简介
Although we are used to thinking of science and the humanities as separate disciplines, in the nineteenth century this division was not recognized. As the scientist John Tyndall pointed out, not only were science and literature both striving to better "man's estate," they shared a common language and cultural heritage. The quest for "origins," the nature of the relationship between society and the individual, and what it meant to be human were subjects that occupied both the writing of scientists and novelists. This anthology brings together a generous selection of scientific and literary material to explore the exchanges and interactions between them. Fed by a common imagination, scientists and creative writers alike used stories, imagery, style, and structure to convey their meaning, and to produce works of enduring power. It includes writing by Charles Babbage, Charles Darwin, Sir Humphry Davy, Charles Dickens, George Eliot, Michael Faraday, Thomas Malthus, Louis Pasteur, Edgar Allan Poe, Mary Shelley, Mark Twain and many others. Also included are introductions and notes to guide the reader.
目录
Table Of Contents:
Introduction xvii
Select Bibliography xxix
Chronology xxxix
PROLOGUE: LITERATURE AND SCIENCE
EDGAR ALLAN POE
Sonnet鈥擳o Science (1829) 3
JOHN TYNDALL
The Belfast Address (1874) 3
THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY
From Science and Culture (1880) 4
MATTHEW ARNOLD
Literature and Science (1882) 6
MATHEMATICS, PHYSICAL SCIENCE, AND TECHNOLOGY 9
Mathematics
ADA LOVELACE
Sketch of the Analytical Engine (1843) 15
AUGUSTUS DE MORGAN
From Formal Logic (1847) 19
GEORGE BOOLE
From An Investigation of the Laws of Thought (1854) 24
JOHN VENN
From The Logic of Chance (1866) 27
LEWIS CARROLL
From Through the Looking-Glass (1871) 29
From The Game of Logic (1886) 32
GEORGE ELIOT
From Daniel Deronda (1876) 35
H.G. WELLS
From The Time Machine (1895) 40
Physical Science
SIR WILLIAM HERSCHEL
From On the Power of Penetrating into Space by Telescopes (1800) 43
THOMAS CARLYLE
From Past and Present (1843) 47
SIR JOHN HERSCHEL
From Outlines of Astronomy (1849) 51
MICHAEL FARADAY
From Experimental Researches in Electricity (1839-55)(1852) 55
WILLIAM THOMSON, LORD KELVIN
On the Age of the Sun's Heat (1862) 60
JOHN TYNDALL
On Chemical Rays, and the Light of the Sky (1869) 63
On the Scientific Use of the Imagination (1870) 68
JAMES CLERK MAXWELL
From Theory of Heat (1871) 70
To the Chief Musician upon Nabla: A Tyndallic Ode (1874) 74
Professor Tait, Loquitur (1877) 76
Answer to Tait 77
To Hermann Stoll/craft (1878) 78
WILLIAM THOMSON, LORD KELVIN
The Sorting Demon of Maxwell (1879) 79
THOMAS HARDY
From Two on a Tower (1882) 81
RICHARD A. PROCTOR
The Photographic Eyes of Science (1883) 84
WILHELM CONRAD ROENTGEN
On a New Kind of Rays (1895) 88
Telecommunications
SAMUEL F.B. MORSE
Letter to Hon. Levi Woodbury, Secretary of the US Treasury, 27 September 1837 91
ANONYMOUS
The Telephone from Westminster Review (1878) 95
MARK TWAIN
Mental Telegraphy (1891) 99
RUDYARD KIPLING
The Deep-Sea Cables (1896) 104
HENRY JAMES
In the Cage (1898) 104
Bodies and Machines
CHARLES BABBAGE
From On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures (1832) 109
CHARLES DICKENS
From Dombey and Son (1847-8) 116
HERMANN VON HELMHOLTZ
On the Conservation of Force (1847) 121
SAMUEL BUTLER
From Erewhon (1872) 124
WALT WHITMAN
To a Locomotive in Winter (1876) 128
SCIENCES OF THE BODY 130
Animal Electricity
LUIGI GALVANI
From De Viribus Electricitatis (1791) 135
SIR HUMPHRY DAVY
From Discourse, Introductory to a Course of Lectures on Chemistry (1802) 140
MARY SHELLEY
From Frankenstein (1818) 144
WALT WHITMAN
I Sing the Body Electric [1855] (1867) 148
Cells and Tissues and Their Relation to the Body
XAVIER BICHAT
From General Anatomy (1801) 150
RUDOLF VIRCHOW
From Cellular Pathology (1858) 152
