Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond

introduction

a case for descriptive translation studies

part one

the pivotal position of descriptive studies and dts

1. holmes' 'map' of the discipline

2. the internal organization of dts

3. between dts and translation theory

4. between translation studies and its applied extensions

part two

a rationale for descriptive translation studies

chapter 1. translations as facts of a 'target' culture

an assumption and its methodological implications

1. approaching translation within a target-oriented framework

2. translations as cultural facts

3. in need of proper contextualization

4. the notion of assumed translation and its contents

5. discovery vs. justification procedures

excursus a. pseudotranslations and their significance

1. some uses of pseudotranslating

2. pseudotranslations and translation studies

.3. the enlightening case of papa hamlet

chapter 2. the nature and role of norms in translation

1. rules, norms, idiosyncrasies

2. translation as a norm-governed activity

3. translational norms: an overview

4. the multiplicity of translational norms

5. studying translational norms

chapter 3. constituting a method for descriptive studies

1. assumed translations and their acceptability

2. types of comparison at the initial stage

3. coming up with the appropriate source text

4. (translation) solutions and (source) problems

5. prospective vs. retrospective stances exemplified by metaphor

6. uncovering the underlying concept of translation

chapter 4. the coupled pair of replacing + replaced segments

1. the need for a unit of comparative analysis

2. an exemplary analysis of one pair of texts

3. justifying the use of the coupled pair

4. testing the coupling hypothesis in real time

chapter 5. an exemplary 'study in descriptive studies'

conjoint phrases as translational solutions

1. the phrases' significance assured

2. the use of binomials in translated texts

3. shifts, relationships, first-level generalizations

4. second-level generalizations and further research prospects

5. applying research findings in actual translation

part three

translation-in-context

an assortment of case studies

chapter 6. between a 'golden poem' and a

shakespearean sonnet

1. prior to 1916: a meaningful void

2. 1916-1923: modified 'golden poems'

3. 1929: an alternative point of departure

4. moving away from the golden poem

5. 1943 onwards: a mixed situation

6. a glimpse into the future

chapter 7. a lesson from indirect translation

1. mediated translations as an object for study

2. the 'german' period in hebrew literature

2.1 the concept of translation

2.2 the symptomatic status of indirect translation

2.3 the role of german culture as a supplier

2.4 translating english literature via german

3. moving into the revival period

3.1 the russification' of hebrew literature

3.2 the position of german and english

3.3 the russified model and translation from other languages

4. the anglicization of hebrew literature

chapter 8. literary organization and translation strategies

a text is sifted through a mediating model

1. added rhymes and verbal formulation

2. adding a [fictional] epic situation and tightening the overall structure

3. what was so wrong with the original model?

4. a mediating model and its origin

5. external source vs. internal legitimation

6. enhancing the translation's acceptability

7. was there any alternative?

8. appendix: "das schlaraffenland" and "gan-eden ha-taxton'

excursus b. 'translation of literary texts' vs.

'literary translation'

1. the two senses of 'literary translation'

2. 'linguistic', 'textual' and 'literary' modes of translation

3. 'literary translation' and target-orientedness

4. cultural distance and the gap between the two senses of

'literary translation'

5. appendix: 27 english translations of the "crow" haiku

chapter 9. studying interim solutions

possibilities and implications

1. trying to close in on the 'little black box'

2. tracing the emergence of a translation

3. possible implications for translation theory

chapter 10. a translation comes into being

hamlet's monologue in hebrew

1. the materials under study

2. prosodic constraints and the unit of consideration

3. using revisions to uncover constraints

4. conclusions and implications

chapter 11. translation-specific lexical items

and their lexicographical treatment

1. translation specificity

2. translation-specific lexical items

3. translation-specific lexemes as candidates for the dictionary

4. the 'meaning' of translation-specific items

s. submitting translations to lexical study

6. towards exemplary dictionary entries

chapter 12. experimentation in translation studies

achievements, prospects and some pitfalls

1. empirical sciences and empirical methods

2. product-oriented empirical studies

2.1 cioze tests

2.2 the use of questionnaires

3. process-oriented empirical studies

3.1 thinking-aloud protocols

4. concluding remarks

excursus c. a bilingual speaker becomes a translator

a tentative developmental model

1. nature vs. nurture in the making of translators

2. an innateness hypothesis is not enough

3. the making of a 'native' translator

4. how would a developmental model be validated?

5. possible implications for translator training

part four

beyond descriptive studies

towards laws of translational behaviour

1. non-lawlike generalizations

2. the probabilistic nature of translational laws

3. two exemplary laws

3.1 the law of growing standardization

3.2 first steps towards a law of interference

references

subject index

author index