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简介
明代家具一般被称为“明式家具”。明式家具主要采用印度、缅甸和东南亚一带出产的珍贵硬质木材，如紫檀木、花梨木、铁力木、酸枝木等，这些木材色泽沉重，纹理优美，质地坚硬细腻。明代家具品种式样丰富多彩，成套家具的概念已经形成，出现了以建筑空间功能划分的厅堂、卧室、书房等配套家具。
明代家具的主要特点是采用木架构造形式，形成别具一格的形体特征，造型简洁、秀丽、朴素，并强调家具的形体线条形象，体现明快、清新的艺术风格。同时，明式家具充分发挥了硬木的色泽和纹理之美，不事雕琢，为了讲究线条的优美，在不影响整体效果的前提下，只是在局部作小面积的雕饰。结构合理，造型优美，充分反映了“明式”家具的卓越水平。
清代家具和明代家具在造型艺术上的风格截然不同。清式家具的特点，首先表现在用材厚重上，家具体型、尺寸也较明代宽大。其次是装饰华丽，表现手法有镶嵌、雕刻及绘彩等，给人一种威严、稳重、豪华的感觉，与明式家具的朴素、轻巧、优美形成鲜明对比。清代家具以紫檀、红木为主，配以各种制作形式，形成了独具特色的“清式家具”。清式家具的制造地点主要是北京、苏州和广州，因各有自己的地方风格，于是又分别被称为“京式”、“苏式”和“广式”。京式和苏式较多地保留了中国古典家具的传统形式，广式家具则因受西方文化的影响较大，形成了独特的风格。
家具的欣赏试用“十六品”和“八病”来区别家具的好与坏和美与丑。当时的目的有二：一在说明明式家具的简练、淳朴，固早为世人所道，但还不能概括其全貌。此外还有不同的品格，值得欣赏品题。它们大都有迹可寻，勿须求之象外，可以说是有目共赏的。二在指出明及清前期虽是传统家具的黄金时代，但决不是每件家具都好。家具的欣赏虽不必因怕人有不同的看法而闭口不谈，但如想展开讨论，活跃气氛，最好的办法还是布置一个适宜的环境，把家具陈列出来，让大家能看到，供人欣赏品评。
家具陈置，前代多因室而异。厅堂上的器物讲求对称，固定而不免拘谨。书斋及居室则注重实用，灵活而多变化。这样，在布置上会出现对称与不对称、固定与灵活的对比。有对比胜过没有对比，这可使相对的事物更加突出。而且出现对比，本身就意味着不是单一而是有变化。在现实生活中不能想象还会有三楹或五楹的厅堂，但这并不妨碍有意识地兼用对称、固定与灵活的两种布置方法。因为从这里也能看到对比和变化。
明及清前期家具之所以能达到这样高的水平，采用坚硬致密，色泽幽雅，花纹华美的珍贵木材是一种重要的因素。下面只讲黄花梨、紫檀木、鸡翅木、铁木、瘿木五个主要品种，并附带述及瘿木。
黄花梨这种木材颜色不静不喧，恰到好处，纹理或隐或现，生动多变。黄花梨又称“降香黄檀”亦称“降压木”其木屑泡水饮用可降血压，用木屑做枕头可舒筋活血、降血压、血脂，有证可查此木有中药“降香”。难怪得到很多家具爱好者的珍视。
紫檀在各种硬木中质地最坚，份量最重，除多为紫黑色外，有的黝黑如漆，几乎看不见纹理。它不及黄花梨那样华美，但静穆沉古，是任何木材都不能比拟的。
鸡翅木有新、老两种。新者木质粗糙，紫黑相间，纹理浑浊不清，僵直无旋转之势，而且木丝有时容易翘裂起茬。老木肌理致密，紫褐色深浅相间成文，尤其是纵切面纤细浮动，具有禽鸟颈翅那种灿烂闪耀的光辉。铁力“铁力木”，或作“铁梨木”、“铁栗木”，在几种硬木树种中长得最高大。
瘿木不是树种名称，而是老干盘根错节，结瘤主生瘿处的木材叫瘿木，北京匠师称之曰“瘿子”。而生瘿处的木材总是有旋转的细密花纹。
明清古典家具皆属榫卯结构的实木家具，因而木材的性能决定了古典家具的保养和维设要求。古典家具不要放到阳光直射的位置。在家具上放物品应垫一层软膜，垂直方向轻拿轻放，擦家具的抹布应干净、柔软、温度适宜，擦至家具上不能留有水珠或水印。在日常使用中，尽量不用湿的抹布擦拭，上面放水杯时要加垫，以防出现水印。若有污渍或水印，可擦一点蜡上去，不要用有化学成分的蜡，如碧丽珠等。因为家具表面没有任何油漆，最好选则一些油制的蜡，并且定期给家具进行擦蜡保养。干燥季节每月至少一次，潮湿季节可缩减，四季有不同。这样可以保持家具长久的柔润。随着时间的推移，家具表面包的僵慢慢形成，便可逐渐减少擦蜡的次数。古典家具应定期进行保养，在正常情况下，每季度打一次蜡，用以保养。家具用久了，可以找专业人员对其进行修复，使家具的材质的结构真正得到保护。
家具要尽量避免日光的强晒，否则，时间久了会造成木质本色的变化。若表面出现细小划痕，擦蜡即掉，如划痕过深或出现开裂，需请专业人员修理。
家具的伸缩是正常的，有四季变化的地方尤为明显。一般每件家具经过四个季节的变化而随之定型，并相对稳定。
目录
明清家具的纹饰
Decorative Veins of the N&w and Qing Dynasties'Furniture
橱柜Cabinet
1.黄花梨圆角柜·明Huanghuali roundcorner cabinet,Ming Dynasty
2.黄花梨六门小柜(一对)·明Huanghuali six-door small cabinet(one pair),Ming Dynasty
3.黄花梨对开门圆角柜·明Huangbuali antitbetical round-corner cabinet,Ming Dynasty
