Sustainable Biofuels: An Ecological Assessment of the Future Energy

Part I Introduction
1 The Sustainable Biofuels Paradigm
　1.1 Biofuels: Opportunities and Challenges
　1.1.1 From Fossil Fuels to 1st Generation Biofuels
　1.1.2 A Case for 2nd and 3rd Generation Biofuels
　1.2 The Sustainability Paradigm and Biofuels
　References
Part II Biofuel Crop Models
2 Switchgrass for Bioenergy: Agro-ecological Sustainability
　2.1 Introduction.
　2.1.1 Switchgrass--A Short History of and the Case for
　Its Use as a Biofuel Feedstock
　2.2 Energetic and Economic Considerations in Sustainability
　2.2.1 Energy In: Energy Out (Is Making Biofuel from
　Switchgrass Energetically Feasible?~
　2.2.2 Economic Tipping Points (Is Making Biofuel from
　Switchgrass Economically Feasible?)
　2.2.3 Using Value-added Products to Shift the Tipping Point
　2.2.4 Farmer and Factory Relationships: Getting the Ball Rolling
　2.2.5 Ethical/Social/Fairness Dimensions of the Sustainability '
　2.3 Ecological/Environmental/Resource Considerations of
　the Sustainability
　2.3.1 Sustaining the Soil Resource'
　2.3.2 Sustaining the Air Resource: GHGs and Climate
　2.3.3 Sustaining the Water Resource: Depletion and Pollution Concerns~
　2.3.4 Sustaining Biological Resources: Biodiversity
　2.4 Managing Switchgrass for Bioenergy and Sustainability
　2.4.1 Description, Adaptations, and Selection
　2.4.2 Establishment
　2.4.3 Fertility in an Agroecological and Sustainability Context
　2.4.4 Mechanization, Storage, and Hauling
　2.4.5 Demands of a Bioenergy Industry.
　2.5 Conclusions
　References
3 Sugarcane as an Alternative Source of
　Sustainable Energy
　3.1 Introduction
　3.2 Energy Expenses in Sugarcane Production
　3.3 Nutrient and Fertilizer Expenditures of Sugarcane
　3.4 Sugarcane Bagasse: A Sustainable Energy Resource
　3.4.1 Electricity Generation from Bagasse
　3.4.2 Reduction in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions
　3.4.3 Bagasse-based Byproducts and Future Energy Assessment
　3.5 Sugarcane Trash: A Potential Biomass for Sustainable Energy
　3.6 Sugarcane Biomass for Biofuel Production
　3.6.1 Chemical Composition of Sugarcane Biomass
　3.6.2 Conversion of Sugarcane Biomass into Ethanol
　3.6.3 Pretreatment of Sugarcane Biomass
　3.6.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis/Saccharification of the Cellulosic Fraction
　3.6.5 Detoxification of Cellulosic and Hemicellulosic Hydrolysates
　3.6.6 Fermentation of Sugars from Sugarcane Biomass into Ethanol
　3.6.7 Pyrolysis of Sugarcane Biomass
　3.7 Conclusions
　References
4 Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) as a New Biofuel Feedstock for