GEORGE ELIOT
From Middlemarch (1871-2) 153
GEORGE HENRY LEWES
From The Physical Basis of Mind (1877) 161
Hygiene, Germ Theory, and Infectious Diseases
MARY SHELLEY
From The Last Man (1826) 163
SIR EDWIN CHADWICK
An Inquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (1842) 167
EDGAR ALLAN POE
The Mask of the Red Death (1842) 171
OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES
The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever (1843) 177
LOUIS PASTEUR
On the Organized Bodies Which Exist in the Atmosphere 1861 181
SIR JOSEPH LISTER
Illustrations of the Antiseptic System (1867) 187
ANONYMOUS
Dr Koch on the Cholera (1884) 192
H.G. WELLS
The Stolen Bacillus (1895) 197
Experimental Medicine and Vivisection
CLAUDE BERNARD
From An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine (1865) 203
SIR JAMES PAGET
Vivisection: Its Pains and Its Uses (1881) 209
FRANCES POWER COBBE
Vivisection and Its Two-Faced Advocates (1882) 215
WILKIE COLLINS
From Heart and Science (1883) 220
H.G. WELLS
From The Island of Dr Moreau (1896) 229
EVOLUTION 235
The Present and the Past
JEAN BAPTISTE DE LAMARCK
From Zoological Philosophy (1809) 240
SIR CHARLES LYELL
From Principles of Geology (1830-3) 246
WILLIAM WHEWELL
From Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences (1840) 252
ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON
From The Princess (1847) 255
CHARLES DARWIN
From The Origin of Species (1859) 258
GEORGE ELIOT
From The Mill on the Floss (1860) 267
THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY
On the Physical Basis of Life (1869) 273
OLIVE SCHREINER
From The Story of an African Farm (1883) 276
GEORGE JOHN ROMANES
From Mental Evolution in Man (i888) 279
The Individual and the Species
ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON
From In Memoriam, LIII鈥擫V, CXVIII (1850) 283
HERBERT SPENCER
From Principles of Biology (1864-7) 285
THOMAS HARDY
Hap (1866) 289
From A Pair of Blue Eyes (1873) 290
ERNST HAECKEL
From The Evolution of Man (1874) 293
SAMUEL BUTLER
From Unconscious Memory (1880) 297
EMILY PFEIFFER
Evolution (1880) 299
To Nature 299
AUGUST WEISMANN
From Essays on Heredity (1881-5) 300
MAY KENDALL
Lay of the Trilobite (1885) 303
GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS
Nature is a Heraclitean Fire (1888) 305
Sexual Selection
JANE AUSTEN
From Pride and Prejudice (1813) 306
CHARLES DARWIN
From The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871) 308
HENRY RIDER HAGGARD
From She (1887) 312
CONSTANCE NADEN
Natural Selection (1887) 317
THOMAS HARDY
From Tess of the D'Urbervilles (1891) 318
SCIENCES OF THE MIND 325
The Relationship between Mind and Body
THOMAS DE QUINCEY
From Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (1822) 331
MARSHALL HALL
On the Reflex Function (1833) 334
JAMES COWLES PRICHARD
From A Treatise on Insanity (1835) 337
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE
The Birthmark (1846) 341
HERMAN MELVILLE
From Bartleby the Scrivener (1856) 346
THOMAS LAYCOCK
From Mind and Brain (1860) 349
MARY ELIZABETH BRADDON
From Lady Audley's Secret (1862) 353
S. WEIR MITCHELL
The Case of George Dedlom (1866) 358
HENRY MAUDSLEY
From Body and Mind (1870) 364
WILLIAM B. CARPENTER
From Principles of Mental Physiology (1874) 369
WILLIAM JAMES
From Principles of Psychology (1890) 373
Physiognomy and Phrenology
GEORGE COMBE
From Elements of Phrenology (1824) 377
JOHANN GASPAR SPURZHEIM
From Phrenology in Connection with the Study of Physiognomy (1826) 382
CHARLOTTE BRONTE
From Jane Eyre (1847) 386
GEORGE ELIOT
From The Lifted Veil (1859) 389
Mesmerism and Magnetism
CHAUNCEY HARE TOWNSEND
From Facts in Mesmerism (1840) 391
JOHN ELLIOTSON
From Surgical Operations without Pain in the Mesmeric State (1843) 396
EDGAR ALLAN POE
Mesmeric Revelation (1844) 401
HARRIET MARTINEAU
From Letters on Mesmerism (1845) 406
