Fisheries subsidies, sustainable development, and the WTO /
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作 者：edited by Anja von Moltke.
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ISBN：9781849711357
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简介
The fisheries sector is in crisis. Inappropriate subsidies to the fishing industry are a key factor responsible for worldwide fisheries depletion, overcapitalization and ecosystem degradation. There is an urgent need for an international mechanism to promote the appropriate restructuring of fisheries subsidies in order to create a more sustainable industry. In recent years the leading international forum charged with providing such a mechanism has been the World Trade Organization (WTO). This book explains why and how the reform of fisheries subsidies has become one of the most concrete and potentially successful international efforts to achieve global environmental, economic and developmental policy coherence. It describes the history and current status of the discussions at the WTO, drawing on UNEP's key documents and reflecting on the major issues. Accompanying the book is a CD-Rom containing full-text versions of all the most important source material used in the publication. The book is aimed at a broad stakeholder audience, including policy-makers in the fields of trade, fisheries, environmental economics and international environmental governance, as well as academics and others looking for an overview of the fisheries subsidies issue and an introduction to its technical components. Published with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
目录
Foreword Achim Steiner p. xi
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes p. xiii
Acknowledgements p. xvii
List of Abbreviations p. xix
Introduction p. xxiii
1 Fisheries Governance, Subsidies and Sustainable Development p. 1
The Need for a 'Green Economy' of Fishing p. 1
The Scale and Dynamics of Trade in Fisheries Products p. 3
Governance of Global Fisheries p. 5
Subsidies in the Fisheries Sector p. 10
Challenges for Reform p. 15
2 Fisheries Subsidies and their Resource Impacts p. 19
Introduction p. 19
Categories of Fisheries Subsidies p. 20
Analytical Framework p. 26
Analysis of Impacts by Category p. 32
Summary p. 58
3 National Experiences with Subsidies, their Impacts and Reform Processes p. 65
Introduction p. 65
Fisheries Subsidies: The Senegalese Experience p. 67
The Impact of Fisheries Subsidies on Tuna Sustainability and Trade in Ecuador p. 95
Fisheries Subsidy Reform in Norway p. 113
Common lessons from Senegal, Ecuador and Norway Cases p. 128
4 Emergence of an International Issue: History of Fisheries Subsidies in the WTO p. 131
Introduction p. 131
Phase I Early Analysis and Preliminary International Action p. 132
Phase II Globalization and the Shift of Focus to the WTO p. 136
Phase III The WTO Negotiations Take Shape p. 143
Phase IV Towards a High-Ambition Draft p. 155
Phase V A Text on the Table Amidst Rising Politics and Delay p. 166
Conclusion p. 174
5 Four Key Issues at the WTO p. 183
Introduction p. 183
Special and Differential Treatment p. 187
The Special Case of Artisanal Fisheries p. 213
The Special Case of Access Agreements p. 235
Sustainability Criteria for Fisheries Subsidies p. 265
6 Conclusion and Way Forward p. 307
Challenge 1 Improving Fisheries Management and Implementing Sustainability Criteria p. 307
Challenge 2 Pursuing Equity and Sustainable Growth for Developing Countries p. 309
Challenge 3 Strengthening Capacities for National and Regional Action p. 310
Challenge 4 Improving Policy Integration and Coherence p. 312
Challenge 5 Increasing Inter-institutional Innovation Internationally p. 313
Challenge 6 Improve Stakeholder Involvement and Coordination in Domestic Processes p. 314
Challenge 7 Improving Transparency and Accountability in Subsidies Programmes p. 314
The Bottom Line: The Oceans Can't Wait p. 315
Annexes
Annex 1 Timeline - The Emergence of an International Process on Fisheries Subsidies p. 317
Annex 2 Summary of International Fisheries Related Agreements p. 321
Annex 3 Regional Fisheries Bodies p. 323
Annex 4 Regional Seas Programmes and Conventions p. 325
Annex 5 2001 Doha Ministerial Declaration p. 327
Annex 6 2002 Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (excerpts) p. 341