　Semi-arid and Arid Regions and Its Agro-ecological
　Sustainability Issues
　4.1 Introduction
　4.2 Systematics and Global Distribution.
　4.3 Vegetative Growth and Sexual Reproduction
　4.4 Optimal and Sub-optimal Climate and Growth Conditions
　4.5 Propagation
　4.6 Uses and Abuses of JCL
　4.6.1 Traditional Non-fuel Uses
　4.6.2 Feedstock for Biofuels
　4.6.3 Utilization of JCL byproducts
　4.7 JCL as a Sustainable Alternative to Fossil Fuels
　4.7.1 Environmental Impacts
　4.7.2 Socioeconomic Impacts
　4.8 Significance of Irrigation and Fertilization for JCL Cultivation
　4.8.1 Effects of Irrigation on Pot-grown JCL Plants
　4.8.2 Effects of Irrigation on Field-grown JCL Plants
　4.8.3 Effects of Fertilization on JCL Plants
　4.9 Conclusions
　References
5 Environmental Aspects of Willow Cultivation for
　Bioenergy
　5.1 Introduction
　5.2 Willow Plantations
　5.3 Carbon Sequestration and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes
　5.3.1 Estimates of Growth and Carbon Sequestration
　5.3.2 Eddy Flux Measurements
　5.3.3 Closing the Carbon Budget
　5.3.4 The Fertilization Effect
　5.3.5 What Are the Limits?
　5.3.6 Substitution Efficiency and Climate Effect
　5.4 Conclusions
　References
Part III Biofuels and Biogeochemical Impacts
6 Short Rotation Forestry for Energy Production in Italy:
　Environmental Aspects and New Perspectives of
　Use in Biofuel Industry
　6.1 Introduction
　6.2 Ecological Services Provided by SRF
　6.2.1 Buffer Strips and Ecological Corridors.
　6.2.2 Fertirrigation: Disposal of Livestock, Urban and
　Industrial Wastewaters
　6.2.3 Soil Erosion Control
　6.2.4 CO2 Uptake and Carbon Sequestration
　6.3 Biofuel Production and SRF
　6.4 Conclusions
　References
7 Populus and Salix Grown in a Short-rotation Coppice for
　Bioenergy: Ecophysiology, Aboveground Productivity, and
　Stand-level Water Use Efficiency
　7.1 Introduction
　7.2 Water Use of SRC
　7.3 Water Use Efficiency of SRC
　7.4 WUE and Related Ecophysiological Variables Literature Surveys
　7.5 Case Study: Populus in the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands
　7.5.1 Introduction
　7.5.2 Site and Stand Description
　7.5.3 Methods
　7.5.4 Results and Discussion
　7.6 Conclusions
　References
Part IV Biofuels and Natural Resource Management
8 Afforestation of Salt-affected Marginal Lands with
　Indigenous Tree Species for Sustainable Biomass and
　Bioenergy Production
　8.1 Introduction
　8.2 Origin and Distribution of Salt-affected Soils in India
　8.3 Properties of Salt-affected Soils
　8.4 Natural Vegetation on Salt-affected Soils
　8.5 Management Practices for Afforestation on Salt-affected Soils
　8.5.1 Selection of Tree Species
　8.5.2 Pre-planting Management Strategies
　8.5.3 Planting Techniques
　8.5.4 Post-planting Management Strategies
　8.6 Biomass Production
　8.6.1 Saline Soils
　8.6.2 Sodic Soils
　8.7 Bioenergy Production
　8.8 Soil Amelioration
　8.9 Conclusions
　References
9 Bioenergy and Prospects for Phytoremediation
　9.1 Introduction
　9.2 Bioenergy Systems for Soil Phytoremediation
　9.2.1 Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals
　9.2.2 SRCs and Rhizodegradation of Organic Pollution
　9.3 Bioenergy Systems for Water Phytoremediation
　9.3.1 Phytoremediation Systems with Municipal Wastewater
　9.3.2 Phytoremediation Systems with Landfill Leachate
　References
Part V Life Cycle Assessment Principles
10 Eight Principles of Uncertainty for Life Cycle Assessment of
　Biofuel Systems
　10.1 Introduction: Regulatory LCA
　10.2 Eight Principles of Uncertainty for LCA of Biofuel Systems
　10.3 Principle 1: Biofuel Production Is a Complex System of Systems
　10.4 Principle 2: Standardized LCA Methods for Biofuels Do Not Exist
　10.5 Principle 3: Empirical Data Are Scarce for Most Aspects of Biofuels,
　10.6 Principle 4: Local Biofuel LCAs Reduce Uncertainty and Errors
　10.7 Principle 5: Sensitive Parameters Cause Order of
　Magnitude Changes
　10.7.1 Biorefinery Natural Gas Efficiency-
　10.7.2 Agricultural N20 Emissions
　10.7.3 Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics and CO2 Emissions,
　10.7.4 Setting an Uncertainty Standard for Biofuel LCA
　10.8 Principle 6: Indirect Emissions Are Numerous and
　Highly Uncertain
　10.8.1 Indirect Land Use Change
　10.8.2 Multiple Indirect Effects and Global Economic Forecasting
　10.9 Principle 7: Transparency Is Essential for Regulatory LCA
　10.10 Principle 8: Fossil Fuel Reference Systems Are Diverse and
　Uncertain
　i10.11 Conclusions
　References
11 Energy and GHG Emission Assessments of Biodiesel
　Production in Mato Grosso, Brazil
　11.1 Introduction
　11.2 Study Area
　11.3 Methods
　11.3.1 Crop Selection
　11.3.2 Identification of the Area Suitable for Cultivation
　11.3.3 Settings and Constraints Specific for the Case Study
　11.3.4 Problem Formulation
　11.3.5 Other Impacts
　11.4 Results
　11.5 Discussion
　11.6 Conclusions.
　References
Part VI Global Potential Assessments
　12 Biomass Potential of Switchgrass and Miscanthus on the
　USA's Marginal Lands
12.1 Introduction
　12.2 Methods
　12.2.1 Identification of the USA's Marginal Lands
　12.2.2 Processing Land Cover Data
　12.2.3 NCCPI
　12.2.4 Determination of Marginal Lands
　12.2.5 Development of Empirical Models
　12.2.6 Sample Data
　12.2.7 Regional Model Simulations
　12.2.8 Data Selection
　12.2.9 Model Development and Validation.
　12.3 Results and Discussion
　12.3.1 USA Marginal Lands
　12.3.2 Model Developments and Validations
　12.3.3 Biomass Estimates of Switchgrass and Miscanthus
　12.3.4 Comparison of Switchgrass and Miscanthus.
　12.3.5 Limitations and Future Study
　12.4 Conclusions
　References
13 Global Agro-ecological Challenges in Commercial Biodiesel
　Production from Jatropha curcas: Seed Productivity to
　Disease Incidence
　13.1 Introduction
　13.2 Standardization of Agro-technology -
　13.2.1 Propagation Techniques
　13.2.2 Planting Material
　13.2.3 Nursery Managemenl
　13.2.4 Field Planting
　13.3 Global Seed Productivity
　13.4 Techno-commercial Economics
　13.5 Scope for Improvements.
　13.6 Disease Incidence
　13.7 Soil Amelioration
　13.8 Conclusions
 References
Subject Index-