4.黄花梨顶箱柜(一对)·明Huanghuali Mink cabinet(one pair),Ming Dynasty
5.铁梨木五抹门圆角柜·明Tielimu five-door round-comer cabinet,Ming Dynasty
6.铁梨木五抹门圆角柜局——镶瘿木面Tielimu five-door round-comer cabinet-top inlaid widi wait wood(detail)
7.黄花梨雕富贵花三节柜·明Huanghuali diree-layer cabinet engraved with rich flowers,Ming Dynasty
8.黄花梨雕富贵花三节柜(局部)Detail
9.黄花梨四件柜(一对)·明Huanghuali four-piece suit ot cabinet(one pair),Ming Dynasty
10.黄花梨单门柜·清早期Huanghuali one-door cabinet,early period of the Qmg Dynasty
11.黄花梨单门柜(局部)Detail
12.紫檀雕花卉纹顶箱大柜(一对)·清Zitan big crowncased cabinet engraved with flower lines(one pair)
13.紫檀雕花卉纹顶箱大柜局部——内部结构Zitan big crown-cased cabinet engraved with flower lines
14.紫檀雕花卉纹顶箱大柜局部——柜门浮雕卷草纹Zitan big crown-cased cabinet engravedwitliflowerlinescabinet door carved with relief curved grass lines(detail)
15.紫檀雕云龙纹顶箱柜(一对)·清Zitan crown-cased cabinet engraved with cloud and dragon designs(one pair)
16.紫檀雕云龙纹顶箱柜局部——顶柜柜门浮雕云龙纹Zitan crown-cased cabinet en-graved with cloud and dragon
17.紫檀雕云龙纹顶箱柜局部——立柜柜门浮雕云龙纹Zitan crown-cased cabinet engraved with cloud and dragon designs-clothes closet door carved in relief with cloudand dragon designs(detail)
18.金丝楠木顶箱柜(一对)·清Spun gold nammi crown-cased cabinet(one pair),Oing Dynasty
19.金丝楠木顶箱柜局部——立柜柜门Spun gold nanmu crown-casedcabinet-clothes closet door (detail)
20.金丝楠木顶箱柜局部——顶柜柜门Spun gold nanmu. crown-cased cabinet-cown cabinet door(detail)
21.紫檀雕云龙纹双屉小四件柜(一对)·清中期Zitan small twc,-drawer four-piece cabi-net engraved
22.紫檀雕云龙纹双屉小四件柜局部——顶柜柜门Zitan small two-drawer four-ece cabinet engraved with dragon and cloud
23.紫檀雕云龙纹双屉小四件柜局部——立柜柜门Zitan small two-drawer four-piece cabinet engraved with dragon and cloud de-signs-clothes closet door(detail)
24.鸂鶒木雕云龙纹顶箱柜·清Xichimu crown-cased cabinet engraved with cloud and dragon patterns,Qing Dynasty
25.红木雕山水人物纹四件柜(一对)·清中期Hongmu four-piece cabinet engraved with mountain
26.红木雕山水人物纹四件柜局部——顶柜柜门浮雕山水人物纹Hongmu four-piee cabinet engraved with mountain
27.红木雕山水人物纹四件柜局部——顶柜柜门浮雕山水人物纹146ngmu four-piececabinet engraved with mountain,river and per-son designscrown cabinet door(detail)
28.红木雕山水人物纹四件柜局部——立柜柜门浮雕山水人物纹Hongmu four-piececabinet engraved with mountain,river and per-son designsclothes closet door(detail)
