Excavation report on Gaochang cemetery

作者：  王会民主编;南水北调中线干线工程建设管理局，河北省南水北调工程建设委员会办公室，河北省文物局编著

出版社：文物出版社,2010

简介：An Excavation Report on Gaochang Cemetery (Abstract) The "South -to- North Water Diversion Project" is another large -scale hydraulic engineering work following the "Three Gorgeous Projects" , and also another startling move of Chinese government. The archaeological work, which coordinates with this project, has become an urgent and arduous task for the three provinces and one city along the line. In the summer of 2002, from the end of 2003 to the beginning of 2004, and during the autumn season of the same year, Hebei Province -acting in concert with the water project -successively launched three archaeological investigation, exploration and primary excavation work, eventually fixing on 114 sites with abundant remaining relics. On the basis of importance and preservation conditions, all these sites were classified into "A, B, C, D" four levels as requested, among which Gaochang cemetery was designated as Level B. Lasting from May 11, 2005 to September 30, the exploration and excavation work at Gaochang cemetery was completed to explore an area of 5000 square metres, 131 tombs. Among all these tombs, there are 7 earthen - shafts of the Warring States Period, 92 earthen - shafts of the Western Han Dynasty, 20 brick - chambered tombs of the Western and Eastern Han Dynasties, 6 were from the Northern Dynasties to the Sui Dynasty, one from the Song Dynasty, one earthen - shaft of the Qing Dynasty, and four unknown tombs, unearthing more than 700 sets of numbered funeral objects such as pottery, copper, iron, agate , porcelain, bone, glass, paint,etc. All the relevant information of the 131 excavated tomb are covered by this report. The report consists of three parts: Part I is an overview; Part 11 is the tombs' information;Part m is a preliminary study. The first part is divided into three chapters, each depicting the general situation of the cemetery and the working methods, profiles, contents as well as the collation and compilation of materials, etc. Part 11 starts with the tombs' era as a framework, then recounts them one by one in the order from small to big serial numbers. Each tomb, whether robbed or not, relies on raw material as its basis, then goes through indoor collation of materials and restoration and checking of objects, and then respectively depicted according to each tomb' s position, time of excavation, status quo of its preservation, filling' s color and composition,the tomb' s structure, the positions of coffins, bones, burial objects and the features of every burial object. Generally, each tomb has an attached profile, some of them also has photos. Burial objects has attached outline drawings based on the tombs, the better and more intact one is the choice from the same items. Part III of preliminary study involves seven chapters: cemetery overview; tombs' structure and the combination of burial objects; burial objects, decorative pottery of the Warring States Period and the Han Dynasty ; co - burial of different graves among the earthen - shafts of the Westeru Han Dynasty ; the transition from earthen - shafts to brick - chambered tombs ; the tombs' era and the owner' s speculation. "Cemetery overview" summarizes how the tombs of different periods surround a rock mound,meanwhile generalizes the main burial customs. In the order of time periods, the chapter of "tombs' structure and the combination of burial objects" concludes the characteristics of tombs'struture, respectively from the filling, tombs' direction and size, tombs' furniture, skeleton, the combination of burial objects, etc. The conclusion, which is about the features of 92 earthen - shafts of the Western Han Dynasty, is particularly detailed. It divides the pottery of the burial objects into 7 combinations, among which the gallipots or the daily combination of gallipots and pottery bowls are the most common. The chapter of "burial objects" - also in the order of time - generalizes the burial objects of all periods, roughly describing according to such classifications as pottery, copper, iron, pewter, jade, glass, bone, lacquer, etc. The 7 tombs of the Warring States Period and the 112 of the Western and Eastern Han Dynasties vary greatly on the number and variety of burial objects, as a result, independent forms of narrations are adopted. The pottery is divided for their types and forms based on the traditional method, each one is marked with the unearthed number as well as the general characteristic of its type and form, moreover, each form is marked with the number of tombs containing such items, and descriptive examples are also provided. Chapter four of "decorative pottery of the Warring States Period and the Han Dynasty" summarizes how the items were molded and the main shapes of their various parts as well as the main decoration methods and ornamental patterns. Furthermore, this chapter also provides description along with drawings of rubbings for the main patterns, such as whirling mark (旋纹), cord mark, chequer, impressed complex of looped cord (绳圈印纹), nail pattern, dancette and the combination of whirling mark (旋纹), fret pattern, cord mark; the combination of whirling mark (旋纹), chequer, cord mark; the combination of whirling mark (旋纹), cord mark,short - string pattern, the combination of whirling mark (旋 纹), cord mark, impressed complex of looped cord (绳圈印纹). The " impressed complex of looped cord (绳圈印纹) " and its combination are rare patterns, which not only can decorate but also locate the '" ear" and the handle of an item. It' s one of the unique patterns that prevailed in certain areas during the Han Dynasty. The chapter - " co - burial of different graves among the earthen - shafts of the Western Hart Dynasty" - cites the 34 tombs of Western Han Dynasty of Gaochang cemetery as concrete demonstrations, every two tombs make up a group and are side by side, which clarifies the prevalent "husband and wife buried together" during the earthen - shafts period. This chapter also expounds that the idea of " male superiority" almost dominated the whole class society of China, the idea is also reflected in the burial position of men and women due to their different social status." Right is superior, left is inferior" - such idea was widespread, especially in the Warring States Period and the Han Dynasty, in line with this idea, the social reality of "male left, female right"when burying has come into being in most of the areas. Another significant accomplishment of the excavation in Gaochang Cemetery is the transition from earthen -shafts to brick -chambered tombs, by analyzing several tombs of special styles of this particular period such as brick - framed tombs and also brick - framed ones with flat tops, for the first time, however, this article has clearly claimed that such styles were of popularity in certain areas during the transition period from earthen - shafts to brick - chambered tombs. They still maintained the structure of wooden coffin of the earthen - shafts period, at the same time adopted brick frames and flat tops, even without evident tomb doors and passage ways, they are much more primitive than brick- spanned tops and domed tops of mature periods. The last chapter involves the tombs' era and the owner' s speculation, by making contrasts between tombs of major periods and recently - published materials on the same period, then leading to inference about the tombs' relative times, with particularly detailed classification on the most tombs of Han Dynasty according to different time periods. Based on the above - mentioned analysis about the structure of tombs and conclusions about the combination of burial objects as well as their types and forms, meanwhile taking the unearthed coins into consideration, this chapter divides the tombs of Han Dynasty into five periods: the early Western Han Dynasty, the mid-Western Han Dynasty, the late Western Han Dynasty, the end of Western Han Dynasty to the early Eastern Han Dynasty, the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty.

