简介
Summary:
Publisher Summary 1
This text provides an interdisciplinary approach to the teaching of science for both majors and non-majors with the goal that students learn basic scientific principles that will be applicable to the world around them. Basic scientific principles are covered, including Newton's laws, the laws of thermodynamics, the equivalence of electricity and magnetism, the atomic structure of all matter, and an optional chapter on the theory of relativity. Subsequent sections cover physics, astronomy, cosmology, geology, biology, chemistry, ecology, genetics, evolution, and biotechnology. Review and discussion questions, problems, investigations, and lists of readings and websites conclude each chapter. Hazen teaches earth sciences at George Mason U., where Trefil teaches physics. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
Publisher Summary 2
The Sciences: An Integrated Approach, 3e is the only text on the market for the integrated science course. It integrates physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth sciences and biology for students with little or no science background.
The new, third edition builds on the successful previous edition by incorporating changes that meet reform curriculum guidelines. Given the dynamic nature of the science disciplines covered in Trefil's text, updated content is critical. The new, third edition has thoroughly updated content throughout bringing the most up-to-date discoveries to the students in all five disciplines. its broad approach that covers such a variety of the science disciplines, updated content is crucial. This revision has several significant changes: URL's are included at the ends of each chapter, many of the Science News boxes are updated to show "hot topics".
目录
Table Of Contents:
Science: A Way of Knowing
Great Idea: Science is a way of asking and answering questions about the physical universe.
A Random Walk with Laurie Jewitt
Why Study Science? 2(1)
The Scientific Method 3(5)
Observation 3(1)
Identifying Patterns and Regularities 4(1)
Hypothesis and Theory 5(1)
Prediction and Testing 5(2)
The Scientific Method in Operation 7(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science 8(1)
Biodiversity 8(1)
Science in the Making 9(1)
Dimitri Mendeleev and the Periodic Table 9(1)
The Science of Life 10(1)
William Harvey and the Blood's Circulation 10(1)
Other Ways of Knowing 11(2)
Different Kinds of Questions 11(1)
Pseudoscience 12(1)
Science by the Numbers 13(4)
Astrology 13(1)
The Organization of Science 14(2)
The Organization of Scientists 16(1)
Scientific Specialties 16(1)
Basic Research, Applied Research and Technology 16(1)
Technology 17(10)
SETI@Home 17(1)
Becoming a Scientist 18(1)
Communication Among Scientists 19(1)
Scientific Societies 20(1)
Funding for Science 21(1)
Thinking More About Research 22(1)
Stem Cells 22(5)
The Ordered Universe
Great Idea: Newton's laws of motion and gravity predict the behavior of objects on Earth and in space.
A Random Walk Cause and Effect
The Night Sky 27(2)
Stonehenge 28(1)
Science in the Making 29(1)
The Discovery of the Spread of Disease 29(1)
Science by the Numbers 30(1)
Ancient Astronauts 30(1)
The Birth of Modern Astronomy 31(4)
The Historical Background: Ptolemy and Copernicus 32
Observations 00(33)
Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler 33(2)
The Birth of Mechanics 35(1)
Galileo Galilei 35(1)
Science in the Making 35(3)
The Heresy Trial of Galileo 35(1)
The Father of Experimental Science 36(2)
The Science of Life 38(1)
Experiencing Extreme Acceleration 38(1)
Isaac Newton and the Universal Laws of Motion 38(5)
The First Law 39(1)
The Second Law 40(2)
The Third Law 42(1)
Newton's Laws at Work 42(1)
The Universal Force of Gravity 43(11)
The Gravitational Constant, G 44(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science 45(1)
Weight and Gravity 46(3)
Thinking More About Order 49(1)
Predictability 49(5)
Energy
Great Idea: The many different forms of energy are interchangeable, and the total amount of energy in an isolated system is conserved.