JAMES ESDAILE
From Mesmerism in India (1847) 410
ROBERT BROWNING
Mesmerism (1855) 415
WILKIE COLLINS
From The Moonstone (1868) 419
Dreams and the Unconscious
CHARLOTTE BRONTE
When Thou Sleepest (1837) 422
FRANCES POWER COBBE
Unconscious Cerebration: A Psychological Study (1871) 424
ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON
From The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886) 428
AUGUST KEKULE
Address to the German Chemical Society (1890) 431
Nervous Exhaustion
OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES
From Elsie Venner (1861) 433
S. WEIR MITCHELL
From Wear and Tear, or Hints for the Overworked (1872) 436
CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN
The Yellow Wall-Paper (1892) 438
SOCIAL SCIENCES 443
Creating the Social Sciences
JEREMY BENTHAM
From Panopticon (1791) 449
From Manual of Political Economy (1793) 452
THOMAS MALTHUS
From An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) 453
J.R. M'CULLOCH
From A Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical, and Historical of Commerce and Commercial Navigation (1832) 456
CHARLES DICKENS
From Bleak House (1852-3) 458
AUGUSTE COMTE
From Positive Philosophy (1853) 464
CHARLES DICKENS
From Hard Times (1854) 466
JOHN STUART MILL
From Utilitarianism (1864) 469
THOMAS HARDY
From Jude the Obscure (1895) 472
Race Science
ROBERT KNOX
From The Races of Men (1850) 475
SIR FRANCIS GALTON
From Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development (1883) 478
ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE
The Yellow Face (1894) 483
Urban Poverty
FRIEDRICH ENGELS
From The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845) 488
HENRY MAYHEW
From London Labour and the London Poor (1851) 493
ELIZABETH GASKELL
From North and South (1855) 496
MATTHEW ARNOLD
East London (1867) 501
West London 502
J.W. HORSLEY
Autobiography of a Thief in Thieves' Language (1879) 502
GEORGE BERNARD SHAW
From Mrs Warren's Profession (1898) 506
WALTER BESANT
From East London (1899) 511
Degeneration
CESARE LOMBROSO
From The Criminal Man (1876) 516
GEORGE GISSING
From The Nether World (1889) 519
OSCAR WILDE
From The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890) 521
MAX NORDAU
From Degeneration (1892) 525
SARAH GRAND
From The Heavenly Twins (1893) 530
BRAM STOKER
From Dracula (1897) 535
EPILOGUE: SCIENCE AND LITERATURE
SIR JOHN HERSCHEL
Prose and Verse (1857) 538
Explanatory Notes 541
Publisher's Acknowledgements 576
Introduction xvii
Select Bibliography xxix
Chronology xxxix
PROLOGUE: LITERATURE AND SCIENCE
EDGAR ALLAN POE
Sonnet鈥擳o Science (1829) 3
JOHN TYNDALL
The Belfast Address (1874) 3
THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY
From Science and Culture (1880) 4
MATTHEW ARNOLD
Literature and Science (1882) 6
MATHEMATICS, PHYSICAL SCIENCE, AND TECHNOLOGY 9
Mathematics
ADA LOVELACE
Sketch of the Analytical Engine (1843) 15
AUGUSTUS DE MORGAN
From Formal Logic (1847) 19
GEORGE BOOLE
From An Investigation of the Laws of Thought (1854) 24
JOHN VENN
From The Logic of Chance (1866) 27
LEWIS CARROLL
From Through the Looking-Glass (1871) 29
From The Game of Logic (1886) 32
GEORGE ELIOT
From Daniel Deronda (1876) 35
H.G. WELLS
From The Time Machine (1895) 40
Physical Science
SIR WILLIAM HERSCHEL
From On the Power of Penetrating into Space by Telescopes (1800) 43
THOMAS CARLYLE
From Past and Present (1843) 47
SIR JOHN HERSCHEL
From Outlines of Astronomy (1849) 51
MICHAEL FARADAY
From Experimental Researches in Electricity (1839-55)(1852) 55
WILLIAM THOMSON, LORD KELVIN
On the Age of the Sun's Heat (1862) 60
JOHN TYNDALL
On Chemical Rays, and the Light of the Sky (1869) 63
On the Scientific Use of the Imagination (1870) 68
JAMES CLERK MAXWELL
From Theory of Heat (1871) 70
To the Chief Musician upon Nabla: A Tyndallic Ode (1874) 74
Professor Tait, Loquitur (1877) 76
