简介
1999年，国际建协第20届世界建筑师大会在北京召开，大会一致通过了由吴良镛教授起草的《北京宪章》。《北京宪章》总结了百年来建筑发展的历程，并在剖析和整合20世纪的历史与现实、理论与实践、成就与问题以及各种新思路和新观点的基础上，展望了21世纪建筑学的前进方向。本书将《北京宪章》撰写过程中的基础背景资料、思考要点，以及吴良镛教授在大会上的主旨报告等进行汇总，从建筑与环境、建筑与城市、建筑与文化、建筑与技术、建筑教育与职业等方面对宪章进行诠释，并由国际著名建筑理论家亚历山大•楚尼斯教授为本书序，希望有
目录
书名页 1
内容简介 2
版权页 2
目录 3
图表目录 9
序言 11
前言 17
UIA BEIJING CHARTER——The Future of Architecture 25
1 COMING TO TERMS WITH OUR CENTURIES 27
1.1 The 20th century: unparalleled construction and destruction 27
1.2 The 21st century: a turning point 28
2 THE CHALLENGES THAT WE FACE 28
2.1 Interwoven questions 28
2.2 A common theme, a common future 30
3 TOWARDS AN INTEGRAL ARCHITECTURE 30
3.1 The theoretical premises 30
3.2 A fusion of architecture, landscape architectureand city planning 32
3.3 Architecture as a process for human habitat 32
3.4 Multiple technology rooted in indigenous cultures 33
3.5 Architecture of harmony instead of monotony 34
3.6 Art for the sake of the built environoment 34
3.7 Architecture for all 35
3.8 Learning architecture 35
3.9 Towards an integral architecture 36
4 ALL PATHWAYS FOR A COMMON DESTINY 36
1 MENER A TERME NOTRE SIECLE 39
1.1 Le 20e siècle: des constructions et des destructionssans précédent 39
1.2 Le 21e siècle: un tournant 40
2 FACE A NOUS, DES DEFIS 40
2.1 Des entrelacs de questions 40
2.2 Un thème commun, un futur commun 42
3 VERS UNE ARCHITECTURE INTEGRALE 43
3.1 Préalables théoriques 43
3.2 Une fusion entre l'architecture, l'aménagement dupaysage et l'urbanisme 44
3.3 L'architecture en tant que l'un des processusde l'habitat humain 45
3.4 Technologies multiples enracinées dans la culturevernaculaire 45
3.5 L'harmonie en architecture plutt que la monotonie 46
3.6 L'art dans l'intérêt de l'environnement construit 47
3.7 L'architecture pour tous 47
3.8 Apprendre l'architecture 48
3.9 Vers une architecture intégrale 49
4 LES CHEMINS POUR UN DESTIN COMMUN 49
1 LLEVAR A CABO NUESTRO SIGLO 52
1.1 El siglo XX: Construcciones y destrucciones sin precedentes 52
1.2 El siglo XXI: un viraje 53
2 FRENTE A NOSOTROS, UNOS DESAFíOS 54
2.1 Entretejidos de preguntas 54
2.2 Un tema común, un futuro común 55
3 HACIA UNA ARQUITECTURA INTEGRAL 56
3.1 Preámbulo teórico 56
3.2 Una fusión entre la arquitectura, el acondicionamientodel paisaje y el urbanismo 57
3.3 La arquitectura como uno de los procesos de lavivienda humana 58
3.4 Múltiples tecnologías arraigadas en la cultura vernacular 58
3.5 La armonía en arquitectura antes que la monotonía 59
3.6 El arte en beneficio del entorno construído 60
3.7 La Arquitectura para todos 60
3.8 Ensear la arquitectura 61
3.9 Hacia una arquitectura integral 62
4 LOS CAMINOS PARA UN DESTINO COMúN 62
1 ПРИХОДЯ К СОГЛАСИЮ С НАШИМ ВЕКОМ 65
1.1 XX век: беспримерное строительство и разрушение 65
1.2 XXI век: поворотный пункт 66
2 ВЫЗОВЫ, БРОШЕННЫЕ НАМ 67
2.1 Взаимопереплетающиеся вопросы 67
2.2 Общая тема, общее будущее 68
3 К ИНТЕГРАЛЬНОЙ АРХИТЕКТУРЕ 69
3.1 теоретические предпосылки 69
3.2 Слияние архитектуры, ландшафтной архитектурыи градостроительства 71
3.3 Архитектура как процесс формирования средыобитания человека 71
3.4 Множественность технологий уходит корнямив местную культуру 72
3.5 Архитектура гармонии взамен монотонности 73
3.6 Искусство формирования искусственной среды 74
3.7 Архитектура для всех 74
3.8 Учиться архитектуре 75
3.9 К интегральной архитектуре 76
4 ВСЕ ПУТИ К ОБЩЕЙ СУДЬБЕ 77
I UNDERSTANDING THE TIME: THE GENERALTREND OF HUMAN CIVILIZATION 79
1 The 20th Century: An Age of “Great Development”and “Immense Devastation” 79
1.2 The 20th Century: an age of unparalleled devastation 80
1.2.1 The devastation of the two World Wars 80