A Random Walk The Great Chain of Energy
Scientifically Speaking 54(4)
Work 55(1)
Energy 56(1)
Power 57(1)
Science in the Making 58(1)
James Watt and the Horsepower 58(1)
Forms of Energy 58(3)
Kinetic Energy 58(2)
Potential Energy 60(1)
Heat, or Thermal Energy 60(1)
Science in the Making 61(3)
Discovering the Nature of Heat 61(1)
Wave Energy 62(1)
Mass as Energy 63(1)
The Interchangeability of Energy 64(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science 64(2)
New Sources of Energy 64(2)
The Science of Life 66(2)
The Notion of Trophic Levels 66(2)
The First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy Is Conserved 68(1)
Science by the Numbers 69(1)
Diet and Calories 69(1)
Science in the Making 70(1)
Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth 70(1)
Technology 70(6)
The Economics of Alternative Energy 70(1)
Thinking More About Energy 71(1)
Fossil Fuels 71(5)
Heat and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Great Idea: Energy always goes from a more useful to a less useful form.
A Random Walk The Cafeteria
Nature's Direction 76(1)
Coming to Terms with Heat 77(2)
Heat and Temperature 77(2)
Specific Heat Capacity 79(1)
Heat Transfer 79(3)
Technology 82(1)
Home Insulation 82(1)
The Science of Life 83(2)
Animal Insulation: Fur and Feathers 83(2)
The Science of Life 85(1)
Temperature Regulation 85(1)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics 85(4)
Heat Will Not Flow Spontaneously from a Cold to a Hot Body 86(1)
You Cannot Construct an Engine that Does Nothing but Convert Heat to Useful Work 87(2)
Science by the Numbers 89(2)
Efficiency 89(1)
Every Isolated System Becomes More Disordered with Time 89(2)
Science in the Making 91(1)
The Heat Death of the Universe 91(1)
Consequences of the Second Law 92(1)
The Arrow of Time 92 Built-in Limitations of the Universe 92(1)
The Science of Life 93(1)
Does Evolution Violate the Second Law? 93(1)
The Science of Life 93(6)
A Missing Law of Thermodynamics? 93(1)
Thinking More About Entropy 94(1)
Aging 94(5)
Electricity and Magnetism
Great Idea: Electricity and magnetism are two different aspects of one force---the electromagnetic force.
A Random Walk Late for Work at the Copy Center
Nature's Other Forces 99(1)
Static Electricity 100(1)
Science in the Making 100(3)
Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Charge 100(1)
The Movement of Electrons 101(1)
Coulomb's Law 102(1)
Science by the Numbers 103(1)
Two Forces Compared 103(1)
The Electric Field 103(1)
Magnetism 104(2)
The Science of Life 106(1)
Magnetic Navigation 106(1)
The Dipole Field 106(1)
Connections Between Electricity and Magnetism 107(1)
The Science of Life 107(2)
Luigi Galvani and Life's Electric Force 107(1)
Batteries and Electric Current 108(1)
Technology 109(1)
Batteries and Electric Cars 109(1)
Magnetic Effects from Electricity 110(1)
The Electromagnet 110(1)
Technology 111(1)
The Electric Motor 111(1)
Why Magnetic Monopoles Don't Exist 112(1)
The Science of Life 112(1)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 112(1)
Electrical Effects from Magnetism 113(2)
Science in the Making 115(1)
Michael Farady 115(1)
Maxwell's Equation 115(1)
Electric Circuits 115(3)
The Science of Life 118(7)
The Propagation of Nerve Signals 118(2)
Thinking More About Electromagnetism 120(1)
Basic Research 120(5)
Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation
Great Idea: Whenever an electrically charged object is accelerated, it produces electromagnetic radiation---waves of energy that travel at the speed of light.