Answer to Tait 77
To Hermann Stoll/craft (1878) 78
WILLIAM THOMSON, LORD KELVIN
The Sorting Demon of Maxwell (1879) 79
THOMAS HARDY
From Two on a Tower (1882) 81
RICHARD A. PROCTOR
The Photographic Eyes of Science (1883) 84
WILHELM CONRAD ROENTGEN
On a New Kind of Rays (1895) 88
Telecommunications
SAMUEL F.B. MORSE
Letter to Hon. Levi Woodbury, Secretary of the US Treasury, 27 September 1837 91
ANONYMOUS
The Telephone from Westminster Review (1878) 95
MARK TWAIN
Mental Telegraphy (1891) 99
RUDYARD KIPLING
The Deep-Sea Cables (1896) 104
HENRY JAMES
In the Cage (1898) 104
Bodies and Machines
CHARLES BABBAGE
From On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures (1832) 109
CHARLES DICKENS
From Dombey and Son (1847-8) 116
HERMANN VON HELMHOLTZ
On the Conservation of Force (1847) 121
SAMUEL BUTLER
From Erewhon (1872) 124
WALT WHITMAN
To a Locomotive in Winter (1876) 128
SCIENCES OF THE BODY 130
Animal Electricity
LUIGI GALVANI
From De Viribus Electricitatis (1791) 135
SIR HUMPHRY DAVY
From Discourse, Introductory to a Course of Lectures on Chemistry (1802) 140
MARY SHELLEY
From Frankenstein (1818) 144
WALT WHITMAN
I Sing the Body Electric [1855] (1867) 148
Cells and Tissues and Their Relation to the Body
XAVIER BICHAT
From General Anatomy (1801) 150
RUDOLF VIRCHOW
From Cellular Pathology (1858) 152
GEORGE ELIOT
From Middlemarch (1871-2) 153
GEORGE HENRY LEWES
From The Physical Basis of Mind (1877) 161
Hygiene, Germ Theory, and Infectious Diseases
MARY SHELLEY
From The Last Man (1826) 163
SIR EDWIN CHADWICK
An Inquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (1842) 167
EDGAR ALLAN POE
The Mask of the Red Death (1842) 171
OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES
The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever (1843) 177
LOUIS PASTEUR
On the Organized Bodies Which Exist in the Atmosphere 1861 181
SIR JOSEPH LISTER
Illustrations of the Antiseptic System (1867) 187
ANONYMOUS
Dr Koch on the Cholera (1884) 192
H.G. WELLS
The Stolen Bacillus (1895) 197
Experimental Medicine and Vivisection
CLAUDE BERNARD
From An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine (1865) 203
SIR JAMES PAGET
Vivisection: Its Pains and Its Uses (1881) 209
FRANCES POWER COBBE
Vivisection and Its Two-Faced Advocates (1882) 215
WILKIE COLLINS
From Heart and Science (1883) 220
H.G. WELLS
From The Island of Dr Moreau (1896) 229
EVOLUTION 235
The Present and the Past
JEAN BAPTISTE DE LAMARCK
From Zoological Philosophy (1809) 240
SIR CHARLES LYELL
From Principles of Geology (1830-3) 246
WILLIAM WHEWELL
From Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences (1840) 252
ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON
From The Princess (1847) 255
CHARLES DARWIN
From The Origin of Species (1859) 258
GEORGE ELIOT
From The Mill on the Floss (1860) 267
THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY
On the Physical Basis of Life (1869) 273
OLIVE SCHREINER
From The Story of an African Farm (1883) 276
GEORGE JOHN ROMANES
From Mental Evolution in Man (i888) 279
The Individual and the Species
ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON
From In Memoriam, LIII鈥擫V, CXVIII (1850) 283
HERBERT SPENCER
From Principles of Biology (1864-7) 285
THOMAS HARDY
Hap (1866) 289
From A Pair of Blue Eyes (1873) 290
ERNST HAECKEL
From The Evolution of Man (1874) 293
SAMUEL BUTLER
From Unconscious Memory (1880) 297
EMILY PFEIFFER
Evolution (1880) 299
To Nature 299
AUGUST WEISMANN
From Essays on Heredity (1881-5) 300
MAY KENDALL
Lay of the Trilobite (1885) 303
GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS
Nature is a Heraclitean Fire (1888) 305
Sexual Selection
JANE AUSTEN
From Pride and Prejudice (1813) 306
CHARLES DARWIN
From The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871) 308
HENRY RIDER HAGGARD
From She (1887) 312
CONSTANCE NADEN