建设银行信贷资产管理

作者：  王会民等编著

出版社：中国金融出版社,1997

简介：

列宁社会主义民主观的历史发展和当代价值

作者：  王会民

出版社：中国社会科学出版社 2020年12月

简介：

【目录】
导言
一 选题背景与选题意义
二 国内外研究综述
（一）国内研究综述
（二）国外研究综述
三 研究方法及研究思路
（一）研究方法
（二）研究思路
*章 列宁社会主义民主观的时代场景和思想来源
一 列宁社会主义民主观的时代场景
（一）国际环境：。资本主义由自由向垄断过渡
（二）国内状况：历史传统与资本主义发展的碰撞
（三）俄国发展主题：关于“俄国社会跨越论”的争论
二 列宁社会主义民主观的思想来源
（一）思想资源：马克思恩格斯的民主理论
（二）民主传统：俄国民粹主义的民主
（三）国际视野：第二国际及其主要理论家的民主

第二章 列宁社会主义民主观的初步形成（1893年春-1905年1月）
一 列宁社会主义民主观形成的主要原因
（一）俄国资本主义经济发展：列宁社会主义民主观初步形成的内在原因
（二）马克思主义在俄国的传播：列宁社会主义民主观形成的思想路标
（三）俄国马克思主义政党的建立：列宁社会主义民主观形成的组织实践
二 列宁社会主义民主观形成时期的主要内容
（一）从“俄国资本主义发展的必然性”中认知资产阶级民主
（二）从“社会主义与民主主义的关系”中阐释社会主义民主
（三）从“对新型政党若干原则的阐释”中构建党内民主
三 列宁社会主义民主观形成时期的特点分析
（一）对资产阶级民主的边界定位的考量
（二）比较视野下对社会主义民主思想的探讨
（三）列宁和卢森堡关于集中制原则的论战
……