A Random Walk A Day at the Beach
The Nature of Waves 125(4)
Energy Transfer by Waves 125(1)
The Properties of Waves 126(1)
The Relationship Between Wavelength, Frequency, and Velocity 127(1)
The Two Kinds of Waves: Transverse and Longitudinal 128(1)
Science by the Numbers 129(2)
The Sound of Music 129(2)
The Science of Life 131(2)
Use of Sound by Animals 131(1)
Interference 132(1)
The Electromagnetic Wave 133(1)
The Anatomy of the Electromagnetic Wave 134(1)
Science in the Making 134(5)
The Ether 134(1)
Light 135(1)
The Energy of Electromagnetic Waves 135(1)
The Doppler Effect 136(2)
Transmission, Absorption, and Scattering 138(1)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum 139(2)
Radio Waves 139(2)
Technology 141(1)
AM and FM Radio Transmission 141(1)
Microwaves 142(1)
Technology 142(2)
Microwave Ovens 142(1)
Infrared Radiation 143(1)
Visible Light 144(1)
The Science of Life 144(2)
The Eye 144(1)
Ultraviolet Radiation 144(1)
X-rays 145(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science 146(7)
Intense X-ray Sources 146(1)
Gamma Rays 147(1)
Thinking More About Radiation 148(1)
Is ELF Radiation Dangerous? 148(5)
Albert Einstein and the Theory of Relativity
Great Idea: All observers, no matter what their frame of reference, see the same laws of nature.
A Random Walk The Airport
Frames of Reference 153(3)
Descriptions in Different Reference Frames 154(1)
The Principle of Relativity 154(2)
Relativity and the Speed of Light 156(1)
Science in the Making 156(1)
Einstein and the Streetcar 156(1)
Special Relativity 156(5)
Time Dilation 156(2)
The Size of Time Dilation 158(3)
Science by the Numbers 161(1)
How Important Is Relativity? 161(1)
The Science of Life 161(4)
Space Travel and Aging 161(1)
Distance and Relativity 162(2)
So What About the Train and the Flashlight? 164(1)
Mass and Relativity 164(1)
Mass and Energy 164(1)
General Relativity 165(7)
The Nature of Forces 165(2)
Predictions of General Relativity 167(1)
Who Can Understand Relativity? 168(1)
Thinking More About Relativity 168(1)
Was Newton Wrong? 168(4)
The Atom
Great Idea: All of the matter around us is made of atoms---the chemical building blocks of our world.
A Random Walk Breathing Lessons
The Smallest Pieces 172(4)
The Greek Atom 172(1)
Elements 173(1)
Are Atoms Real? 173(2)
Discovering Chemical Elements 175(1)
The Structure of the Atom 176(2)
The Atomic Nucleus 177(1)
Why the Rutherford Atom Couldn't Work 178(1)
When Matter Meets Light 178(5)
The Bohr Atom 178(2)
Photons: Particles of Light 180(2)
An Intuitive Leap 182(1)
Spectroscopy 183(2)
The Science of Life 185(1)
Spectra of Life's Chemical Reactions 185(1)
Science in the Making 185(1)
The Story of Helium 185(1)
Technology 186(2)
The Laser 186(2)
The Periodic Table of the Elements 188(3)
Periodic Chemical Properties 188(1)
Why the Periodic Table Works 189(2)
Science News 191(4)
Using Atoms to Take a New Kind of Picture 191(1)
Thinking More About Atoms 191(1)
What Do Atoms ``Look Like?'' 191(4)
Quantum Mechanics
Great Idea: At the subatomic scale everything is quantized. Any measurement at that scale significantly alters the object being measured.
A Random Walk Take Me Out to the Ball Game
The World of the Very Small 195(3)
Measurement and Observation in the Quantum World 196(1)
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 197(1)
Science by the Numbers 198(1)
Uncertainty in the Newtonian World 198(1)
Probabilities 199(1)
Wave-Particle Duality 200(3)
The Double-Slit Test 201(2)
Technology 203(1)
The Photoelectric Effect 203(1)
The Science of Life 203(1)
The CAT Scan 203(1)
Wave-Particle Duality and the Bohr Atom 204(2)
Quantum Weirdness 205(1)
Science in the Making 206(1)
A Famous Interchange 206(1)
Science News 207(4)
Computers Crunch Quantum Collisions 207(1)
Thinking More About Quantum Mechanics 207(1)
Uncertainty and Human Beings 207(4)
Atoms in Combination: The Chemical Bond
Great Idea: Atoms bind together in chemical reactions by the rearrangement of electrons.