1.2.2 The devastation to the human settlements 81
1.3 From posing questions to putting forward solutions:the sensitive pioneer thinkers and innovators alwaysstood at the frontline of their time 82
1.4 The actions of international organizations –the milestones of human development 82
1.4.1 Actions of the United Nations 82
1.4.2 The achievements of UIA since its establishment in 1948 83
1.1 The 20th Century: an unprecedented age of progress forarchitecture 80
1.1.1 The development of construction technologies and arts 80
1.1.2 The development of architectural theories and urban planning 80
2 The 21st Century: The Great Turn 85
2.1 Changing times and varying opinions 85
2.2 Geographical differences 88
2.2.1 Globalization and local resistance 88
2.2.2 Globalization and local difference 89
2.3 Modern architecture at a crossroad 89
II FACING THE CHALLENGES: THE CRUCIALTOPICS AND BASIC PRINCIPLES OFCONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE 90
1 A Complex Situation 90
1.1 Environmental disasters endanger the human race 90
1.1.1 People and nature 90
1.1.2 “The revenge of the nature” 91
1.2 Disordered urbanization 95
1.2.1 Urbanization is our common trend 95
1.2.2 Urban problems 96
1.3 Two edges of the technology sword 99
1.3.1 Technology is a liberating force 99
1.3.2 The Constructive and destructive powers of technology areincreasing in parallel 99
1.4 The loss of architectural soul 101
1.4.1 Culture is the soul of the city and of architecture 101
1.4.2 The convergence of cultures and the crisis of identity 101
STOP THEM FROMBURYING OUR CITYUNDER A SKYLINE OFTOMBSTONES 102
2 A Common Choice 103
2.1 Sustainable development 103
2.2 Some basic strategies for architectural development 104
2.2.1 Envisaging the ecological dilemma and reinforcing ecologicalconsciousness 104
2.2.2 The interaction between human settlement construction andeconomic development 105
2.2.3 Envisaging the development of science and technology,propelling economic development and social prosperity 107
2.2.4 Caring for the public and emphasizing the integral interestsof social development 107
2.2.5 The impulse for cultural and artistic creation, developmentand prosperity 109
III FROM TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE TOA GENERAL THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 111
1 Three Premises 111
1.1 Architecture develops with the time 111
1.2 Architecture as a synthesis that should not beweakened by disciplinary subdivisions 112
1.3 The expansion of architecture’s tasks – new challengesafter the advent of the “Habitat” concept 113
2 The Theoretical Structure of a GeneralTheory of Architecture 114
2.1 Return to basics 114
2.2 An architectural perspective combining time, space and man 118
3 Towards a Trinity: Integration of Architecture,Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning 119
4 A Re-cycling System: An Architecture Focusing onHuman Settlements and the Environment 121
4.1 The life-cycle of buildings 121
4.2 The life-cycle concept in the urban settlement 122
5 Multi-Level Technological Structuring and theIntegration of Technology and Humanism 123
5.1 Multi-level technological structuring 123
5.2 The integration of technology and humanism 127
6 Cultural Diversity: To Construct a “Global-Local”Architecture 128
6.1 Globalization and diversification 128
6.2 Integrating the development of inherited tradition, locality,and ethnicity, with globalization in the new era 129
6.3 Mutual learning and stimulation of Eastern andWestern architectural philosophies 133
7 A General Environmental Art 136
7.1 The integrity of architectural environmental arts 136