29.红木雕八仙人物纹四件柜(一对)·清中期Hongmu four-piece cabinet engraved with Eight Immortals designs(one pair),middle period of the Qing Dynasty
30.红木雕八仙人物纹四件柜局部——立柜柜门浮雕八仙人物纹和膛板Hongmu four piece cabinet engraved with Eight Immor tals designs(detail)
31.红木雕云龙纹多宝槅(一对)·清中期Hongtnu multi-ftinction cabinet engraved
32.紫檀包镶多宝槅(一对)清中期Zitan en-graved multi function cabinet(one pair),middle period of the Qing Dynasty
33.紫檀包镶多宝福局部——侧面描金山水花鸟纹Zitan engraved multi-function cabi-net-side face
34.紫檀包镶多宝槅局部——柜门浮雕山水人物纹Zitan engraved multi-fanction cabi-net-cabinet door carved in relief mountain,river and person designs(detail)
35.鸂鶒木多宝槅(一对)清中期 Xichimu multi-ftinction cabinet (one pair), middle penod of the Qing Dynasty
36.鸂鶒木多宝槅局部——透雕花牙Xichi-mu multi-function cabinet hollowed engraved Imaya(detail)
37.紫檀雕花卉纹多宝槅(一对)·清中期Zitan multi-function cabinet engraved with flower veins (one pair)
38.紫檀雕花卉纹多宝槅局部——小对开门Zitan multi-function cabinet engraved with
39.紫檀雕云龙纹多宝槅(一对)·清Zitanmulti-ftinction cabinet engraved with cloud and dragon designs (one pair)
40.紫檀雕云龙纹多宝槅局部)——圆雕狮子Zitan multi-ftinction cabinet engraved with cloud and dragon
41.紫檀雕云龙纹多宝槅局部——牙板Zitan multi-function cabinet engraved with cloud and dragon
42.紫檀雕云龙纹多宝槅局部——柜门浮雕云龙纹Zitan multi-function cabinet en-graved with cloud and dragon
43.红木双门双屉多宝槅(一对)·清Hongmu. double-door and double-drawer multi function cabinet (one pair),Qing Dynasty
44.红木双门双屉多宝槅局部——柜门浮雕云龙纹Hongmu double-door and double-drawer multi-function cabinet-cabinet door(detail)
45.黄花梨小多宝槅(一对)·清Huang-huali small multi-function cabinet(one pair),Qing Dynasty
46.红木雕云龙纹箱·清Hongmu case engraved with cloud and dragon patterns,Qing Dynasty
47.红木雕云龙纹箱局部——浮雕云龙纹Hongmu case engraved with cloud and dragon patterns-cloud and dragon patterns(detail)
床榻Bed
48.紫檀藤面罗汉床·明Zitan cane-surfaced arhat bed, Ming Dynasty
49.红木嵌石五屏式罗汉床·清Hongrnu five-screen-styled arhat bed inlaid with precious stones, Qing Dynasty
50.红木嵌螺钿七屏式罗汉床·清Hongmu seven-screen-styled arhat bed inlaid with mother-of-pearls,Qing Dynasty
51.红木雕竹节床·清Hongmu,bed carved with bamboo,Qing Dynasty
52.红木雕竹节床局部——靠背Hongmu bed carved with bamboo-backseat (detail)
53.红木嵌螺钿三屏式榻·清Hongmu diree-screen-styled couch inlaid with mother-of-pearls,Qing Dynasty