A Random Walk Throwing Things Away
Electron Shells and Chemical Bonding 211(1)
Types of Chemical Bonds 212(7)
Ionic Bonds 212(2)
Metallic Bonds 214(1)
Covalent Bonds 215(2)
Polarization and Hydrogen Bonds 217(1)
Van der Waals Forces 218(1)
States of Matter 219(3)
Gases 219(1)
Plasma 219(1)
Liquids 220(1)
Solids 220(2)
Technology 222(1)
Liquid Crystals and Your Hand Calculator 222(1)
Science in the Making 222(1)
The Discovery of Nylon 222(1)
Changes of State 223(1)
Chemical Reactions and the Formation of Chemical Bonds 223(4)
Chemical Reactions and Energy: Rolling Down the Chemical Hill 224(1)
Common Chemical Reactions 225(2)
The Science of Life 227(4)
Antacids 227(3)
Building Molecules: The Hydrocarbons 230(1)
Technology 231(1)
Refining Petroleum 231(1)
The Science of Life 232(1)
The Clotting of Blood 232(1)
Science by the Numbers 232(6)
Balancing Chemical Equations 232(1)
Thinking More About Atoms in Combination 233(1)
Life Cycle Costs 233(5)
Properties of Materials
Great Idea: A material's properties result from its constituent atoms and the arrangements of chemical bonds that hold those atoms together.
A Random Walk with James Trefil
Materials and the Modern World 238(1)
The Strengths of Materials 239(2)
Different Kinds of Strength 239(1)
Composite Materials 240(1)
Electrical Properties of Materials 241(4)
Conductors 242(1)
Insulators 242(1)
Semiconductors 242(1)
Superconductors 243(2)
The Ongoing Process of Science 245(1)
Searching for New Superconductors 245(1)
Magnetic Properties of Materials 246(1)
Revolution 247(2)
Doped Semiconductors 247(1)
Diodes 248(1)
Technology 249(3)
Photovoltaic Cells and Solar Energy 249(1)
The Transisters 250(1)
Microchips 251(1)
Information 251(1)
Science by the Numbers 252(1)
Is a Picture Really Worth a Thousand Words? 252(1)
Computers 253(1)
The Science of Life 253(2)
The Computer and the Brain 253(1)
Thinking More About Information 254(1)
Thinking Machines 254(1)
Science News 255(4)
To Bead or Not to Bead 255(4)
The Nucleus of the Atom
Great Idea: Nuclear energy depends on the conversion of mass into energy.
A Random Walk with Robert Hazen
Empty Space, Explosive Energy 259(1)
Science by the Numbers 260(1)
Mass and Energy 260(1)
The Organization of the Nucleus 261(3)
Element Names and Atomic Numbers 262(1)
Isotopes and the Mass Number 263(1)
The Strong Force 264(1)
Radioactivity 264(1)
What's Radioactive? 265(1)
Science in the Making 265(5)
Bacquerel and Curie 265(1)
The Kinds of Radioactive Decay 266(3)
Moving Down the Chart of the Isotopes 269(1)
Radiation and Health 269(1)
The Science of Life 270(4)
Nuclear Tracers 270(1)
Half-Life 271(1)
Radiometric Dating 272(1)
Decay Chains 273(1)
Indoor Radon 273(1)
Energy from the Nucleus 274(4)
Nuclear Fission 275(1)
Fusion 276(2)
Technology 278(1)
Nuclear Weapons 278(1)
Science News 279(1)
The New Heaviest Elements 279(1)
Science in the Making 279(5)
Cold Fusion 279(1)
Thinking More About the Nucleus 280(1)
Nuclear Waste 280(4)
The Ultimate Structure of Matter
Great Idea: All matter is made of quarks and leptons---the fundamental building blocks of the universe.
