Academic English on geoinformatics

　　Part Ⅰ Fundamentals of Geographic Information Sciences
　　 Chapter 1 Introduction to GIS 2
　　 1.1 Geomatics and GIS 2
　　 1.1.1 Geography 2
　　 1.1.2 Information Systems 3
　　 1.1.3 Definition of GIS 4
　　 1.1.4 Definition of Geomatics 5
　　 1.2 Background and History of GIS 5
　　 1.2.1 Brief History 5
　　 1.2.2 Evolution of GIS 8
　　 1.3 Components of GIS 9
　　 1.4 Principal Functions of GIS 11
　　 1.5 Application Scope of GIS 12
　　 Chapter 2 Spatial Data and Related Issues 15
　　 2.1 Concept of Spatial Data 15
　　 2.2 Data Capture 15
　　 2.2.1 Manual Digitization 16
　　 2.2.2 Scanning System 17
　　 2.2.3 Data Conversion 18
　　 2.3 Geo relational Data Model 19
　　 2.4 The Spatial Data and the Attribute Data 20
　　 2.5 Coordinate Systems, Projection and Registration 22
　　 2.5.1 Coordinate Systems 23
　　 2.5.2 Projection and Registration 24
　　 2.6 Vector and Raster Data Structure 27
　　 2.6.1 Vector Data Structure and Topology 28
　　 2.6.2 Raster Data Structure 35
　　 2.6.3 Comparisons Between Vector and Raster Data Structure 40
　　 2.7 Thematic Mapping 42
　　 2.7.1 Maps Defined 43
　　 2.7.2 Map Scale 44
　　 2.8 Resolution and Scale of Spatial Data 44
　　 Chapter 3 Spatial Analysis and Functions of GIS 48
　　 3.1 Proximity Analysis (Buffering) 50
　　 3.2 Overlay Analysis 51
　　 3.3 Spatial Statistics 52
　　 3.3.1 Descriptive Statistics 52
　　 3.3.2 Histograms or Frequency Counts 53
　　 3.3.3 Extreme Values 53
　　 3.3.4 Correlations and Cross tabulation 53
　　 3.4 Network Analysis 54
　　 3.4.1 Finding the Best Route 55
　　 3.4.2 Finding the Closest Facility 56
　　 3.4.3 Finding Service Areas 57
　　 3.4.4 Creating an OD Cost Matrix 57
　　 3.5 Modeling 57
　　 3.6 Some Real Life Examples 59
　　 Chapter 4 Types of GIS 63
　　 4.1 Four dimensional GIS 63
　　 4.2 Multimedia/Hypermedia GIS 63
　　 4.3 WebGIS64
　　 4.4 Virtual Reality GIS 65
　　 4.5 Real time GIS 66
　　Part Ⅱ Advances and Hot Points in GIS
　　 Chapter 5 WebGIS and the Key Issues 70
　　 5.1 Principles of WebGIS 70
　　 5.2 System Architecture and Its Implementation 71
　　 5.2.1 Important Issues of Designing the WebGIS Architecture 73
　　 5.2.2 B/S Based WebGIS System with COM/DCOM Technique: A Case 74
　　 5.3 Data Sharing, Interoperation and OpenGIS 77
　　 5.3.1 The Connotation and Significance of Data Sharing and Interoperation 78
　　 5.3.2 Technical Implementation of Spatial Data Sharing and Interoperation7 9
　　 5.3.3 Web Spatial Data Service and GML for Data Sharing and Interoperation: A Case 81
　　 Chapter 6 GridGIS: Direction of GIS 89
　　 6.1 Definition of GridGIS 90
　　 6.2 Understanding the Concept of Grid 91
　　 6.3 Understanding the Differences between GridGIS and WebGIS 91
　　 6.4 Grid Computing and Grid Middleware 92
　　 6.5 Architecture Design of GridGIS and Its Applications on Image Processing Based on LAN: A Case 93
　　 6.5.1 Key Techniques of GridGIS Based on LAN 94
　　 6.5.2 Sample of GridGIS Based on LAN 102
　　 6.5.3 Conclusions 103
　　 Chapter 7 Progressive Transmission of Spatial Data 106
　　 7.1 Definition of Progressive Transmission of Spatial Data 106
　　 7.2 Key Techniques of Progressive Transmission of Spatial Data 107
　　 7.3 Spatial Data Index and Multi瞫cale Representation of Spatial Data 108
　　 7.3.1 Three Kinds of Geometric Data Index 108
　　 7.3.2 Multi瞫cale Representation of Spatial Data 109
　　 7.4 Map Generalization and Simplification of Spatial Data 113
　　 7.4.1 Definition of Map Generalization 114
　　 7.4.2 Review on Generalization Research 115
　　 7.4.3 Models, Strategies and Constraints of Generalization 117
　　 7.4.4 Generalization Operators and Algorithms 120
　　 7.5 A Solution to Progressive Vector Transmission on Web: A Case 124
　　 7.5.1 DP Algorithm and Its Modification 124
　　 7.5.2 Binary Line Generalization Tree 126