54.红木嵌螺钿三屏式榻局部——鹤纹Hongmu three-screen styled couch inlaid with mother-of-pearls(detail)
55.红木嵌螺钿三屏式榻局部——鹿纹Hongmu three-screen-styled couch inlaid with mother-of-pearls(detail)
屏风Screen
56.红木双狮绣球纹大帽镜·清Hongmu big cap mirror engraved with double lions sporting with an ornamental ball patterns,Qing Dynasty
57.红木狮座穿衣镜·清Hongmu pier glass with lion-decarated base frame,Qing Dynasty
58.紫檀嵌铜海水龙纹四扇折屏·清中期Zitan four piece folding screen inlaid with copper and engraved with
59.红木仿竹折屏·清Hongmu folding screen in unitation of bamboo,Oing Dynasty
60.榆木雕龙纹隔扇·清Yumu partition board engraved with dragon patterns,Oing Dynasty
61.榆木雕龙纹隔扇局部——裙板透雕螭龙捧寿纹Yumu partition board engraved with dragon patterns(detail)
62.榆木雕龙纹隔扇局部——透雕螭龙纹Yumu partition board engraved with dragon patterns(detail)
63.榆木雕龙纹隔扇局部——透雕灵芝纹Yumu partition board engraved with dragon patterns(detail)
小辞典Srnafi nesaurus
明清家具(1996-2003年)拍卖价格Auction Price for Furnftre of the Ming and Qing Dynasties(1996-2003)
Decorative Veins of the N&w and Qing Dynasties'Furniture
橱柜Cabinet
1.黄花梨圆角柜·明Huanghuali roundcorner cabinet,Ming Dynasty
2.黄花梨六门小柜(一对)·明Huanghuali six-door small cabinet(one pair),Ming Dynasty
3.黄花梨对开门圆角柜·明Huangbuali antitbetical round-corner cabinet,Ming Dynasty
4.黄花梨顶箱柜(一对)·明Huanghuali Mink cabinet(one pair),Ming Dynasty
5.铁梨木五抹门圆角柜·明Tielimu five-door round-comer cabinet,Ming Dynasty
6.铁梨木五抹门圆角柜局——镶瘿木面Tielimu five-door round-comer cabinet-top inlaid widi wait wood(detail)
7.黄花梨雕富贵花三节柜·明Huanghuali diree-layer cabinet engraved with rich flowers,Ming Dynasty
8.黄花梨雕富贵花三节柜(局部)Detail
9.黄花梨四件柜(一对)·明Huanghuali four-piece suit ot cabinet(one pair),Ming Dynasty
10.黄花梨单门柜·清早期Huanghuali one-door cabinet,early period of the Qmg Dynasty
11.黄花梨单门柜(局部)Detail
12.紫檀雕花卉纹顶箱大柜(一对)·清Zitan big crowncased cabinet engraved with flower lines(one pair)
13.紫檀雕花卉纹顶箱大柜局部——内部结构Zitan big crown-cased cabinet engraved with flower lines
14.紫檀雕花卉纹顶箱大柜局部——柜门浮雕卷草纹Zitan big crown-cased cabinet engravedwitliflowerlinescabinet door carved with relief curved grass lines(detail)
15.紫檀雕云龙纹顶箱柜(一对)·清Zitan crown-cased cabinet engraved with cloud and dragon designs(one pair)
16.紫檀雕云龙纹顶箱柜局部——顶柜柜门浮雕云龙纹Zitan crown-cased cabinet en-graved with cloud and dragon
