简介
Includes writings by Maya Angelou, Ernest Hemingway, Gary Gildner, Jonathan Safran Foer, Margaret Atwood, Jamaica Kincaid, Amanda Holzer, Monica Ware, Kate Chopin, Stephen Dobyns, William Faulkner, John Updike, Katherine Mansfield, Charles Baxter, Sherman J. Alexie, Tillie Olsen, Richard Wright, Edgar Allan Poe, James Joyce, Flannery O'Connor, Tim O'Brien, Shirley Jackson, Alice Walker, Raymond Carver, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Eudora Welty, David Michael Kaplan, D.H. Lawrence, Toni Cade Bambara, T. Coraghessan Boyle, Gabriel García Márquez, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Joyce Carol Oates, Alberto Alvaro Ríos, Amy Tan, Hisaye Yamamoto, Marianne Moore, Nikki Giovanni, Bob Holman, William Shakespeare, Louis Zukofsky, E.E.
Cummings, George Herbert, May Swenson, Greg Williamson, Charles Bernstein, Ian Hamilton Finlay, Reed Altemus and Jim Leftwich, Bob Grumman, Emily Dickinson, Louise Glück, Leonard Adamé, Langston Hughes, Robert Browning, Leslie Marmon Silko, Pat Mora, Janice Mirikitani, Robert Frost, Amy Lowell, Thomas Hardy, Adam Zagajewski, William Wordsworth, Robert Herrick, Robert Browning, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ariel Dorfman, W.H. Auden, Dudley Randall, Sipho Sepamla, Walt Whitman, William Stafford, Adrienne Rich, Robert Pinsky, Jim Sagel, Wanda Coleman, Mark Halliday, Gwendolyn Brooks, Edmund Spenser, A.E. Housman, Jane Flanders, William Carlos Williams, Ezra Pound, Gary Snyder, Suzanne E. Berger, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Audre Lorde, Robert Burns, N.
Scott Momaday, Sylvia Plath, Randall Jarrell, Marge Piercy, John Donne, David Huddle, Anne Bradstreet, Andrew Marvell, Richard Lovelace, Sonai Sanchez, Allen Ginsberg, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ogden Nash, Richard Wilbur, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Galway Kinnell, Robert Francis, Lewis Carroll, John Keats, Billy Collins, Mona Van Duyn, Elizabeth Bishop, Theodore Roethke, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Blake, Martin Espada, Matsuo Bashō, Carolyn Kizer, José Juan Tablada, Jack Kerouac, Carl Sandburg, Carolyn Forché, Jim Simmerman, Christina Rossetti, Wole Soyinka, William Meredith, Maxine Kumin, Countee Cullen, William Butler Yeats, T.S. Eliot, Robert Hayden, Edna St.
Vincent Millay, Seamus Heaney, Mitsuye Yamada, Dylan Thomas, Joy Harjo, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Dorothy Parker, Rupert Brooke, Wilfred Owen, Robert Lowell, Denise Levertov, Yusef Komunyakaa, Wislawa Szymborska, Matthew Arnold, George Gordon, Lord Byron, Thomas Campion, Hart Crane, Rita Dove, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Louise Erdrich, H.D. (Hilda Doolittle), Edward Hirsch, Aron Keesbury, Ted Kooser, Archibald MacLeish, Christopher Marlowe, Claude McKay, James Merrill, Pablo Neruda, Sharon Olds, Marge Piercy, Sylvia Plath, Sir Walter Raleigh, Henry Reed, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Wallace Stevens, Phillis Wheatley, Anton Chekhov, Jane Martin, José Rivera, Arlene Hutton, Warren Leight, Susan Glaspell, Henrik Ibsen, August Strindberg, Arthur Miller, Sophocles, August Wilson, and Tennessee Williams.
