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A comprehensive English grammar
作者: 张道真,温志达编著
出版社:外语教学与研究出版社,1998
简介:本书分为两部,前部是英语词法,是八类词个别的研究。后部是英语句法,是八类词综合的研究。本书例句甚多,但避免同类的呆板例句,同时有不少新的因素不断加人,方便读者灵活运用,随机应变。本书末尾,附有很详细的索引,使读者能在一万条目中找到他要找的问题,而答案不论躲在书中任何角落,他都能快速寻到它。 片断: It的用法 7.It的用法 53It有许多不同的用法,主要有下面几种情况,最常用的是: a.指前面提到的东西: 1)Heboughtabookandgaveittome.(代表前面的中性名词,这类情况 最多) 2)Hehasababy,helovesit(orhimorher).(It可以代表baby) Hehasgotapig,hehaskeptitfivemounths.(It可代表动物) Providence?Itisalwayshidden.(It可以指“上苍”) (但God要用He和Him代表,如:AllcomesfromGodandmustgoback toHimagain.) Nothing(或Everthing)islost,isit?(或isn’tit)? 3)Hetriedtogetup,butfounditimpossible. (指句子前面某部分表示的意思) Helearnsmusic,anditwilltakehimmanyyears. Imustsaysomething,butitisimpossible. 4)Hearrivedyesterday,butnobodyknowsit.(代表前面整个句子,但在这种 情况下用that更好一些。) Johnhateschildren,anditisstrange. Thatsheknowshimandtheyhavebeenschoolmates,itisafact. 5)Heisanidiot,andhelooksit(orthat)(=anidiot). (It用在系动词look后面时,可指前面出现的一个名词或形容词。) Theyarestrongandshouldbeit(=strong). 54b.指句子后部的东西: It也常代表句子后部的某些词、短语或从句。可用作主语,也可用作宾补动词的宾语: 用作主语: 1)Itwasshocking,thataccident.(代表名词) ItIsaviciousanimal,thatdogofyours.(代表名词) 2)Itseemsimpolitetotalkloud.(代表不定式短语) Ittakesaboutfouryearstounderstandgrammar.(代表不定式短语) Abloodiercrimethanthis(长宾语提前)it’shardtoimagine.(代表不定式短语). 3)Itiswonderful,swimminginsummer.(代表动名词).(较少见) 4)Itastonishedherthatyoushouldsuddenlydisappear. (代表名词性从句) Itpuzzlesmewhyyoudidnotletmeknow,(代表名词性从句) 作宾补动词的宾语: 5)Isupposeitwrongtotelllies.(代表后面的不定式短语) 6)Hethinksitfoolishtolearnmusic.(代表后面的不定式短语) Ithinkitimpossiblethatheshouldill-treather.(代表后 面的名词从句) Isupposeitmysterioushowhegotrich.(代表后面的名词从句) Itis...that...结构:用来对句子的某部分加以强调: 7)Itishethathasbroughtmeupwithatruelove. (通常说Hebroughtmeupwithatruelove.如对这个句子的主语he加以强调, 可用上面这种结构。) Itismethathehasbroughtupwithatruelove. (对原句的宾语me加以强调) Itiswithatruelovethathehasbroughtmeup. (对原句的介词短语加以强调) Itwasaftermyparentsdiedthathebroughtmeupwithatrue love. (原句为Hebroughtmeupwithatrueloveaftermyparentsdied, 上面结构是对原句的状语从句加以强调。) 试比较下面句子: ItIstendayssinceIarrived. Itwastendaysagothat(orwhen)Iarrived. ItwasInChinawhere(orthat)wemet. 55C.It也可用来 1)作主语,表示天气、时间或距离: a)Itwasfine(cold,cloudy;rained,froze,snowed, threatenedtorain,wasblowinghard,lightenedand, thundered). b)Itwasteno’clock(stillearly,gettingdark,timeto go,Sunday,springmorning,toolong,threeyears. now,longlongago). c)Itistoo(orso)far(twomilesaway,within300me- tersofthebridge,farfaraway,alongway,Instead offar) 2)作宾语,不代表什么东西,只给句子某种特色,有一些俚语的味道: a)作动词的宾语: Hefooteditthroughthemuddyroad(hikedit,ranit,walkedit tothetown;lordeditoverthem,dukedit,bossedit;roughedit, piggedit;foughtitout,battledit,haditoutwithMary;took itoutof(oron)John,gaveit(hot)toher;willcatchit, haditintheface;brazeneditout,braveditout;chancedit). "Goit!"cheeredtheaudience.Youarecoming(orgoing)it (too)strong.Don'tdrawitstrong,drawitmild. Hehadithisownway,wouldhaveitthatIwaswrong.As(ill) luckwouldhaveit,herbrotherdied.Asheputit."Nomoney,no talk."Takeiteasy.AsItakeit,heknowsnothing. Hangitall!Deucetakeit!Damnit!Dashit!Botherit! b)作介词of或for的宾语: Hehadahardtimeofit,madeajollylifeofit,had thebest(theworst)ofit.Hemadearevengeofit.Whata dinnerhaveofit!Hemadeaboltforit,hadtorunforit. Thoughhehaddonenothing,hewasinforit.Hewashardputto it. 3)作主语,代表作主语的另一人称代词,常和系动词和With引出的短语连用: Itiswellwithher.