　　 7.5.3 A Browser Server Architecture for Progressive Vector Transmission 126
　　 7.5.4 Data Organization on Server瞫ide and Implementation of Related Components 127
　　 7.5.5 Experiments 128
　　 Chapter 8 3D GIS and Its Developments 137
　　 8.1 Overview of 3D GIS 137
　　 8.1.1 Recent Researches on 3D GIS 137
　　 8.1.2 Commercial Systems on 3D GIS 138
　　 8.2 Three Dimensional Spatial Data Models and Data Structures 144
　　 8.2.1 Classification of 3D Data Model 145
　　 8.2.2 Surface based 3D Data Model 146
　　 8.2.3 Volume based 3D Data Model 149
　　 8.3 OpenGIS Specifications and 3D 152
　　 8.4 Key Issues of 3D GIS 153
　　 8.4.1 Topological Model 153
　　 8.4.2 Formalism for Detecting Spatial Relationships 155
　　Part Ⅲ Related Techniques of Geoinformatics
　　 Chapter 9 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing 160
　　 9.1 The Process and Types of Remote Sensing 160
　　 9.2 Brief History of Remote Sensing 161
　　 9.3 Characteristics of Digital Remote Sensing Images 166
　　 9.4 Characteristics of Satellite Remote Sensing Image 168
　　 9.4.1 Satellite Characteristics: Orbits and Swaths 168
　　 9.4.2 Spatial Resolution 170
　　 9.4.3 Spectral Resolution 171
　　 9.4.4 Radiometric Resolution 172
　　 9.4.5 Temporal Resolution 173
　　 9.5 Basic Processing of Remote Sensing Image 174
　　 9.6 Features Used in Image Interpretation and Recognition 176
　　 Chapter 10 Development Trends in Remote Sensing 180
　　 10.1 Development of Data Acquisition Technology by Remote Sensors 180
　　 10.1.1 High Spatial Resolution 180
　　 10.1.2 High Spectral Resolution 184
　　 10.1.3 Radar Remote Sensing 186
　　 10.1.4 Light Detection and Ranging 189
　　 10.2 Development of Image Processing, Analysis and Application 193
　　 10.2.1 Image Compression 193
　　 10.2.2 Image Fusion 195
　　 10.2.3 Radar Interferometry 196
　　 10.2.4 Information Extraction from Remote Sensing Image 198
　　 10.3 Object based Image Processing and Analysis 201
　　 10.4 Multi scale Information Extraction from High Resolution Remote Sensing Image: A Case 206
　　 10.4.1 Limitations in Traditional Object Extraction 207
　　 10.4.2 Workflow of Multi瞫cale Information Extraction from High Resolution Images Based on Features 208
　　 10.4.3 Region Partition Based on GMRF-SVM on Large scale 209
　　 10.4.4 Parcel Unit Extraction 215
　　 10.4.5 Conclusions 219
　　 Chapter 11 Fundamentals of Global Positioning System 225
　　 11.1 Components of GPS 225
　　 11.1.1 The User Segment 225
　　 11.1.2 The Control Segment 226
　　 11.1.3 The Space Segment 227
　　 11.2 Signals of GPS 229
　　 11.3 Surveying and Positioning with GPS 230
　　 11.3.1 Principles of Positioning with GPS 230
　　 11.3.2 Observables of GPS Surveying 231
　　 11.4 Differential Techniques 232
　　 11.5 Double and Triple Difference Processing 233
　　 Chapter 12 Integration of GIS, RS and GPS 236
　　 12.1 Introduction to Integration of GIS, RS and GPS 236
　　 12.1.1 Definition of Integration of GIS, RS and GPS 236
　　 12.1.2 Necessity of Integration of GIS, RS and GPS237
　　 12.1.3 Models of Integration 238
　　 12.2 Applications of Integration of GIS, RS and GPS 242
　　 12.2.1 Existing Applications of Integration of GIS, RS and GPS 242
　　 12.2.2 Prospects for Integration of GIS, RS and GPS 245
　　 12.3 Development of Wireless Technology and Its Application to GIS 246
　　 12.4 Mobile Wireless Communication Standards and LBS 250
　　 12.4.1 Mobile Wireless System Components 250
　　 12.4.2 Mobile Communication Protocols 251
　　 12.4.3 Standards that Support LBS 251
　　 12.4.4 Examples of LBS 253
　　 12.5 LBS Related Issues 254
　　 12.5.1 Diverse Mobile Mapping Standards 254
　　 12.5.2 Interoperability 255
　　 12.5.3 Market Capacity 257
　　 12.5.4 User Privacy 258
　　Part Ⅳ Appendix
　　 Appendix AGIS Dictionary 268
　　 Appendix BEnglish Journals on Geoinformatics 289
　　 Appendix CWriting of Scientific Paper 301