Documents 185
4. Controversies Surrounding Legislative History 186
5. Interpretations Based on Public Policy 186
VI. International Law and Treaties 187
A. Researching International Law Online 188
B. U.S. Interpretations of International Law 188
Exercises 189
Bibliography 193
Chapter 8 Rewriting and Style 195
I. United States Legal Writing Rhetoric 195
A. The Ideal 195
B. The Reality 196
II. Rewriting 196
III. Reorganization 196
A. The Macro-Organization of an Objective Memo 197
B. Reorganization of the Discussion 198
C. Small-Scale Organization of the Rule Section 200
1. Use of Case Law and Avoidance of Laundry Lists 200
2. More Than One Problematic Component 201
3. Sequence of Cases 201
4. Paragraphs Discussing Cases 202
5. Incorporating Secondary Authority 202
D. Small-Scale Organization of an Application Section 203
1. Structure of the Application Section 203
2. Fact-to-Fact Analogy 205
E. Reorganization of the Facts 206
F. Reorganization of the Conclusion 206
G. Picturing How Sections of a Law Firm Memo Work Together 207
IV. Editing 207
A. Paragraphs 207
1. Paragraph Structure 207
2. Topic Sentences 207
3. Transitions 208
a. Transitional Sentences 209
b. Word or Phrase Transitions 209
c. Linking 211
4. Paragraph Length 211
B. Editing Sentences 212
1. Sentence Length 212
2. Sentence Structure 213
3. Paraphrasing and Using Language Consistently 214
C. Editing Details 215
1. Paragraph and Sentence Format 215
2. Word Choice 215
3. Grammar 216
a. Verb Tenses 216
b. Articles 216
c. Possessive Form 216
d. Capitalization 217
e. Collective Nouns 217
f. Punctuation 217
g. Issues of Style 220
h. Citations 221
V. Proofreading 222
Exercises 222
Chapter 9 Advanced Objective Writing 225
Introduction 225
I. Types of Scholarly Articles 226
A. Seminar Papers and Thesis Papers 226
B. Law Review Articles 226
II. Subject Choice and Development 228
A. Identifying a Particular Issue or Narrow Area 228
B. Approaches to Articles 229
C. Unanticipated Research Problems 231
III. The Contents of a Scholarly Article 231
A. Thesis Statement 231
B. Basic Organization of a Scholarly Paper 233
C. Footnotes 233
1. String Citations 233
2. Discursive Citations 234
D. Plagiarism Warning 236
IV. Time Management and Reward-1 Strategies 237
A. Avoiding Procrastination 237
B. Research. Strategy 238
C. Storing and Organising Research for Larger Projects 239
D. Reorganizing Research: Prewriting 239
V. The Writing Process 240
A. The Natural Writing Process 241
B. Prewriting 242
1. Notecards and Preliminary Notes 242
2. Outlining 243
a. Organizational Paradigms for Comparative Projects 243
b. Case Charts and Informal Diagrams 245
3. Free-Form Outlining 245
4. Dump Drafts 247
5. Summary of the Optimal Prewriting Process 247
C. Writing 247
1. Problematic Sections 248
2. Translation Problems with Comparative Topics 248
3. Keeping Track of Citations 248
D. Rewriting 249
1. Organization 249
2. Content and Scope 249
E. Editing 249
1. Signposts and Transitions 249
2. Paragraph and Sentence Structure 250
3. Style and Tone 250
F. Introductions and Conclusions 251
G. Polishing and Proofreading 252
H. Final Thoughts 253
Exercise 253
Bibliography 253
Chapter 10 Non-Fee Internet Legal Research 255
Introduction 255
I. Research Strategies 256
A. Stage 1 Research 256
B. Stage 2 Research 258
1. Researching Statutes 258
2. Researching Regulations 258
3. Researching Case Law 259
C. Stage 3 Research 260
II. Research Methodology: Boolean Searches 260
A. The and Connector 261
B. The or Connector 261
C. Problems with the Meaning of a Space between Words 261
D. Parentheses: Using and and or in the Same Search 262
E. Proximity Connectors 262
F. Quotations, Pluralization, and Wild Cards 262
G. Getting the Most from a Search 263
III. Non-fee Legal Research Web Sites 263
A. Legal Research Web Crawlers 264
B. Law School and Other Nonprofit Organization Sites 264
C. Government Sites 265
1. Broad-Scoped Databases and Search Engines 265
2. Specific U.S. Government Databases 266
D. Generic Search Engines and Web Crawlers 266
Exercises: Locating Authorities Using Non-Fee CALR 267