第三章 列宁社会主义民主观的发展（1905年1月-1917年10月）
第四章 列宁社会主义民主观的实践（1917年10月-1922年12月）
第五章 列宁社会主义民主观的*后探索（1922年12月-1923年）
第六章 列宁社会主义民主观的当代价值
参考文献
后记
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《列宁社会主义民主观的历史发展和当代价值》：
　　其次，在无产阶级领导和工农联盟方式上。在俄国小农占据人口的绝大多数，农业是全部经济的基础。鉴于这种情况，列宁认为在社会主义革命事业中，保持和维护工农联盟就成为无产阶级专政的一项具有战略意义的任务。他深刻地阐明了实施工农联盟的必要性和*重要性，认为工农联盟是否巩固，将决定苏维埃共和国的命运，列宁指出：“在其他国家的革命还没有到来之前，只有同农民妥协，才能拯救俄国的社会主义革命。”工农联盟将成为苏维埃政权建立的主要依靠力量和支柱，将保证苏维埃政权胜利地完成社会主义建设。可以这样说，“无产阶级专政是劳动者的先锋队——无产阶级同人数众多的非无产阶级的劳动阶层（小资产阶级、小业主、农民、知识分子等等）或同他们的大多数结成的特种形式的阶级联盟”。无产阶级专政的*原则就是维护无产阶级同农民的联盟，使无产阶级能够保持领导地位和拥有国家政权。然而，在创建新社会主义事业中，在完全消灭阶级的全部斗争中，只有一个阶级，即城市工厂的产业工人，才能够领导全体被剥削劳动群众。但是，农民既是劳动者，又是私有者。尽管他们受资本主义剥削和压迫往往比无产阶级还厉害，但他们不能为自己的解放独立进行斗争。经济地位低下且受到私有制传统的束缚使他们摇晃不定、因循守旧，不可能自觉地摆脱资产阶级思想的支配，如果没有无产阶级的领导，他们就会退回去，倒向资产阶级。
　　*后，在民主共和制和无产阶级革命专政迂回过渡方式上。其一，关于民主共和制方面。恩格斯认为民主共和制是实现完全民主制的过渡形态，这个判断正是基于对资本主义政治发展过程中对民主增量的深刻思考，恩格斯对民主共和制的论述并非抽象化和孤立化，在强调合法性的同时，对无产阶级专政的暴力方式也给予了充分支持。他在给拉法格的信中讲述了共和制的内容在于资产阶级统治，不管是作为社会主义的实现形式，还是资产阶级掌握政权，对社会主义者而言，“委托给它，都是毫无根据的幻想”。与恩格斯不同，列宁对民主共和制的思考主要归因于俄国民主政治发展不完善、不充分的现实而实行的迫不得已的中间迂回路线，俄国经济发展的程度比较低，广大人民群众的觉悟与组织程度比较弱，无产阶级在短时间内难以实现完全解放，*正确的道路，“即沿着民主共和制的道路，向社会主义革命迈出*步”。通过民主共和制的教育与改革，促使人民群众对社会主义意识、阶级斗争的实质与无产阶级组织的重要性有着更为深刻的认识，从而为实现社会主义胜利，实现社会主义民主打下基石。
　　如果说恩格斯对民主共和制合法性的论述主要基于民主量的积累考虑，而以暴力方式实现民主制主要基于对更高形式民主制实现的底线思维和清醒认知，那么两者相互交融、相互统一。列宁对民主共和制的认知，主要是对当时俄国资本主义经济制度必然出现的政治形式的客观认知，其目的在于培养人民群众的民主阶级意识，从而为实现社会主义民主打下基础，正如列宁所言：“无产阶级走在*前面领导所有的人为民主制而斗争时，一分钟也不要忘记潜藏在资产阶级民主运动内部的新的矛盾，一分钟也不要忘记新的斗争。”在本质上，恩格斯和列宁关于民主共和制的阐释，所处环境不一、路径不一，但是在追求民主共和制的根本目的上具有一致性。
　　其二，在无产阶级专政方面。列宁认为，无产阶级的基本经济利益只能通过无产阶级专政代替资产阶级专政的政治革命来满足，政治革命正是阶级斗争的集中体现。
　　……