Linguistic Anthropology

目录
1 The scope of linguistic anthropology
1.1 Definitions
1.2 The study of linguistic practices
1.3 Linguistic anthropology and other disciplines in the humanities and social sciences
1.3.1 Linguistic anthropology and sociolinguistics
1.4 Theoretical concerns in contemporary linguistic anthropology
1.4.1 Performance
1.4.2 Indexicality
1.4.3 Participation
1.5 Conclusions
2 Theories of culture
2.1 Culture as distinct from nature
2.2 Culture as knowledge
2.2.1 Culture as socially distributed knowledge
2.3 Culture as communication
2.3.1 Lévi-Strauss and the semiontic approach
2.3.2 Clifford Geertz and the interpretive approach
2.3.3 The indexicality approach and metapragmatics
2.3.4 Metaphors as folk theories of the world
2.4 Culture as a system of mediation
2.5 Culture as a system of practices
2.6 Culture as a system of participation
2.7 Predicting and interpreting
2.8 Conclusions
3 Linguistic diversity
3.1 Language in culture:the Boasian tradition
3.1.1 Franz Boas and the use of native languages
3.1.2 Sapir and the search for languages'internal logic
3.1.3 Benjamin Lee Whorf,worldviews,and cryptotypes
3.2 Linguistic relativity
3.2.1 Language as objectification of the world:from von Humboldt to Cassirer
3.2.2 Language as a guide to the world:metaphors
3.2.3 Color terms and linguistic rclativity
3.2.4 Language and science
3.3 Language,languages,and linguistic varieties
3.4 Linguistic repertoire
3.5 Speech communities,heteroglossia,and language ideologies
3.5.1 Speech community:from idealization to heteroglossia
3.5.2 Multilingual speech communities
3.5.3 Definitions of speech community
3.6 Conclusions
4 Ethnographic methods
4.1 Ethnography
4.1.1 What is an ethnography?
4.1.1.1 Studying people in communities
4.1.2 Ethnographers as cultural mediators
4.1.3 How comprehensive should an ethnography be?Complementarity and collaboration in ethnographic research
4.2 Two kinds of field linguistics
4.3 Participant-observation
4.4 Interviews
4.4.1 The cultural ecology of interviews
4.4.2 Different kinds of interviews
4.5 Identifying and using the local language(s)
4.6 Writing interaction
4.6.1 Taking notes while recording
4.7 Electronic recording
4.7.1 Does the presence of the camera affect the interaction?
4.8 Goals and ethics of fieldwork
4.9 Conclusions
5 Transcription:from writing to digitized images
5.1 Writing
5.2 The word as a unit of analysis
5.2.1 The word as a unit of analysis in anthropological research
5.2.2 The word in historical linguistics
5.3 Beyond words
5.4 Standards of acceptability
5.5 Transcription formats and conventions
5.6 Visual representations other than writing
5.6.1 Representations of gestures
5.6.2 Representations of spatial organization and participants'visual access
5.6.3 Integrating texts,drawings,and images
5.7 Translation
5.8 Non-native speakers as researchers
5.9 Summary
6 Meaning in linguistic forms
6.1 The formal method in linguistic analysis
6.2 Meaning as relations among signs
6.3 Some basic properties of linguistic sounds
6.3.1 The phoneme
6.3.2 Etic and emic in anthropology
6.4 Relationships of contiguity:from phonemes to morphemes
6.5 From morphology to the framing of events
6.5.1 Deep cases and hierarchies of features
6.5.2 Framing events through verbal morphology
6.5.3 The topicality hierarchy
6.5.4 Sentence types and the preferred argument structure
6.5.5 Transitivity in grammar and discourse
6.6 The acquisition of grammar in language socialization studies
6.7 Metalinguistic awareness:from denotational meaning to pragmatics
6.7.1 The pragmatic meaning of pronouns
6.8 From symbols to indexes
6.8.1 Iconicity in languages
6.8.2 Indexes,shifters,and deictic terms
6.8.2.1 Indexical meaning and the linguistic construction of gender
6.8.2.2 Contextualization cues
6.9 Conclusions
7 Speaking as social action
7.1 Malinowski:language as action
7.2 Philosophical approaches to language as action
7.2.1 From Austin to Searle:speech acts as units of analysis
7.2.1.1 Indirect speech acts
7.3 Speech act theory and linguistic anthropology
7.3.1 Truth
7.3.2 Intentions
7.3.3 Local theory of person
7.4 Language games as units of analysis
7.5 Conclusions
8 Conversational exchanges
8.1 The sequential nature of conversational units
8.1.1 Adjacency pairs
8.2 The notion of preference
8.2.1 Repairs and corrections
8.2.2 The avoidance of psychological cxplanation
8.3 Conversation analysis and the“context”issue
8.3.1 The autonomous claim
8.3.2 The issue of relevance
8.4 The meaning of talk
8.5 Conclusions
9 Units of participation
9.1 The notion of activity in Vygotskian psychology
9.2 Speech events:from functions of speech to social units
9.2.1 Ethnographic studies of speech events
9.3 Participation
9.3.2 Participant structure
9.3.2 Participation frameworks
9.3.3 Participant frameworks
9.4 Authorship,intentionality,and the joint construction of interpretation
9.5 Participation in time and space:human bodies in the built environment
9.6 Conclusions
10 Conclusions
10.1 Language as the human condition
10.2 To have a language
10.3 Public and private language
10.4 Language in culture
10.5 Language in society
10.6 What kind of language?
Appendix:Practical tips on recording interaction
References
Name index
Subject index