Preface p. xi
Acknowledgments p. xiii
Contributors p. xv
Biological Sampling Design and Related Topics p. 1
Profiling Methods and Underwater Techniques p. 1
Introduction p. 1
Profiling a Beach p. 1
Underwater Profiles p. 2
Underwater Techniques p. 3
Sampling Populations p. 5
Introduction p. 5
Sampling Design p. 8
Physical-Chemical Factors p. 9
Timing of Sampling p. 9
Size of the Sampling Area p. 9
Scale p. 9
Modus Operandi p. 10
Sample Size or Number of Sample Units Required p. 10
Quantitative Sampling Methods p. 14
Introduction p. 14
Table of Random Numbers p. 15
Quadrat Shape p. 16
Optimal Quadrat Size p. 17
Simple Random Sampling p. 19
Haphazard (Convenience, Accidental, Arbitrary) Sampling p. 19
Stratified Random Sampling p. 20
Systematic Sampling p. 21
Fixed Quadrats p. 23
Point Contact (Percentage Cover) p. 23
Line and Belt (Strip) Transects p. 24
Adaptive Sampling p. 25
Sequential Sampling p. 26
Rapid Sampling Methods p. 27
Introduction to Plotless Sampling p. 28
Best Guess or Estimation p. 28
Catch or Weight Per Unit Effort (CPUE) p. 28
Coordinate Lines p. 29
Cluster Sampling p. 29
Introduction to Distance Measurements p. 30
Nearest Neighbor and Point to Nearest Object p. 31
Point-Center Quarter or Point Quarter Method p. 33
Line Intercepts p. 36
Strong Method p. 38
Weinberg Method p. 39
Nishiyama Method p. 42
Mark (or Tag) and Recapture (Mark and Resight) Techniques p. 44
Visual Methods for Fishes p. 51
Narcotizing Agents and Poison Stations p. 52
Other Methods of Estimating the Abundance of Populations p. 52
Comparison of Estimated Populations with Other Methods p. 52
Removal Trapping or Collecting p. 52
Other Methods p. 53
Large Scale Sampling p. 56
Types of Data, Standardizations and Transformations, Introduction to Biometrics, Experimental Design p. 62
Introduction p. 62
Types of Data p. 63
Data Standardization or Normalization (Relativization) p. 64
Data Transformation p. 66
Statistical Distributions and Procedures p. 68
Descriptive Statistics (Sample Statistics) p. 75
Statistics with One or Two Variables p. 81
Experimental Design and Analysis p. 96
Power Analysis p. 100
Multiple Comparisons Tests p. 100
Nonparametric Tests, Covariance, Correlation, and Regression p. 102
Multivariate Statistics p. 109
Ranking Analysis (Nonparametric Correlation) p. 109
Randomization Methods p. 112
General Linear Programming p. 114
Maximum Likelihood p. 118
Bayesian Statistics p. 119
How to Lie with Statistics p. 122
Quantitative Methods in Field Ecology and Other Useful Techniques and Information p. 123
Introduction p. 123
Introduction p. 123
Population Patterns p. 123
Distributions (Dispersion) p. 123
Dispersal p. 127
Home Range p. 128
Random Walk p. 129
Feeding Ecology p. 131
Population Growth p. 132
Size-frequency Distribution p. 132
Growth of Individuals in a Population p. 133
Natality p. 133
Mortality p. 134
Construction of Life Tables p. 134
Population Dynamics Models p. 138
Population Growth and Productivity p. 141
Null Models p. 141
Diversity and Related Indices p. 142
Species Richness, Diversity, Evenness, and Dominance p. 142
Keystone Species p. 153
Homogeneity-Heterogeneity Indices p. 153
Niche Breadth p. 156
Niche Overlap p. 157
Concordance p. 159
Advanced Topics p. 160
Game Theory p. 160
Optimality or Optimization Models p. 162
Transition Matrices p. 162
Fractals p. 168
Deterministic Chaos p. 172
Artificial Neural Networks p. 175
Expert Systems p. 179
Digitization, Image Processing, Image Measurement, and Image Analysis or Pattern Recognition p. 180
Multimedia Development p. 186
Landscape Ecology p. 195
Aquatic Ecotoxicology p. 197
Coastal Zone Management p. 197
Conservation and Environment p. 197
Environmental Impact Assessments p. 198
Analysis of DNA/RNA Sequences p. 201
Fuzzy Logic p. 206
Meta-Analysis p. 207
Community Analyses: Similarity-Dissimilarity Indices, Cluster Analysis, Dendrograms, Analysis of Similarities, Indicator Species p. 209
Introduction p. 209
Methods of Handling Data p. 210
Measures of Similarity and Difference (Similarity and Dissimilarity) p. 211
Cluster Analysis p. 217
Species-Site Groups p. 226
Mantel Test p. 229
Analysis of Similarities p. 231
Indicator Species Analysis p. 233
Community Analysis: Ordination and Other Multivariate Techniques p. 237
Introduction p. 237
Principal Component Analysis p. 245
Factor Analysis (FA) p. 249
Redundancy Analysis p. 249
Correspondence Analysis (CA) or Reciprocal Averaging (RA) p. 249
Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA or Decorana) p. 249
Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (MDS, NMDS, NMS, NMMDS) p. 250
MANOVA and MANCOVA p. 252
Discriminant Analysis (DA) (Discriminant Function Analysis, Canonical Variates Analysis) p. 254
Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) (Metric Multidimensional Scaling) p. 256
Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) p. 256
Multiple Regression (MR) (Multiple Linear Regression) p. 258
Path Analysis p. 259
Canonical Correlation Analysis (CANCOR) p. 260
Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) p. 260
Multi-Response Permutation Procedures (MRPP) p. 260
Other Multivariate Techniques p. 262
Time Trend Analysis p. 264
Introduction p. 264
Introduction p. 264
Time Series Analysis p. 264
Smoothing or Filtering Techniques p. 264
Serial Correlation (Auto- and Cross-Correlation) p. 266
Autoregression p. 274
Frequency Analysis p. 279
Frequency Analysis p. 279
Modeling and Systems Analysis p. 284
Introduction p. 284
Philosophy of Modeling p. 288
Model Components and Model Development p. 289
Marine Sampling and Measuring Devices p. 301
Introduction p. 301
Oceanographic Devices p. 301
Marine Bottom Sampling Devices p. 312
Marine Water Sampling Devices p. 333
Sampling Plankton, Bacteria and Viruses p. 346
Sampling Fishes p. 351
Sampling Reptiles, Birds and Mammals p. 352
Natural History Observations p. 354
Appendices p. 357
Addendum p. 376
References p. 380
Index p. 411