7.1.1 From order to chaos: the challenges to architectural integrality 136
7.1.2 Order within chaos: seeking relatively harmony from chaos 137
7.2 The integration of fine arts, crafts and architecture 139
8 Architecture for the Whole Society 141
8.1 The social responsibilities of architects 141
8.2 Architecture is a science serving the people anddemanding their participation 143
8.3 Education of the client 144
8.4 Appealing to national construction policies 145
9 Comprehensive Education 145
9.1 Expectations on the cultivation of people – the moraleducation of architects 145
9.2 An open knowledge system – the professional educationof architects 146
9.3 The internationalization and localization of architecturaleducation 148
9.4 Lifelong education 148
10 The Methodology of a General Theory ofArchitecture 149
10.1 The entirety of the system 149
10.2 Dialectical thinking and problem solving 150
IV A PRIMARY CONCLUSION: ALL PATHWAYSTOWARDS A COMMON DESTINATION 151
1 An Outstanding Century of Architecture 160
1.1 Achievements 160
1.1.1 Architecture 160
1.1.2 Urbanisation 161
1.2 Conceptual advance 161
2 Apparent Crises 162
2.1 Crises in architecture of the late 20th century 162
2.2 Assessing the crises 163
3 Roadmap to the Next Century 164
3.1 Environmental awareness 164
3.2 Awakening regionalism 165
3.3 Issues of methodology 166
4 Towards an Integral Architecture 167
4.1 A rational framework 168
4.2 Inspired formal design 169
4.2.1 A visual order out of chaos 169
4.2.2 Fitting buildings and cities in a green landscape 170
4.2.3 Rediscovering sense of the place 170
4.2.4 Towards a new philosophy of architecture for the builtenvironment 171
5 Our Common Mission: A Better Habitat andA Better Society 172
1 Is the Future Tangible? 175
2 How to Treat the Numerous Schools ofArchitecture? 176
3 How can We Achieve Concordance While KeepDiversity? 176
4 What will be the Road of BEING Creative? 177
内容简介 2
版权页 2
目录 3
图表目录 9
序言 11
前言 17
UIA BEIJING CHARTER——The Future of Architecture 25
1 COMING TO TERMS WITH OUR CENTURIES 27
1.1 The 20th century: unparalleled construction and destruction 27
1.2 The 21st century: a turning point 28
2 THE CHALLENGES THAT WE FACE 28
2.1 Interwoven questions 28
2.2 A common theme, a common future 30
3 TOWARDS AN INTEGRAL ARCHITECTURE 30
3.1 The theoretical premises 30
3.2 A fusion of architecture, landscape architectureand city planning 32
3.3 Architecture as a process for human habitat 32
3.4 Multiple technology rooted in indigenous cultures 33
3.5 Architecture of harmony instead of monotony 34
3.6 Art for the sake of the built environoment 34
3.7 Architecture for all 35
3.8 Learning architecture 35
3.9 Towards an integral architecture 36
4 ALL PATHWAYS FOR A COMMON DESTINY 36
1 MENER A TERME NOTRE SIECLE 39
1.1 Le 20e siècle: des constructions et des destructionssans précédent 39
1.2 Le 21e siècle: un tournant 40
2 FACE A NOUS, DES DEFIS 40
2.1 Des entrelacs de questions 40
2.2 Un thème commun, un futur commun 42
3 VERS UNE ARCHITECTURE INTEGRALE 43
3.1 Préalables théoriques 43
3.2 Une fusion entre l'architecture, l'aménagement dupaysage et l'urbanisme 44
3.3 L'architecture en tant que l'un des processusde l'habitat humain 45
3.4 Technologies multiples enracinées dans la culturevernaculaire 45
3.5 L'harmonie en architecture plutt que la monotonie 46
3.6 L'art dans l'intérêt de l'environnement construit 47
3.7 L'architecture pour tous 47
3.8 Apprendre l'architecture 48
3.9 Vers une architecture intégrale 49
4 LES CHEMINS POUR UN DESTIN COMMUN 49
1 LLEVAR A CABO NUESTRO SIGLO 52
1.1 El siglo XX: Construcciones y destrucciones sin precedentes 52
1.2 El siglo XXI: un viraje 53