目录
Preface
A Guide To Writing About Literature
1 Reading and Writing About Literature
Reading Literature
Previewing
Highlighting
Checklist: Using Highlighting Symbols
My Arkansas Maya Angelou
Annotating
Writing about Literature
Planning an Essay
Drafting an Essay
Revising and Editing an Essay
Checklist: Using Sources
Checklist: Conventions of Writing about Literature
Exercise: Two Student Papers
Student Paper: Initiation into Adulthood
Student Paper: Hard Choices
2 Writing Literary Arguments
Planning a Literary Argument
Choosing a Debatable Topic
Developing an Argumentative Thesis
Defining Your Terms
Considering Your Audience
Refuting Opposing Arguments
Using Evidence Effectively
Supporting Your Literary Argument
Establishing Credibility
Being Fair
Using Visuals as Evidence
Organizing a Literary Argument
Writing a Literary Argument
Student Paper: The Politics of "Everyday Use"
3 Avoiding Plagiarism and Documenting Sources
Avoiding Plagiarism
Document All Material That Requires Documentation
Enclose Borrowed Words in Quotation Marks
Do Not Imitate a Source''s Syntax and Phrasing
Differentiate Your Words from Those of Your Source
Checklist: Plagiarism and Internet Sources
Documenting Sources
Parenthetical References in the Text
Checklist: Guidelines for Punctuating Parenthetical References
The List of Works Cited
Content Notes
FICTION
4 Understanding Fiction
Origins of Modern Fiction
The History of the Novel
The History of the Short Story
Defining the Short Story
Hills Like White Elephants Ernest Hemingway
Recognizing Kinds of Fiction
5 Fiction Sampler: The Short-Short
Sleepy Time Gal Gary Gildner
A Primer for the Punctuation of Heart Disease Jonathan Safran Foer
Happy Endings Margaret Atwood
Girl Jamaica Kincaid
Love and Other Catastrophes: A Mix Tape Amanda Holzer
Mislaid Plans Monica Ware
6 Plot
Conflict
Stages of Plot
Order and Sequence
Checklist: Writing about Plot
The Story of an Hour Kate Chopin
Kansas Stephen Dobyns
A Rose for Emily William Faulkner
Writing Suggestions: Plot
7 Character
Round and Flat Characters
Dynamic and Static Characters
Motivation
Checklist: Writing about Character
A&P John Updike
Miss Brill Katherine Mansfield
Gryphon Charles Baxter
Writing Suggestions: Character
8 Setting
Historical Setting
Geographical Setting
Physical Setting
Checklist: Writing about Setting
The Storm Kate Chopin
This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona Sherman Alexie
I Stand Here Ironing Tillie Olsen
Writing Suggestions: Setting
9 Point of View
First-Person Narrators
Unreliable Narrators
Third-Person Narrators
Omniscient Narrators
Limited Omniscient Narrators
Objective Narrators
Big Black Good Man Richard Wright
The Cask of Amontillado Edgar Allan Poe
Barn Burning William Faulkner
Writing Suggestions: Point of View
10 Style, Tone, and Language
Style and Tone
The Uses of Language
Formal and Informal Diction
Imagery
Figures of Speech
Checklist: Writing about Style, Tone, and Language
Araby James Joyce
A Good Man Is Hard to Find Flannery O''Connor
The Things They Carried Tim O''Brien
Writing Suggestions: Style, Tone, and Language
11 Symbol, Allegory, and Myth
Symbol
Literary Symbols
Recognizing Symbols
Allegory
Myth
Checklist: Writing about Symbol, Allegory, and Myth
The Lottery Shirley Jackson
Everyday Use Alice Walker
Young Goodman Brown Nathaniel Hawthorne
Cathedral Raymond Carver
Writing Suggestions: Symbol, Allegory, and Myth
12 Theme
Interpreting Themes
Identifying Themes
Checklist: Writing about Theme
Doe Season David Michael Kaplan
The Rocking-Horse Winner D.H. Lawrence
A Worn Path Eudora Welty
Writing Suggestions: Theme
13 Fiction for Further Reading
The Lesson. T. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake Toni Cade Bambara
A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings Gabriel Garcfa M脽rquez
The Yellow Wallpaper. James Joyce, Eveline Charlotte Perkins Gilman
A Guide To Writing About Literature
