Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition

目录
1 Introduction
Background
Research on learning strategies
Theoretical background in second language acquisition
Overview of the book
2 A cognitive theory of learning
Background
Language as a cognitive skill
Representation in memory
Stages of skill acquisition
Complements to the stage-related theory of learning
Language comprehension
Language production
Learning strategies as cognitive skills
Definition and classification
Strategies as cognitive processes
Conclusions
3 How cognitive theory applies to second language acquisition
Background
Relationship of cognitive theory to specific constructs
Declarative knowledge
Procedural knowledge
Stages of skill acquisition
Conclusions
4 Learning strategies:methods and research
A framework for data collection on learning strategies
Objective of data collection
Language task
Temporal relationship
Informant training
Elicitation procedures
Individual versus group data collection
Multiple data collection procedures
Issues in the use of self-report data
Review of research on applications of learning strategies
Definition and classification
Descriptions of strategy applications
Validation of strategy effectiveness
Conclusions
5 Strategies used by second language learners
Study1 learning strategies used by beginning and intermediate ESL students
Study2 learning strategies used by foreign language students
Study3 listening comprehension strategies used by ESL students
Study4 longitudinal study of learning strategies used by foreign language students for different language tasks
Summary
Metacognitive and cognitive strategies
Declarative versus procedural knowledge
Stages of skill acquisition
Experts versus novices
Conclusions
6 Instruction in learning strategies
Issues in instruction
Separate versus integrated instruction
Direct versus embedded instruction
Instructional implementation
Student characteristics
Review of representative studies
Instruction in learning strategies for second language acquisition
Learning strategy instruction in first language contexts
Study1 learning strategy instruction with students of English as a second language
Study2 learning strategies taught by foreign language instructors
Conclusions
7 Learning strategies:models and materials
Instructional models in first language contexts:strategic teaching
Instructional models in second language contexts:the Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach
Theoretical framework of CALLA
The components of CALLA
CALLA lesson plan model
Second language learning strategy training materials
Learning strategy materials for adult language learners
Learning strategy materials for content-based ESL
Conclusions
8 Summary and conclusions
Theoretical developments
Research
Definitional/classification studies
Strategy description
Validation studies
Glossary
References
Author index
Subject index
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