17.紫檀雕云龙纹顶箱柜局部——立柜柜门浮雕云龙纹Zitan crown-cased cabinet engraved with cloud and dragon designs-clothes closet door carved in relief with cloudand dragon designs(detail)
18.金丝楠木顶箱柜(一对)·清Spun gold nammi crown-cased cabinet(one pair),Oing Dynasty
19.金丝楠木顶箱柜局部——立柜柜门Spun gold nanmu crown-casedcabinet-clothes closet door (detail)
20.金丝楠木顶箱柜局部——顶柜柜门Spun gold nanmu. crown-cased cabinet-cown cabinet door(detail)
21.紫檀雕云龙纹双屉小四件柜(一对)·清中期Zitan small twc,-drawer four-piece cabi-net engraved
22.紫檀雕云龙纹双屉小四件柜局部——顶柜柜门Zitan small two-drawer four-ece cabinet engraved with dragon and cloud
23.紫檀雕云龙纹双屉小四件柜局部——立柜柜门Zitan small two-drawer four-piece cabinet engraved with dragon and cloud de-signs-clothes closet door(detail)
24.鸂鶒木雕云龙纹顶箱柜·清Xichimu crown-cased cabinet engraved with cloud and dragon patterns,Qing Dynasty
25.红木雕山水人物纹四件柜(一对)·清中期Hongmu four-piece cabinet engraved with mountain
26.红木雕山水人物纹四件柜局部——顶柜柜门浮雕山水人物纹Hongmu four-piee cabinet engraved with mountain
27.红木雕山水人物纹四件柜局部——顶柜柜门浮雕山水人物纹146ngmu four-piececabinet engraved with mountain,river and per-son designscrown cabinet door(detail)
28.红木雕山水人物纹四件柜局部——立柜柜门浮雕山水人物纹Hongmu four-piececabinet engraved with mountain,river and per-son designsclothes closet door(detail)
29.红木雕八仙人物纹四件柜(一对)·清中期Hongmu four-piece cabinet engraved with Eight Immortals designs(one pair),middle period of the Qing Dynasty
30.红木雕八仙人物纹四件柜局部——立柜柜门浮雕八仙人物纹和膛板Hongmu four piece cabinet engraved with Eight Immor tals designs(detail)
31.红木雕云龙纹多宝槅(一对)·清中期Hongtnu multi-ftinction cabinet engraved
32.紫檀包镶多宝槅(一对)清中期Zitan en-graved multi function cabinet(one pair),middle period of the Qing Dynasty
33.紫檀包镶多宝福局部——侧面描金山水花鸟纹Zitan engraved multi-function cabi-net-side face
34.紫檀包镶多宝槅局部——柜门浮雕山水人物纹Zitan engraved multi-fanction cabi-net-cabinet door carved in relief mountain,river and person designs(detail)
35.鸂鶒木多宝槅(一对)清中期 Xichimu multi-ftinction cabinet (one pair), middle penod of the Qing Dynasty
36.鸂鶒木多宝槅局部——透雕花牙Xichi-mu multi-function cabinet hollowed engraved Imaya(detail)
37.紫檀雕花卉纹多宝槅(一对)·清中期Zitan multi-function cabinet engraved with flower veins (one pair)
38.紫檀雕花卉纹多宝槅局部——小对开门Zitan multi-function cabinet engraved with
39.紫檀雕云龙纹多宝槅(一对)·清Zitanmulti-ftinction cabinet engraved with cloud and dragon designs (one pair)