(比较:Sheiswell.) Itisallover(orup)withus. Itisalwayssowithchildren.(比较:Childrenareal- wayslikethat.) Itfaredwellwithme. Howisitwithyourfamily? Itseemstobethecasewithwomen. 4)其他情况: a)“Whoisit?”“Itisme.ItcannotbeJohn. IsthisMr.Huntington?’‘Itis.’(It用来表示一个身份尚不明确的 人,译为汉语时常不译出,如上面句子可译为“是谁?”“是我。”“不可能是 John。”“是的。”) b)Whataprettygirlitis!(用在感叹句中,表示亲密。) 多漂亮的姑娘呀! Whatanassitis!(用在感叹句中,表示鄙视) 真是个大笨蛋! c)ItsaysintheBible(orthenewspapers)that. (说theBiblesays…更好) d)Heisreally‘it’(=astupidfellow,oranimportant person). Sheisreally‘it’(=asexygirl). Thatisit(=SomethingIwanttoknow). Thatisaboutit(=nearlythecase).Thatmustbeit. 56d.在某些情况下it可以省略不用。 1)作宾语时省略: Idon'tknowwhatitis,butI'llfindout. "Whohascome?""Idon'tknow." "Howisitdone?""Theywillshow. Isay.Ican'tsay. Iwilltry.Iwillnotgiveup. "Idon'tunderstand.""Iwillexplain!" Idon'thear.Idon'tnotice. Youcanaskhim. Ican'ttell. Iforget.Idon'tremember,becauseIdon'tmind. Youwillsee.Nobodycandeny. Icannotrefuse,Imustaccept. 2)作主语时省略: (It)Seemseasy. (It)Soundsfunny. (It)Doesn'tmatter.(It)Lookslikeweareokay,but... (Itis)Mymistake.(Itis常被省略) (Itis)Verykindofyoutoseeme.
作者: 张道真,温志达编著
简介:本书分为两部,前部是英语词法,是八类词个别的研究。后部是英语句法,是八类词综合的研究。本书例句甚多,但避免同类的呆板例句,同时有不少新的因素不断加人,方便读者灵活运用,随机应变。本书末尾,附有很详细的索引,使读者能在一万条目中找到他要找的问题,而答案不论躲在书中任何角落,他都能快速寻到它。 片断: It的用法 7.It的用法 53It有许多不同的用法,主要有下面几种情况,最常用的是: a.指前面提到的东西: 1)Heboughtabookandgaveittome.(代表前面的中性名词,这类情况 最多) 2)Hehasababy,helovesit(orhimorher).(It可以代表baby) Hehasgotapig,hehaskeptitfivemounths.(It可代表动物) Providence?Itisalwayshidden.(It可以指“上苍”) (但God要用He和Him代表,如:AllcomesfromGodandmustgoback toHimagain.) Nothing(或Everthing)islost,isit?(或isn’tit)? 3)Hetriedtogetup,butfounditimpossible. (指句子前面某部分表示的意思) Helearnsmusic,anditwilltakehimmanyyears. Imustsaysomething,butitisimpossible. 4)Hearrivedyesterday,butnobodyknowsit.(代表前面整个句子,但在这种 情况下用that更好一些。) Johnhateschildren,anditisstrange. Thatsheknowshimandtheyhavebeenschoolmates,itisafact. 5)Heisanidiot,andhelooksit(orthat)(=anidiot). (It用在系动词look后面时,可指前面出现的一个名词或形容词。) Theyarestrongandshouldbeit(=strong). 54b.指句子后部的东西: It也常代表句子后部的某些词、短语或从句。可用作主语,也可用作宾补动词的宾语: 用作主语: 1)Itwasshocking,thataccident.(代表名词) ItIsaviciousanimal,thatdogofyours.(代表名词) 2)Itseemsimpolitetotalkloud.(代表不定式短语) Ittakesaboutfouryearstounderstandgrammar.(代表不定式短语) Abloodiercrimethanthis(长宾语提前)it’shardtoimagine.(代表不定式短语). 3)Itiswonderful,swimminginsummer.(代表动名词).(较少见) 4)Itastonishedherthatyoushouldsuddenlydisappear. (代表名词性从句) Itpuzzlesmewhyyoudidnotletmeknow,(代表名词性从句) 作宾补动词的宾语: 5)Isupposeitwrongtotelllies.