Managing software requirements : a use case approach = 软件需求管理 : 用例方法 / 2nd ed.

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作   者:Dean Leffingwell, Don Widrig著.

分类号:

ISBN:9787111137870

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简介

   许多软件项目失败的根本原因在于开发人员没有正确理解客户的真正需求。各类应用程序的开发人员都应该读一读这本书。 ——grady booch    为每个开发团队面临的需求难题提供全方位的解决方案。通过阅读本书,所有开发人员都可以开阔视野,获得真知灼见。 ——lvar jacobson    当今,尽管开发的知识和经验不断丰富,可利用的工具也不断增多,但仍然有相当多的软件项目失败了,原因常常是在开始时没有正确地确定和定义需求,或者随着项目的展开没有正确地管理需求。本书聚焦于这一导致项目失败的关键原因,提出了一个经过证明的实用方法,帮助我们在预算内按时提交一个符合客户需要的系统。    作者采用一种易于接受的风格,讲述他们自己的实战经历,列举大量的案例研究,向我们展示了分析人员和开发人员如何把用例技术和传统的需求表达形式结合起来高效地确定需求。书中还说明了一些经过证明的用以确定、实现、验证和确认需求的技术,并给出了在项目的整个生命周期中,管理需求的六大团队技能:分析问题、理解用户需要、定义系统、管理范围、细化系统定义、构建正确系统。    本书还强调不断地管理变更,描述了确保成功定义项目范围并使所有风险承担人达成共识的过程。

目录

foreword

preface to the second edition

preface to the first edition

introduction

chapter i the requirements problem

the goal of software development

a look at the data

the root causes of project success and failure

the frequency of requirements errors

the high cost of requirements errors

summary

chapter 2 introduction to requirements management definitions

what is a software requirement?

what is requirements management?

application of requirements management techniques

types of software applications

systems applications

the road map

the problem domain

stakeholder needs

.moving toward the solution domain

features of the system

software requirements

summary

chapter 3 requirements and the software lifecycle

traditional software process models

the waterfall model

the spiral model

the iterative approach

lifecycle phases

iterations

disciplines

requirements in the iterative model

summary

chapter 4 the software team

software development as a team activity

requisite team skills for effective requirements management

team members have different skills

the organization of software teams

the case study

background for the case study

the holis software development team

summary

team skill 1 analyzing the problem

chapter 5 the five steps in problem analysis

step 1: gain agreement on the problem definition

the problem statement

step 2: understand the root causes--the problem behind

the problem

addressing the root cause

step 3: identify the stakeholders and the users

step 4: define the solution system boundary

step 5: identify the constraints to be imposed on the solution

summary

looking ahead

chapter 6 business modeling

the purpose of business modeling

using software engineering techniques for business modeling

choosing the right technique

the unified modeling language

business modeling using uml concepts

from the business model to the systems model

when to use business modeling

summary

looking ahead

chapter 7 systems engineering of software-intensive systems

what is systems engineering?

