A comprehensive English grammar
作者: 张道真,温志达编著
出版社:外语教学与研究出版社,1998
简介:本书分为两部,前部是英语词法,是八类词个别的研究。后部是英语句法,是八类词综合的研究。本书例句甚多,但避免同类的呆板例句,同时有不少新的因素不断加人,方便读者灵活运用,随机应变。本书末尾,附有很详细的索引,使读者能在一万条目中找到他要找的问题,而答案不论躲在书中任何角落,他都能快速寻到它。
片断:
It的用法
7.It的用法
53It有许多不同的用法,主要有下面几种情况,最常用的是:
a.指前面提到的东西:
1)Heboughtabookandgaveittome.(代表前面的中性名词,这类情况
最多)
2)Hehasababy,helovesit(orhimorher).(It可以代表baby)
Hehasgotapig,hehaskeptitfivemounths.(It可代表动物)
Providence?Itisalwayshidden.(It可以指“上苍”)
(但God要用He和Him代表,如:AllcomesfromGodandmustgoback
toHimagain.)
Nothing(或Everthing)islost,isit?(或isn’tit)?
3)Hetriedtogetup,butfounditimpossible.
(指句子前面某部分表示的意思)
Helearnsmusic,anditwilltakehimmanyyears.
Imustsaysomething,butitisimpossible.
4)Hearrivedyesterday,butnobodyknowsit.(代表前面整个句子,但在这种
情况下用that更好一些。)
Johnhateschildren,anditisstrange.
Thatsheknowshimandtheyhavebeenschoolmates,itisafact.
5)Heisanidiot,andhelooksit(orthat)(=anidiot).
(It用在系动词look后面时,可指前面出现的一个名词或形容词。)
Theyarestrongandshouldbeit(=strong).
54b.指句子后部的东西:
It也常代表句子后部的某些词、短语或从句。可用作主语,也可用作宾补动词的宾语:
用作主语:
1)Itwasshocking,thataccident.(代表名词)
ItIsaviciousanimal,thatdogofyours.(代表名词)
2)Itseemsimpolitetotalkloud.(代表不定式短语)
Ittakesaboutfouryearstounderstandgrammar.(代表不定式短语)
Abloodiercrimethanthis(长宾语提前)it’shardtoimagine.(代表不定式短语).
3)Itiswonderful,swimminginsummer.(代表动名词).(较少见)
4)Itastonishedherthatyoushouldsuddenlydisappear.
(代表名词性从句)
Itpuzzlesmewhyyoudidnotletmeknow,(代表名词性从句)
作宾补动词的宾语:
5)Isupposeitwrongtotelllies.(代表后面的不定式短语)
6)Hethinksitfoolishtolearnmusic.(代表后面的不定式短语)
Ithinkitimpossiblethatheshouldill-treather.(代表后
面的名词从句)
Isupposeitmysterioushowhegotrich.(代表后面的名词从句)
Itis...that...结构:用来对句子的某部分加以强调:
7)Itishethathasbroughtmeupwithatruelove.
(通常说Hebroughtmeupwithatruelove.如对这个句子的主语he加以强调,
可用上面这种结构。)
Itismethathehasbroughtupwithatruelove.
(对原句的宾语me加以强调)
Itiswithatruelovethathehasbroughtmeup.
(对原句的介词短语加以强调)
Itwasaftermyparentsdiedthathebroughtmeupwithatrue
love.
(原句为Hebroughtmeupwithatrueloveaftermyparentsdied,
上面结构是对原句的状语从句加以强调。)
试比较下面句子:
ItIstendayssinceIarrived.
Itwastendaysagothat(orwhen)Iarrived.
ItwasInChinawhere(orthat)wemet.
55C.It也可用来
1)作主语,表示天气、时间或距离:
a)Itwasfine(cold,cloudy;rained,froze,snowed,
threatenedtorain,wasblowinghard,lightenedand,
thundered).
b)Itwasteno’clock(stillearly,gettingdark,timeto
go,Sunday,springmorning,toolong,threeyears.
now,longlongago).
c)Itistoo(orso)far(twomilesaway,within300me-
tersofthebridge,farfaraway,alongway,Instead
offar)
2)作宾语,不代表什么东西,只给句子某种特色,有一些俚语的味道:
a)作动词的宾语:
Hefooteditthroughthemuddyroad(hikedit,ranit,walkedit
tothetown;lordeditoverthem,dukedit,bossedit;roughedit,
piggedit;foughtitout,battledit,haditoutwithMary;took
itoutof(oron)John,gaveit(hot)toher;willcatchit,
haditintheface;brazeneditout,braveditout;chancedit).
"Goit!"cheeredtheaudience.Youarecoming(orgoing)it
(too)strong.Don'tdrawitstrong,drawitmild.
Hehadithisownway,wouldhaveitthatIwaswrong.As(ill)
luckwouldhaveit,herbrotherdied.Asheputit."Nomoney,no
talk."Takeiteasy.AsItakeit,heknowsnothing.
Hangitall!Deucetakeit!Damnit!Dashit!Botherit!
b)作介词of或for的宾语:
Hehadahardtimeofit,madeajollylifeofit,had
thebest(theworst)ofit.Hemadearevengeofit.Whata
dinnerhaveofit!Hemadeaboltforit,hadtorunforit.
Thoughhehaddonenothing,hewasinforit.Hewashardputto
it.
3)作主语,代表作主语的另一人称代词,常和系动词和With引出的短语连用:
Itiswellwithher.(比较:Sheiswell.)
Itisallover(orup)withus.
Itisalwayssowithchildren.(比较:Childrenareal-
wayslikethat.)
Itfaredwellwithme.
Howisitwithyourfamily?
Itseemstobethecasewithwomen.
4)其他情况:
a)“Whoisit?”“Itisme.ItcannotbeJohn.
IsthisMr.Huntington?’‘Itis.’(It用来表示一个身份尚不明确的
人,译为汉语时常不译出,如上面句子可译为“是谁?”“是我。”“不可能是
John。”“是的。”)
b)Whataprettygirlitis!(用在感叹句中,表示亲密。)
多漂亮的姑娘呀!
Whatanassitis!(用在感叹句中,表示鄙视)
真是个大笨蛋!
c)ItsaysintheBible(orthenewspapers)that.
(说theBiblesays…更好)
d)Heisreally‘it’(=astupidfellow,oranimportant
person).
Sheisreally‘it’(=asexygirl).
Thatisit(=SomethingIwanttoknow).
Thatisaboutit(=nearlythecase).Thatmustbeit.
56d.在某些情况下it可以省略不用。
1)作宾语时省略:
Idon'tknowwhatitis,butI'llfindout.
"Whohascome?""Idon'tknow."
"Howisitdone?""Theywillshow.
Isay.Ican'tsay.
Iwilltry.Iwillnotgiveup.
"Idon'tunderstand.""Iwillexplain!"
Idon'thear.Idon'tnotice.
Youcanaskhim.
Ican'ttell.
Iforget.Idon'tremember,becauseIdon'tmind.
Youwillsee.Nobodycandeny.
Icannotrefuse,Imustaccept.
2)作主语时省略:
(It)Seemseasy.
(It)Soundsfunny.
(It)Doesn'tmatter.(It)Lookslikeweareokay,but...
(Itis)Mymistake.(Itis常被省略)
(Itis)Verykindofyoutoseeme.