1 Reading and Writing About Literature
Reading Literature
Previewing
Highlighting
Checklist: Using Highlighting Symbols
My Arkansas Maya Angelou
Annotating
Writing about Literature
Planning an Essay
Drafting an Essay
Revising and Editing an Essay
Checklist: Using Sources
Checklist: Conventions of Writing about Literature
Exercise: Two Student Papers
Student Paper: Initiation into Adulthood
Student Paper: Hard Choices
2 Writing Literary Arguments
Planning a Literary Argument
Choosing a Debatable Topic
Developing an Argumentative Thesis
Defining Your Terms
Considering Your Audience
Refuting Opposing Arguments
Using Evidence Effectively
Supporting Your Literary Argument
Establishing Credibility
Being Fair
Using Visuals as Evidence
Organizing a Literary Argument
Writing a Literary Argument
Student Paper: The Politics of "Everyday Use"
3 Avoiding Plagiarism and Documenting Sources
Avoiding Plagiarism
Document All Material That Requires Documentation
Enclose Borrowed Words in Quotation Marks
Do Not Imitate a Source''s Syntax and Phrasing
Differentiate Your Words from Those of Your Source
Checklist: Plagiarism and Internet Sources
Documenting Sources
Parenthetical References in the Text
Checklist: Guidelines for Punctuating Parenthetical References
The List of Works Cited
Content Notes
FICTION
4 Understanding Fiction
Origins of Modern Fiction
The History of the Novel
The History of the Short Story
Defining the Short Story
Hills Like White Elephants Ernest Hemingway
Recognizing Kinds of Fiction
5 Fiction Sampler: The Short-Short
Sleepy Time Gal Gary Gildner
A Primer for the Punctuation of Heart Disease Jonathan Safran Foer
Happy Endings Margaret Atwood
Girl Jamaica Kincaid
Love and Other Catastrophes: A Mix Tape Amanda Holzer
Mislaid Plans Monica Ware
6 Plot
Conflict
Stages of Plot
Order and Sequence
Checklist: Writing about Plot
The Story of an Hour Kate Chopin
Kansas Stephen Dobyns
A Rose for Emily William Faulkner
Writing Suggestions: Plot
7 Character
Round and Flat Characters
Dynamic and Static Characters
Motivation
Checklist: Writing about Character
A&P John Updike
Miss Brill Katherine Mansfield
Gryphon Charles Baxter
Writing Suggestions: Character
8 Setting
Historical Setting
Geographical Setting
Physical Setting
Checklist: Writing about Setting
The Storm Kate Chopin
This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona Sherman Alexie
I Stand Here Ironing Tillie Olsen
Writing Suggestions: Setting
9 Point of View
First-Person Narrators
Unreliable Narrators
Third-Person Narrators
Omniscient Narrators
Limited Omniscient Narrators
Objective Narrators
Big Black Good Man Richard Wright
The Cask of Amontillado Edgar Allan Poe
Barn Burning William Faulkner
Writing Suggestions: Point of View
10 Style, Tone, and Language
Style and Tone
The Uses of Language
Formal and Informal Diction
Imagery
Figures of Speech
Checklist: Writing about Style, Tone, and Language
Araby James Joyce
A Good Man Is Hard to Find Flannery O''Connor
The Things They Carried Tim O''Brien
Writing Suggestions: Style, Tone, and Language
11 Symbol, Allegory, and Myth
Symbol
Literary Symbols
Recognizing Symbols
Allegory
Myth
Checklist: Writing about Symbol, Allegory, and Myth
The Lottery Shirley Jackson
Everyday Use Alice Walker
Young Goodman Brown Nathaniel Hawthorne
Cathedral Raymond Carver
Writing Suggestions: Symbol, Allegory, and Myth
12 Theme
Interpreting Themes
Identifying Themes
Checklist: Writing about Theme
Doe Season David Michael Kaplan
The Rocking-Horse Winner D.H. Lawrence
A Worn Path Eudora Welty
Writing Suggestions: Theme
13 Fiction for Further Reading
The Lesson. T. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake Toni Cade Bambara
A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings Gabriel Garcfa M脽rquez
The Yellow Wallpaper. James Joyce, Eveline Charlotte Perkins Gilman
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