pragmatic principles of systems engineering

the composition and decomposition of complex systems

requirements allocation in systems engineering

on derived requirements

a quiet revolution

when generations collide: graying baby boomer

meets generation x-er

avoiding the stovepipe system problem

when subsystems are subcontracts

addressing the conundrum

the case study: systems engineering for holis

preliminary user needs

problem analysis

holis: the system, actors, and stakeholders

holis systems engineering

the subsystems of holis

summary

team skill 1 summary

rout

team skill 2 understanding user and stakeholder needs

chapter 8 the challenge of requirements elicitation

barriers to elicitation

the "yes, but" syndrome

the "undiscovered ruins" syndrome

the "user and the developer" syndrome

summary

chapter 9 the features of a product or system

stakeholder and user needs

features

managing complexity by picking the level of abstraction

attributes of product features

summary

chapter 10 interviewing

context-free questions

solutions-context questions

the moment of truth: the interview

compiling the needs data

the analyst's summary: 10 + 10 + 10 ;e 30

the case study

a note on questionnaires

summary

chapter 11 requirements workshops

accelerating the decision process

preparing for the workshop

selling the concept

ensuring the participation of the right stakeholders

attending to logistics

providing warm-up materials

choosing the facilitator

setting the agenda

running the workshop

problems and tricks of the trade

brainstorming and idea reduction

production and follow-up

summary

chapter 12 brainstorming and idea reduction

live brainstorming

idea reduction

pruning ideas

grouping ideas

defining features

prioritizing ideas

web-based brainstorming

the case study: the holis requirements workshop

the attendees

the workshop

the session

the analysis of results

summary

chapter 13 storyboarding

types of storyboards

what storyboards do

tools for storyboarding

tips for storyboarding

summary

team skill 2 summary

team skill 3 defining the system

chapter 14 a use case primer

the benefits of use cases

use case basics

on actors

use case anatomy

a step-by-step guide to building the use-case model

step 1: identify and describe the actors

step 2: identify the use cases and write a brief description

step 3: identify the actor and use-case relationships

step 4: outline the individual use cases

step 5: refine the use cases

on use cases, storyboarding, and user interface design

use cases and user interfaces

use cases and storyboarding

a use case storyboard example

the case study: the holis use cases

find the holis actors

find the holis use cases

associate the actors and use cases

outline the use cases

summary

chapter 15 organizing requirements information

organizing requirements of complex hardware

and software systems

organizing requirements for product families

on "future" requirements

the case study: organizing the holis requirements

summary

looking ahead

chapter 16 the vision document

components of the vision document

the delta vision document

the vision document for version 1.0

the vision document for version 2.0

the delta vision document in a legacy system environment

summary

chapter 17 product management

the role of the product champion

the product manager in a software product company

primary activities for a product manager

driving the vision

maintaining the product road map

defining the whole product plan

sponsoring the use-case model and supplementary

requirements

testing the product concept

completing the user experience

defining commercial terms

positioning and messaging

supporting activities

branding and product labeling

end user training materials

product demo

sales and marketing collateral

the product champion in an is/it shop

summary

team skill 3 summary

team skill 4 managing scope

chapter 18 establishing project scope

the problem of project scope

the hard question

the requirements baseline

setting priorities

assessing effort

adding the risk element

reducing scope

a reasonable first estimate

summary

chapter 19 managing your customer

engaging customers to manage their project scope

communicating the result

negotiating with the customer

managing the baseline

official changes

unofficial changes

summary

team skill 4 summary

team skill 5 refining the system definition

chapter 20 software gequirements---a more rigorous look

looking deeper into software requirements

the relationship between software requirements and use cases

the relationship between features and software requirements

the requirements dilemma: whatversus how

excluding project information

excluding design information

more on requirements versus design

iterating requirements and design

a further characterization of requirements

functional software requirements

nonfunctional software requirements

design constraints

summary

looking ahead

chapter 21 refining the use cases

how use cases evolve

the scope of a use case

the case study: anatomy of a simple use case

reviewing the actors

reviewing the name

refining the description

defining and refining the flow of events

identifying the pre-and post-conditions

identifying special requirements

summary of our refined use case

extending use cases

including use cases in other use cases

summary

looking ahead

chapter 22 developing the supplementary specification

the role of the supplementary specification

expressing functional requirements in the supplementary

specification

exploring nonfunctional requirements

usability

reliability

performance

supportability

understanding design constraints

sources of design constraints

handling design constraints

are design constraints true requirements?

identifying other requirements

linking the supplementary specification to the use cases

template for the supplementary specification

summary

looking ahead

chapter 23 on ambiguity and specificity

finding the "sweet spot"

mary had a litfie lamb

techniques for disambiguation

summary

chapter 24 technical methods for specifying requirements

pseudocode

finite state machines

decision tables and decision trees

activity diagrams

entity-relationship models

summary

team skill 5 summary

team skill 6 building the right system

chapter 25 from use cases to implementation

mapping requirements directly to design and code

the orthogonality problem

object orientation

the use case as a requirement

managing the transition

modeling software systems

the architecture of software systems

the role of the use-case model in architecture

realizing use cases in the design model

structural and behavioral aspects of collaborations

using collaborations to realize sets of individual requirements

from design to implementation

summary

looking ahead

chapter 26 from use cases to test cases

a tester's perspective: musings on the big black box

is a use case a test case?

common testing terms

relationships of test artifacts

the role of the test cases

use-case scenarios

deriving test cases from use cases: a four-step process

step l: identify the use-case scenarios

step 2: identify the test cases

step 3: identify the test conditions

step 4: add data values to complete the test case

managing test coverage

black-box versus white-box testing with use cases

summary

chapter 27 tracing requirements

the role of traceability in systems development

the traceability relationship

a generalized traceability model

tracing requirements in the system definition domain

tracing requirements to implementation

tracing from requirements to testing

using traceability tools

proceeding without traceability tools

summary

chapter 28 managing change

why do requirements change?

external factors

internal factors

"we have met the enemy, and they is us"

a process for managing change

step 1: recognize that change is inevitable, and plan for it

step 2: baseline the requirements

step 3: establish a single channel to control change

step 4: use a change control system to capture changes

step 5: manage change hierarchically

requirements configuration management

tool-based support for change management

elements impacted by change

audit trail of change history

configuration management and change management

summary

looking ahead

chapter 29 assessing requirements quality in iterative

development

software project quality

assessing quality in iterative development

requirements artifacts sets

performing the assessment

quality assessment checklists for requirements

summary

team skill 6 summary

looking ahead

getting started

dedication

what you've learned so far

introduction

team skill 1: analyzing the problem

team skill 2: understanding user and stakeholder needs

team skill 3: defining the system

team skill 4: managing scope

team skill 5: refining the system definition

team skill 6: building the right system

chapter 30 agile requirements methods

mitigating requirements risk with effective requirements practices

methodology design goals

documentation is a means to an end

an extreme requirements method

an agile requirements method

a robust requirements method

summary

chapter 31 your prescription for requirements management

selecting your requirements approach

the simplifying assumptions

the prescription

on to the next release!

appendixes

appendix a holis artifacts

appendix b vision document template

appendix c use-case specification template

appendix d supplementary specification template

appendix e requirements management in the rational

unified process

appendix f requirements management in the sei-cmm

and within iso 9000:2000

bibliography

index


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