Natural Selection (1887) 317
THOMAS HARDY
From Tess of the D'Urbervilles (1891) 318
SCIENCES OF THE MIND 325
The Relationship between Mind and Body
THOMAS DE QUINCEY
From Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (1822) 331
MARSHALL HALL
On the Reflex Function (1833) 334
JAMES COWLES PRICHARD
From A Treatise on Insanity (1835) 337
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE
The Birthmark (1846) 341
HERMAN MELVILLE
From Bartleby the Scrivener (1856) 346
THOMAS LAYCOCK
From Mind and Brain (1860) 349
MARY ELIZABETH BRADDON
From Lady Audley's Secret (1862) 353
S. WEIR MITCHELL
The Case of George Dedlom (1866) 358
HENRY MAUDSLEY
From Body and Mind (1870) 364
WILLIAM B. CARPENTER
From Principles of Mental Physiology (1874) 369
WILLIAM JAMES
From Principles of Psychology (1890) 373
Physiognomy and Phrenology
GEORGE COMBE
From Elements of Phrenology (1824) 377
JOHANN GASPAR SPURZHEIM
From Phrenology in Connection with the Study of Physiognomy (1826) 382
CHARLOTTE BRONTE
From Jane Eyre (1847) 386
GEORGE ELIOT
From The Lifted Veil (1859) 389
Mesmerism and Magnetism
CHAUNCEY HARE TOWNSEND
From Facts in Mesmerism (1840) 391
JOHN ELLIOTSON
From Surgical Operations without Pain in the Mesmeric State (1843) 396
EDGAR ALLAN POE
Mesmeric Revelation (1844) 401
HARRIET MARTINEAU
From Letters on Mesmerism (1845) 406
JAMES ESDAILE
From Mesmerism in India (1847) 410
ROBERT BROWNING
Mesmerism (1855) 415
WILKIE COLLINS
From The Moonstone (1868) 419
Dreams and the Unconscious
CHARLOTTE BRONTE
When Thou Sleepest (1837) 422
FRANCES POWER COBBE
Unconscious Cerebration: A Psychological Study (1871) 424
ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON
From The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886) 428
AUGUST KEKULE
Address to the German Chemical Society (1890) 431
Nervous Exhaustion
OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES
From Elsie Venner (1861) 433
S. WEIR MITCHELL
From Wear and Tear, or Hints for the Overworked (1872) 436
CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN
The Yellow Wall-Paper (1892) 438
SOCIAL SCIENCES 443
Creating the Social Sciences
JEREMY BENTHAM
From Panopticon (1791) 449
From Manual of Political Economy (1793) 452
THOMAS MALTHUS
From An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) 453
J.R. M'CULLOCH
From A Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical, and Historical of Commerce and Commercial Navigation (1832) 456
CHARLES DICKENS
From Bleak House (1852-3) 458
AUGUSTE COMTE
From Positive Philosophy (1853) 464
CHARLES DICKENS
From Hard Times (1854) 466
JOHN STUART MILL
From Utilitarianism (1864) 469
THOMAS HARDY
From Jude the Obscure (1895) 472
Race Science
ROBERT KNOX
From The Races of Men (1850) 475
SIR FRANCIS GALTON
From Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development (1883) 478
ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE
The Yellow Face (1894) 483
Urban Poverty
FRIEDRICH ENGELS
From The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845) 488
HENRY MAYHEW
From London Labour and the London Poor (1851) 493
ELIZABETH GASKELL
From North and South (1855) 496
MATTHEW ARNOLD
East London (1867) 501
West London 502
J.W. HORSLEY
Autobiography of a Thief in Thieves' Language (1879) 502
GEORGE BERNARD SHAW
From Mrs Warren's Profession (1898) 506
WALTER BESANT
From East London (1899) 511
Degeneration
CESARE LOMBROSO
From The Criminal Man (1876) 516
GEORGE GISSING
From The Nether World (1889) 519
OSCAR WILDE
From The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890) 521
MAX NORDAU
From Degeneration (1892) 525
SARAH GRAND
From The Heavenly Twins (1893) 530
BRAM STOKER
From Dracula (1897) 535
EPILOGUE: SCIENCE AND LITERATURE
SIR JOHN HERSCHEL
Prose and Verse (1857) 538
Explanatory Notes 541
Publisher's Acknowledgements 576
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