Engine combustion instrumentation and diagnostics /

Acknowledgments p. ix
Preface p. xi
Nomenclature p. xv
General Engine Instrumentation p. 1
Introduction p. 2
Dynamometers and Engine Control p. 3
Air Flow Rate Measurement p. 10
Fuel Consumption Measurement p. 18
Acquisition of Instantaneous Engine Variables p. 22
Diesel Fuel Line Pressure and Needle Lift p. 31
Exhaust Gas Analysis p. 36
Optical Access p. 52
Summary p. 64
References p. 64
In-Cylinder Pressure Measurement and Combustion Analysis p. 69
Introduction p. 70
Principle of the Piezoelectric Pressure Transducer p. 71
Pressure Transducer Preparation p. 71
Pressure Data Acquisition and Processing p. 73
SI Engine Performance Analysis Using In-Cylinder Pressure p. 76
Diesel Combustion Analysis Using In-Cylinder Pressure p. 97
Summary p. 108
References p. 109
Fast-Response Flame Ionization Detector p. 111
Introduction p. 111
Flame Ionization p. 113
Calibration of a Flame Ionization Detector p. 116
Fast-Response FID System p. 119
Response of the Fast FID when Installed in the Engine Cylinder p. 144
Calibration and Pressure Independence of a Fast FID System p. 151
Summary p. 153
References p. 154
Fast-Acting In-Cylinder Sampling Valves and the Total Cylinder Dumping Method p. 157
Introduction p. 158
Brief Summary of Sampling Valves p. 159
General Design Considerations p. 167
Electronic Control and Monitoring of Valve Operation p. 177
Sample Volume and Sample Shape in the Engine Cylinder p. 184
Gas Leakage Past the Valve Seat p. 194
Calculation of Local Air/Fuel Ratio from Sampled Burned Gases p. 206
Total Cylinder Dumping p. 212
Summary p. 216
References p. 216
Spectroscopic Techniques and Experimental Considerations p. 221
Introduction p. 222
Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy p. 222
Raman and Rayleigh Scattering p. 232
Principle of Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) p. 247
Comparison of LRS, SRS, and LIF p. 252
Experimental Considerations p. 254
Summary p. 265
References p. 265
In-Cylinder Flow Field Measurement p. 267
Introduction p. 268
Laser Doppler Anemometry p. 270
Particle Image Velocimetry p. 298
Summary p. 332
References p. 332
Measurement of In-Cylinder Mixture Distribution p. 337
Introduction p. 338
Fuel Concentration Measurement by Laser Rayleigh Scattering (LRS) p. 339
Direct Air/Fuel Ratio Measurement by Spontaneous Raman Scattering (SRS) p. 347
Two-Dimensional Fuel Distribution Measurement by PLIF p. 364
Direct Fuel/Air Ratio Measurement by FARLIF p. 374
In-Cylinder Fuel Concentration Measured by Fast FID p. 376
In-Cylinder Fuel Measurement by a High-Speed Sampling Valve p. 381
Summary p. 387
References p. 388
In-Cylinder Liquid Fuel Measurement p. 395
Introduction p. 396
Liquid Droplet Sizing by the Fraunhofer Diffraction Method p. 398
Droplets Sizing and Velocity Measurements by a Phase Doppler Analyzer p. 403
Two-Dimensional Techniques for Liquid Fuel Distribution Measurements p. 417
Simultaneous Visualization of Fuel Vapor and Liquid Fuel by LIEF p. 423
Simultaneous Measurement of Fuel Vapor and Fuel Droplets by the Laser Extinction/Absorption (LEA) Technique p. 436
Summary p. 444
References p. 446
Engine Combustion and Flame Visualization p. 451
Introduction p. 451
Visualization of Engine Combustion p. 452
Two-Dimensional Flame Imaging by Mie Scattering p. 471
Flame Propagation Measurements by Multiple Ionization Probes p. 474
Combustion Studies by Multiple Optical Fibers p. 479
Summary p. 486
References p. 487
Diesel Combustion Temperature and Soot Loading Measurement by the Two-Color Method p. 493
Introduction p. 494
Theory of the Two-Color Method p. 494
Implementation p. 497
Accuracy p. 506
Full-Field Imaging of Temperature and Soot Distributions p. 508
Application of the Two-Color Method to IC Engines p. 516
Summary p. 520
References p. 520
In-Cylinder Soot Measurements p. 523
Introduction p. 524
Soot Concentration Measurement by the Light Extinction Method p. 524
Soot Particle Sizing by Scattering and Extinction p. 535
Laser Induced Incandescence (LII) p. 544
Two-Dimensional Soot Imaging in Diesel Engines p. 557
In-Cylinder Particulate Sampling and Analysis p. 563
Summary p. 570
References p. 570
In-Cylinder Gas Temperature Measurement p. 575
Introduction p. 576
Radiation Thermometry p. 577
The Velocity-of-Sound Method p. 593
Spectroscopic Temperature Measurement Techniques p. 603
Temperature Measurement by Spontaneous Raman Scattering (SRS) p. 609
Temperature Measurement by Laser Rayleigh Scattering (LRS) p. 617
Temperature Measurement by CARS p. 620
Two-Dimensional Temperature Measurement by PLIF p. 627
Summary p. 639
References p. 639
In-Cylinder Measurements of Combustion Products p. 645
Introduction p. 646
Measurements of In-Cylinder Burned Gas p. 646
Spectroscopic Studies of Combustion Species in IC Engines p. 663
Autoignition Studies in SI Engines p. 672
Visualization of Combustion Species by PLIF p. 676
Summary p. 699
References p. 700
Experimental Error Analysis p. 707
Gas Flow through a Sampling Valve p. 729
Heat Transfer in the Valve p. 739
Stress Considerations for Sampling Valves p. 751
Subject Index p. 769
Author Index p. 807
About the Authors p. 821