40.紫檀雕云龙纹多宝槅局部)——圆雕狮子Zitan multi-ftinction cabinet engraved with cloud and dragon
41.紫檀雕云龙纹多宝槅局部——牙板Zitan multi-function cabinet engraved with cloud and dragon
42.紫檀雕云龙纹多宝槅局部——柜门浮雕云龙纹Zitan multi-function cabinet en-graved with cloud and dragon
43.红木双门双屉多宝槅(一对)·清Hongmu. double-door and double-drawer multi function cabinet (one pair),Qing Dynasty
44.红木双门双屉多宝槅局部——柜门浮雕云龙纹Hongmu double-door and double-drawer multi-function cabinet-cabinet door(detail)
45.黄花梨小多宝槅(一对)·清Huang-huali small multi-function cabinet(one pair),Qing Dynasty
46.红木雕云龙纹箱·清Hongmu case engraved with cloud and dragon patterns,Qing Dynasty
47.红木雕云龙纹箱局部——浮雕云龙纹Hongmu case engraved with cloud and dragon patterns-cloud and dragon patterns(detail)
床榻Bed
48.紫檀藤面罗汉床·明Zitan cane-surfaced arhat bed, Ming Dynasty
49.红木嵌石五屏式罗汉床·清Hongrnu five-screen-styled arhat bed inlaid with precious stones, Qing Dynasty
50.红木嵌螺钿七屏式罗汉床·清Hongmu seven-screen-styled arhat bed inlaid with mother-of-pearls,Qing Dynasty
51.红木雕竹节床·清Hongmu,bed carved with bamboo,Qing Dynasty
52.红木雕竹节床局部——靠背Hongmu bed carved with bamboo-backseat (detail)
53.红木嵌螺钿三屏式榻·清Hongmu diree-screen-styled couch inlaid with mother-of-pearls,Qing Dynasty
54.红木嵌螺钿三屏式榻局部——鹤纹Hongmu three-screen styled couch inlaid with mother-of-pearls(detail)
55.红木嵌螺钿三屏式榻局部——鹿纹Hongmu three-screen-styled couch inlaid with mother-of-pearls(detail)
屏风Screen
56.红木双狮绣球纹大帽镜·清Hongmu big cap mirror engraved with double lions sporting with an ornamental ball patterns,Qing Dynasty
57.红木狮座穿衣镜·清Hongmu pier glass with lion-decarated base frame,Qing Dynasty
58.紫檀嵌铜海水龙纹四扇折屏·清中期Zitan four piece folding screen inlaid with copper and engraved with
59.红木仿竹折屏·清Hongmu folding screen in unitation of bamboo,Oing Dynasty
60.榆木雕龙纹隔扇·清Yumu partition board engraved with dragon patterns,Oing Dynasty
61.榆木雕龙纹隔扇局部——裙板透雕螭龙捧寿纹Yumu partition board engraved with dragon patterns(detail)
62.榆木雕龙纹隔扇局部——透雕螭龙纹Yumu partition board engraved with dragon patterns(detail)
63.榆木雕龙纹隔扇局部——透雕灵芝纹Yumu partition board engraved with dragon patterns(detail)
小辞典Srnafi nesaurus
明清家具(1996-2003年)拍卖价格Auction Price for Furnftre of the Ming and Qing Dynasties(1996-2003)
Furniture of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.2
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