Annex 7 2005 WTO Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration (excerpts) p. 343
Annex 8 WTO Chair's text on Fisheries Subsidies (TN/RL/W/213, 30 November 2007, Annex VIII, pp.87-93) p. 347
Annex 9 WTO Fisheries Roadmap (TN/RL/W/236, 19 December 2008, Annex VIII, pp.85-94) p. 353
Annex 10 WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM) (excerpts) p. 365
Annex 11 Developing Country Categories and S&D Benefits under the ASCM p. 389
Annex 12 Artisanal Fishing: A few Examples of Existing Usages and Definitions p. 391
Annex 13 Summary of Proposed Sustainability Criteria p. 395
Annex 14 Benchmarks for Rapid Overall Evaluations p. 399
Annex 15 Model WTO Language on Sustainability Criteria p. 401
Annex 16 Resource Material: Contents of the CD-ROM p. 405
Bibliography p. 413
Index p. 439
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes p. xiii
Acknowledgements p. xvii
List of Abbreviations p. xix
Introduction p. xxiii
1 Fisheries Governance, Subsidies and Sustainable Development p. 1
The Need for a 'Green Economy' of Fishing p. 1
The Scale and Dynamics of Trade in Fisheries Products p. 3
Governance of Global Fisheries p. 5
Subsidies in the Fisheries Sector p. 10
Challenges for Reform p. 15
2 Fisheries Subsidies and their Resource Impacts p. 19
Introduction p. 19
Categories of Fisheries Subsidies p. 20
Analytical Framework p. 26
Analysis of Impacts by Category p. 32
Summary p. 58
3 National Experiences with Subsidies, their Impacts and Reform Processes p. 65
Introduction p. 65
Fisheries Subsidies: The Senegalese Experience p. 67
The Impact of Fisheries Subsidies on Tuna Sustainability and Trade in Ecuador p. 95
Fisheries Subsidy Reform in Norway p. 113
Common lessons from Senegal, Ecuador and Norway Cases p. 128
4 Emergence of an International Issue: History of Fisheries Subsidies in the WTO p. 131
Introduction p. 131
Phase I Early Analysis and Preliminary International Action p. 132
Phase II Globalization and the Shift of Focus to the WTO p. 136
Phase III The WTO Negotiations Take Shape p. 143
Phase IV Towards a High-Ambition Draft p. 155
Phase V A Text on the Table Amidst Rising Politics and Delay p. 166
Conclusion p. 174
5 Four Key Issues at the WTO p. 183
Introduction p. 183
Special and Differential Treatment p. 187
The Special Case of Artisanal Fisheries p. 213
The Special Case of Access Agreements p. 235
Sustainability Criteria for Fisheries Subsidies p. 265
6 Conclusion and Way Forward p. 307
Challenge 1 Improving Fisheries Management and Implementing Sustainability Criteria p. 307
Challenge 2 Pursuing Equity and Sustainable Growth for Developing Countries p. 309
Challenge 3 Strengthening Capacities for National and Regional Action p. 310
Challenge 4 Improving Policy Integration and Coherence p. 312
Challenge 5 Increasing Inter-institutional Innovation Internationally p. 313
Challenge 6 Improve Stakeholder Involvement and Coordination in Domestic Processes p. 314
Challenge 7 Improving Transparency and Accountability in Subsidies Programmes p. 314
The Bottom Line: The Oceans Can't Wait p. 315
Annexes
Annex 1 Timeline - The Emergence of an International Process on Fisheries Subsidies p. 317
Annex 2 Summary of International Fisheries Related Agreements p. 321
Annex 3 Regional Fisheries Bodies p. 323
Annex 4 Regional Seas Programmes and Conventions p. 325
Annex 5 2001 Doha Ministerial Declaration p. 327
Annex 6 2002 Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (excerpts) p. 341
Annex 7 2005 WTO Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration (excerpts) p. 343
Annex 8 WTO Chair's text on Fisheries Subsidies (TN/RL/W/213, 30 November 2007, Annex VIII, pp.87-93) p. 347
Annex 9 WTO Fisheries Roadmap (TN/RL/W/236, 19 December 2008, Annex VIII, pp.85-94) p. 353
Annex 10 WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM) (excerpts) p. 365
Annex 11 Developing Country Categories and S&D Benefits under the ASCM p. 389
Annex 12 Artisanal Fishing: A few Examples of Existing Usages and Definitions p. 391
Annex 13 Summary of Proposed Sustainability Criteria p. 395
Annex 14 Benchmarks for Rapid Overall Evaluations p. 399
Annex 15 Model WTO Language on Sustainability Criteria p. 401
Annex 16 Resource Material: Contents of the CD-ROM p. 405
Bibliography p. 413
Index p. 439
Fisheries subsidies, sustainable development, and the WTO /
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