2 FRENTE A NOSOTROS, UNOS DESAFíOS 54
2.1 Entretejidos de preguntas 54
2.2 Un tema común, un futuro común 55
3 HACIA UNA ARQUITECTURA INTEGRAL 56
3.1 Preámbulo teórico 56
3.2 Una fusión entre la arquitectura, el acondicionamientodel paisaje y el urbanismo 57
3.3 La arquitectura como uno de los procesos de lavivienda humana 58
3.4 Múltiples tecnologías arraigadas en la cultura vernacular 58
3.5 La armonía en arquitectura antes que la monotonía 59
3.6 El arte en beneficio del entorno construído 60
3.7 La Arquitectura para todos 60
3.8 Ensear la arquitectura 61
3.9 Hacia una arquitectura integral 62
4 LOS CAMINOS PARA UN DESTINO COMúN 62
1 ПРИХОДЯ К СОГЛАСИЮ С НАШИМ ВЕКОМ 65
1.1 XX век: беспримерное строительство и разрушение 65
1.2 XXI век: поворотный пункт 66
2 ВЫЗОВЫ, БРОШЕННЫЕ НАМ 67
2.1 Взаимопереплетающиеся вопросы 67
2.2 Общая тема, общее будущее 68
3 К ИНТЕГРАЛЬНОЙ АРХИТЕКТУРЕ 69
3.1 теоретические предпосылки 69
3.2 Слияние архитектуры, ландшафтной архитектурыи градостроительства 71
3.3 Архитектура как процесс формирования средыобитания человека 71
3.4 Множественность технологий уходит корнямив местную культуру 72
3.5 Архитектура гармонии взамен монотонности 73
3.6 Искусство формирования искусственной среды 74
3.7 Архитектура для всех 74
3.8 Учиться архитектуре 75
3.9 К интегральной архитектуре 76
4 ВСЕ ПУТИ К ОБЩЕЙ СУДЬБЕ 77
I UNDERSTANDING THE TIME: THE GENERALTREND OF HUMAN CIVILIZATION 79
1 The 20th Century: An Age of “Great Development”and “Immense Devastation” 79
1.2 The 20th Century: an age of unparalleled devastation 80
1.2.1 The devastation of the two World Wars 80
1.2.2 The devastation to the human settlements 81
1.3 From posing questions to putting forward solutions:the sensitive pioneer thinkers and innovators alwaysstood at the frontline of their time 82
1.4 The actions of international organizations –the milestones of human development 82
1.4.1 Actions of the United Nations 82
1.4.2 The achievements of UIA since its establishment in 1948 83
1.1 The 20th Century: an unprecedented age of progress forarchitecture 80
1.1.1 The development of construction technologies and arts 80
1.1.2 The development of architectural theories and urban planning 80
2 The 21st Century: The Great Turn 85
2.1 Changing times and varying opinions 85
2.2 Geographical differences 88
2.2.1 Globalization and local resistance 88
2.2.2 Globalization and local difference 89
2.3 Modern architecture at a crossroad 89
II FACING THE CHALLENGES: THE CRUCIALTOPICS AND BASIC PRINCIPLES OFCONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE 90
1 A Complex Situation 90
1.1 Environmental disasters endanger the human race 90
1.1.1 People and nature 90
1.1.2 “The revenge of the nature” 91
1.2 Disordered urbanization 95
1.2.1 Urbanization is our common trend 95
1.2.2 Urban problems 96
1.3 Two edges of the technology sword 99
1.3.1 Technology is a liberating force 99
1.3.2 The Constructive and destructive powers of technology areincreasing in parallel 99
1.4 The loss of architectural soul 101
1.4.1 Culture is the soul of the city and of architecture 101
1.4.2 The convergence of cultures and the crisis of identity 101
STOP THEM FROMBURYING OUR CITYUNDER A SKYLINE OFTOMBSTONES 102
2 A Common Choice 103
2.1 Sustainable development 103
2.2 Some basic strategies for architectural development 104
2.2.1 Envisaging the ecological dilemma and reinforcing ecologicalconsciousness 104
2.2.2 The interaction between human settlement construction andeconomic development 105
2.2.3 Envisaging the development of science and technology,propelling economic development and social prosperity 107