(代表后面的不定式短语) 6)Hethinksitfoolishtolearnmusic.(代表后面的不定式短语) Ithinkitimpossiblethatheshouldill-treather.(代表后 面的名词从句) Isupposeitmysterioushowhegotrich.(代表后面的名词从句) Itis...that...结构:用来对句子的某部分加以强调: 7)Itishethathasbroughtmeupwithatruelove. (通常说Hebroughtmeupwithatruelove.如对这个句子的主语he加以强调, 可用上面这种结构。) Itismethathehasbroughtupwithatruelove. (对原句的宾语me加以强调) Itiswithatruelovethathehasbroughtmeup. (对原句的介词短语加以强调) Itwasaftermyparentsdiedthathebroughtmeupwithatrue love. (原句为Hebroughtmeupwithatrueloveaftermyparentsdied, 上面结构是对原句的状语从句加以强调。) 试比较下面句子: ItIstendayssinceIarrived. Itwastendaysagothat(orwhen)Iarrived. ItwasInChinawhere(orthat)wemet. 55C.It也可用来 1)作主语,表示天气、时间或距离: a)Itwasfine(cold,cloudy;rained,froze,snowed, threatenedtorain,wasblowinghard,lightenedand, thundered). b)Itwasteno’clock(stillearly,gettingdark,timeto go,Sunday,springmorning,toolong,threeyears. now,longlongago). c)Itistoo(orso)far(twomilesaway,within300me- tersofthebridge,farfaraway,alongway,Instead offar) 2)作宾语,不代表什么东西,只给句子某种特色,有一些俚语的味道: a)作动词的宾语: Hefooteditthroughthemuddyroad(hikedit,ranit,walkedit tothetown;lordeditoverthem,dukedit,bossedit;roughedit, piggedit;foughtitout,battledit,haditoutwithMary;took itoutof(oron)John,gaveit(hot)toher;willcatchit, haditintheface;brazeneditout,braveditout;chancedit). "Goit!"cheeredtheaudience.Youarecoming(orgoing)it (too)strong.Don'tdrawitstrong,drawitmild. Hehadithisownway,wouldhaveitthatIwaswrong.As(ill) luckwouldhaveit,herbrotherdied.Asheputit."Nomoney,no talk."Takeiteasy.AsItakeit,heknowsnothing. Hangitall!Deucetakeit!Damnit!Dashit!Botherit! b)作介词of或for的宾语: Hehadahardtimeofit,madeajollylifeofit,had thebest(theworst)ofit.Hemadearevengeofit.Whata dinnerhaveofit!Hemadeaboltforit,hadtorunforit. Thoughhehaddonenothing,hewasinforit.Hewashardputto it. 3)作主语,代表作主语的另一人称代词,常和系动词和With引出的短语连用: Itiswellwithher.(比较:Sheiswell.) Itisallover(orup)withus. Itisalwayssowithchildren.(比较:Childrenareal- wayslikethat.) Itfaredwellwithme. Howisitwithyourfamily? Itseemstobethecasewithwomen. 4)其他情况: a)“Whoisit?”“Itisme.ItcannotbeJohn. IsthisMr.Huntington?’‘Itis.’(It用来表示一个身份尚不明确的 人,译为汉语时常不译出,如上面句子可译为“是谁?”“是我。”“不可能是 John。”“是的。”) b)Whataprettygirlitis!(用在感叹句中,表示亲密。) 多漂亮的姑娘呀! Whatanassitis!(用在感叹句中,表示鄙视) 真是个大笨蛋! c)ItsaysintheBible(orthenewspapers)that. (说theBiblesays…更好) d)Heisreally‘it’(=astupidfellow,oranimportant person). Sheisreally‘it’(=asexygirl). Thatisit(=SomethingIwanttoknow). Thatisaboutit(=nearlythecase).Thatmustbeit. 56d.在某些情况下it可以省略不用。 1)作宾语时省略: Idon'tknowwhatitis,butI'llfindout. "Whohascome?""Idon'tknow." "Howisitdone?""Theywillshow. Isay.Ican'tsay. Iwilltry.Iwillnotgiveup. "Idon'tunderstand.""Iwillexplain!" Idon'thear.Idon'tnotice. Youcanaskhim. Ican'ttell. Iforget.Idon'tremember,becauseIdon'tmind. Youwillsee.Nobodycandeny. Icannotrefuse,Imustaccept. 2)作主语时省略: (It)Seemseasy. (It)Soundsfunny. (It)Doesn'tmatter.(It)Lookslikeweareokay,but... (Itis)Mymistake.(Itis常被省略) (Itis)Verykindofyoutoseeme.