Chapter 11 Persuasive Writing 269
Introduction: Objective versus Persuasive Writing 269
I. Issues of Form 270
II. Descriptions of Filings 271
A. The Complaint 272
B. The Answer 272
C. Motions to Dismiss 273
D. Notice of Appeal and the Appellate Brief 274
III. Drafting Memoranda in Support or Appellate Briefs 275
A. Prewriting 275
B. Format 276
C. Drafting Sequence 277
D. The Introduction and Question Presented 278
E. The Statement of the Case or Statement of Facts 278
1. Be Careful When Incorporating to-Be-Established Factual Assertions 279
2. Use of Emotional Language 280
3. Balancing Accuracy, Unfavorable Facts, and Organization 280
4. Appellate Briefs: The Appellee's Statement of Facts 281
F. Statement of Jurisdiction 282
G. Standard of Review or Decisional Standard 282
H. The Argument 285
1. The Umbrella Paragraph 285
2. Point Headings or Issues for Review 286
3. Formulate a Favorable Rule 286
4. Use the Favorable Rule to Develop Point Headings 288
5. Supporting Arguments Using CRAC Analysis 290
6. Handling Counterarguments 292
7. Organizing Arguments for Factor and Totality-of-the-Circumstances Rules 293
8. The Prayer 295
IV. A Cautionary Note: Ethical Rules and Writing Standards Applicable to Advocacy 295
Discussion Notes 298
Exercise 300
Appendix to Chapter 11: Sample Filings 300
Chapter 12 Drafting Contracts 317
I. The Nature of Contract Drafting 317
II. Background and Preparation 319
A. The Initial Client Interview 320
B. The Outline 321
C. The Term Sheet or Draft Contract 322
1. Term Sheet 322
2. The Letter of Intent 323
D. The Contract 323
1. Pattern or Formbooks and Other Resources 323
2. The Form of a Contract 325
III. Drafting the Contract 326
A. Title 326
B. Date 326
C. Introduction 326
D. Recitals 328
E. Definitions 330
F. Substantive Provisions (Terms) 332
1. Operating Clauses 334
2. Termination Clauses 335
3. Contingency Clauses 336
4. Damages and Remedies 336
5. Miscellaneous 338
a. Housekeeping Provisions 338
b. Provisions for Modification 338
G. Signatures and Dates 338
H. Notarization and Witnesses 339
Exercise 339
Bibliography 342
Appendix A: Preparing for and Taking Examinations 343
Introduction 343
I. Outlining and Studying 345
A. Preparing an Outline 345
B. Studying and Practicing with Hypothetical Problems 346
C. Sample Outline 346
II. Taking U.S. Law School Examinations 349
A. The Plan of Attack 349
1. Read the General Directions 349
2. Scan the Exam and Allocate Your Time 349
3. Apportion One-Third of Your Time for Reading and Outlining Essay Questions 350
4. Read Each Essay Question Twice 350
5. Highlight Clues and Note Key Concepts 350
6. Outline Your Answer 350
7. Write Your Essay Answer with an Eye on the Clock 351
B. Writing the Exam: IRAC and CRAG 351
C. Common Errors 351
1. Taking Sides 352
2. Failing to Explicitly State Controlling Law 352
3. Failing to Note the Relationship between Legal Issues 352
4. Mixing Legal Categories 352
5. Discussing Irrelevant Legal Principles 353
D. Sample Torts Question and Answers 353
Exercise 354
Comparing the Two Answers 356
Bibliography 358
Appendix B: Drafting Advisory Memoranda for Attorneys in the United States 361
I. Visually Approximate the Standard U.S. Office Memo Format 361
II. In Presenting the Legal Analysis, Approximate (as much as possible) the IRAC Structure used in the United States 362
III. In Addition to Approximating the Structure of a U.S. Advisory Memorandum, Approximate Common Law Methodology as much as possible as Well 363
Add an Explanation of your Legal System's Methodology as needed to help the U.S. Reader Understand the Differences 363
IV. Remember to use Transitions and to Edit and Carefully Proofread your Memo 363
V. Providing updates on a Number of Topics 364
VI. Sample Memorandum: The Wedding Dress in Chile 364
Index 369
Legal reasoning, research, and writing for international graduate students / 2nd ed.
- 名称
- 类型
- 大小
光盘服务联系方式: 020-38250260 客服QQ：4006604884
云图客服：
用户发送的提问，这种方式就需要有位在线客服来回答用户的问题，这种 就属于对话式的,问题是这种提问是否需要用户登录才能提问
Video Player
×
Audio Player
×
pdf Player
×