2.2.4 Caring for the public and emphasizing the integral interestsof social development 107
2.2.5 The impulse for cultural and artistic creation, developmentand prosperity 109
III FROM TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE TOA GENERAL THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 111
1 Three Premises 111
1.1 Architecture develops with the time 111
1.2 Architecture as a synthesis that should not beweakened by disciplinary subdivisions 112
1.3 The expansion of architecture’s tasks – new challengesafter the advent of the “Habitat” concept 113
2 The Theoretical Structure of a GeneralTheory of Architecture 114
2.1 Return to basics 114
2.2 An architectural perspective combining time, space and man 118
3 Towards a Trinity: Integration of Architecture,Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning 119
4 A Re-cycling System: An Architecture Focusing onHuman Settlements and the Environment 121
4.1 The life-cycle of buildings 121
4.2 The life-cycle concept in the urban settlement 122
5 Multi-Level Technological Structuring and theIntegration of Technology and Humanism 123
5.1 Multi-level technological structuring 123
5.2 The integration of technology and humanism 127
6 Cultural Diversity: To Construct a “Global-Local”Architecture 128
6.1 Globalization and diversification 128
6.2 Integrating the development of inherited tradition, locality,and ethnicity, with globalization in the new era 129
6.3 Mutual learning and stimulation of Eastern andWestern architectural philosophies 133
7 A General Environmental Art 136
7.1 The integrity of architectural environmental arts 136
7.1.1 From order to chaos: the challenges to architectural integrality 136
7.1.2 Order within chaos: seeking relatively harmony from chaos 137
7.2 The integration of fine arts, crafts and architecture 139
8 Architecture for the Whole Society 141
8.1 The social responsibilities of architects 141
8.2 Architecture is a science serving the people anddemanding their participation 143
8.3 Education of the client 144
8.4 Appealing to national construction policies 145
9 Comprehensive Education 145
9.1 Expectations on the cultivation of people – the moraleducation of architects 145
9.2 An open knowledge system – the professional educationof architects 146
9.3 The internationalization and localization of architecturaleducation 148
9.4 Lifelong education 148
10 The Methodology of a General Theory ofArchitecture 149
10.1 The entirety of the system 149
10.2 Dialectical thinking and problem solving 150
IV A PRIMARY CONCLUSION: ALL PATHWAYSTOWARDS A COMMON DESTINATION 151
1 An Outstanding Century of Architecture 160
1.1 Achievements 160
1.1.1 Architecture 160
1.1.2 Urbanisation 161
1.2 Conceptual advance 161
2 Apparent Crises 162
2.1 Crises in architecture of the late 20th century 162
2.2 Assessing the crises 163
3 Roadmap to the Next Century 164
3.1 Environmental awareness 164
3.2 Awakening regionalism 165
3.3 Issues of methodology 166
4 Towards an Integral Architecture 167
4.1 A rational framework 168
4.2 Inspired formal design 169
4.2.1 A visual order out of chaos 169
4.2.2 Fitting buildings and cities in a green landscape 170
4.2.3 Rediscovering sense of the place 170
4.2.4 Towards a new philosophy of architecture for the builtenvironment 171
5 Our Common Mission: A Better Habitat andA Better Society 172
1 Is the Future Tangible? 175
2 How to Treat the Numerous Schools ofArchitecture? 176
3 How can We Achieve Concordance While KeepDiversity? 176
4 What will be the Road of BEING Creative? 177
UIA BEIJING CHARTE:The Future of Architecture
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