A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry

preface by halliday

王宗炎序

preface by chomsky

沈家煊序

导读

foreword

preface

acknowledgments

introduction

0.1 the 'lang.-lit.' problem

0.2 a descriptive rhetoric

0.3 poetic language and 'ordinary' language

0.4 a possible misgiving

notes

poetry and the language of past and present

1.1 varieties of english usage

1.1.1 dialects

1.1.2 registers: usage according to situation

1.2 linguistic convention in poetry

1.2.1 the trend of conformity

.1.2.2 the function of archaism

1.2.3 poetic language and 'poetical' language

1.2.4 grand, middle, and plain styles

1.2.5 the routine licences of verse composition

examples for discussion

notes

2 the creative use of language

2.1 the escape from banality

2.2 two meanings of'creative'

2.3 the qualities of prose in poetry

2.4 degrees of linguistic audacity

examples for discussion

notes

varieties of poetic licence

3.1 anatomy of language

3.1.1 three main levels: realization, form, semantics

3.1.2 phonology and graphology

3.1.3 meaning and significance

3.1.4 ancillary branches of linguistics

3.2 types of deviation

3.2.1 lexical deviation

3.2.2 grammatical deviation

3.2.3 phonological deviation

3.2.4 graphological deviation

3.2.5 semantic deviation

3.2.6 dialectal deviation

3.2.7 deviation of register

3.2.8 deviation of historical period

3.3 conclusion

examples for discussion

notes

foregrounding and interpretation

4. 1 foregrounding

4.1.1 foregrounding in art and elsewhere

4.1.2 an example

4.2 interpretation

4.2.1 the subjectivity of interpretation

4.2.2 the 'warranty' for a deviation

4.3 parallelism

4.3.1 parallelism as foregrounded regularity

4.3.2 how much regularity?

4.3.3 patterns of identity and contrast

4.3.4 the interpretation of parallelism

examples for discussion

notes

verbal repetition

5.1 schemes and tropes

5.2 formal repetitions

5.2.1 free verbal repetition

5.2.2 types of verbal parallelism

5.2.3 the functions of verbal parallelism

examples for discussion

notes

6 patterns of sound

6.1 sound patterns within syllables

6.2 sound patterns in relation to stress

6.3 'music' in poetry

6.4 the interpretation of sound patterns

6.4.1 'chiming'

6.4.2 onomatopoeia

6.4.3 varieties of onomatopoeia

examples for discussion

notes

metre

7. 1 rhythm and metre

7.2 the rhythm of english

7.2.1 the measure: the unit of rhythm

7.2.2 which syllables are stressed?

7.2.3 pauses

7.2.4 syllable length

7.3 metre and the line of verse

7.3.1 english metre as rhythmic parallelism

7.3.2 the 'foot' of traditional prosody

7.3.3 the line of verse

7.3.4 some numerical aspects of metre

7.3-5 accentual metre

7.4 the interaction of rhythm and verse form

7.4.1 defeated expectancy

7.4.2 metrical variation

7.5 grammar and metre

7.5.1 enjambment

7.5.2 the 'verse paragraph'

for discussion

notes

the irrational in poetry

8.1 a logical view of meaning

8.1.1 some types of semantic oddity

8.1.2 definition and description

8.2 redundancy in poetry

8.2.1 pleonasm

8.2.2 tautology

8.2.3 periphrasis

8.3 absurdity in poetry

8.3.1 oxymoron

8.3.2 paradox

8.4 beyond reason and credibility

examples for discussion

notes

9 figurative language

9.1 transference of

9. 1.1 synecdoche

9. 1.2 metaphor

9. 1.3 metonymy

9.2 aspects of metaphor

9.2.1 how to analyse a metaphor

9.2.2 simile and metaphor

9.2.3 notional classes of metaphor

9.2.4 extended metaphor

9.2.5 compound metaphor and mixed metaphor

9.2.6 symbolism and allegory

examples for discussion

notes

10 honest deceptions

10.1 hyperbole and litotes

10.1.1 hyperbole

10.1.2 litotes or rhetorical understatement

10.1.3 the uses of hyperbole and litotes

10.2 irony

10.2.1 the mask of irong

10.2.2 irony and metaphor

10.2.3 innuendo

10.2.4 irony of tone

examples for discussion

notes

11 implications of context

11.1 licences of situation


11.1.1 rhetorical question

11.1.2 apostrophe

11.1.3 routine licences of situation

11.2 the given situation

11.3 the 'world within the poem'

11.3.1 the introduction of inferred situations

11.3.2 words of definite meaning

11.3.3 fact and fiction

11.3.4 impossible situations

11.4 situation and action

11.5 conclusion

examples for discussion

notes

12 ambiguity and indeterminacy

12.1 kinds of ambiguity

12.2 puns and word-play

12.2.1 technical variations

12.2.2 in defence of the pun

12.3 open interpretation

12.3.1 sources of multiple and indeterminate signifi-

cance

12.3.2 the analogy of visual arts

12.3.3 seeking the optimal interpretation

examples for discussion

notes

conclusion

notes

suggestions for further reading

general index

index of sources of examples for discussion

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