A Random Walk The Library
Of What Is the Universe Made? 284(2)
Reductionism 285(1)
The Building Blocks of Matter 285(1)
Discovering Elementary Particles 286(1)
Cosmic Rays 286(1)
Technology 287(1)
Detecting Elementary Particles 287(1)
Particle Accelerators: The Essential Tool 287(1)
The Science of Life 288(1)
Accelerators in Medicine 288(1)
The Elementary Particle Zoo 289(1)
Leptons 289(1)
Hadrons 289(1)
Antimatter 290(1)
Science in the Making 290(1)
The Discovery of Antimatter 290(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science 291(3)
How Does the Brain Work? 291(1)
Quarks 292(1)
Quarks and Leptons 293(1)
Quark Confinement 293(1)
The Four Fundamental Forces 294(3)
Force as an Exchange 294(1)
Unified Field Theories 295(2)
Science News 297(4)
A Little Mass Goes a Long Way 297(1)
Thinking More About Elementary Particles 297(1)
The Superconducting Supercollider 297(4)
The Stars
Great Idea: The Sun and other stars use nuclear fusion reactions to convert mass into energy. Eventually, when a star's nuclear fuel is depleted, it must burn out.
A Random Walk A Shopping Trip
Energy and the Stars 301(2)
The Sun's Energy Source: Fusion 302(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science 303(1)
The Solar Neutrino Problem 303(1)
Technology 303(1)
Dyson Spheres, an Ultimate Technology 303(1)
The Anatomy of Stars 304(2)
The Structure of the Sun 304(2)
The Science of Life 306(1)
Why Is the Visible Spectrum Visible? 306(1)
Measuring the Stars with Telescopes and Satellites 307(2)
Earth-Based Telescopes 307(1)
Orbiting Observatories 308(1)
The Variety of Stars 309(3)
The Astronomical Distance Scale 310(1)
The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram 311(1)
The Death of Stars 312(5)
The Death of the Sun 312(2)
The Death of Very Large Stars 314(1)
Neutron Stars and Pulsars 315(2)
Science in the Making 317(1)
Discovering New Planetary Systems 317(1)
Black Holes 317(1)
Science News 317(6)
No Beginning in Sight for Star Formation 317(1)
Thinking More About Stars 318(1)
Generation of the Chemical Elements 318(5)
Cosmology
Great Idea: The universe began billions of years ago in the big bang, and it has been expanding ever since.
A Random Walk The Campfire
The Nature of the Cosmos 323(1)
Science in the Making 324(2)
Hubble and the Birth of Modern Cosmology 324(1)
Kinds of Galaxies 324(2)
The Redshift and Hubble's Law 326(2)
Science by the Numbers 328(1)
Analyzing Hubble's Data 328(1)
The Big Bang 329(5)
The Large-Scale Structure of the Universe 330(1)
Some Useful Analogies 330(2)
Evidence for the Big Bang 332(2)
The Evolution of the Universe 334(5)
Some General Characteristics of an Expanding Universe 334(1)
10-43 Second: The Freezing of All Forces 335(1)
10-35 Second: The Freezing of the Electroweak and Strong Forces 335(2)
10-10 Second: The Freezing of the Weak and Electromagnetic Forces 337(1)
10-5 Second: The Freezing of Elementary Particles 337(1)
Three Minutes: The Freezing of Nuclei 338(1)
Before One Million Years: The Freezing of Atoms 338(1)
Dark Matter and Ripples at the Beginning of Time 339(1)
The End of the Universe 340(1)
Science News 341(4)
The Rate of Star Formation 341(1)
Thinking More About Cosmology 341(1)
The History of the Universe 341(4)
The Earth and Other Planets
Great Idea: The Earth, one of nine planets that orbit the Sun, formed 4.5 billion years ago from a great cloud of dust.
A Random Walk Looking at the Night Sky
The Sun and Its Planets 345(2)
Features of the Solar System 345(2)
Science in the Making 347(1)
The Discovery of Pluto 347(1)
The Nebular Hypothesis 348(2)
The Science of Life 350(1)
Gravity and Bones 350(1)
The Formation of Terrestrial Planets 351(1)
Science by the Numbers 351(4)
The Growth of the Earth 351(1)
Differentiation 352(1)
The Interior of the Earth 352(1)
Technology 353(1)
The Formation of the Moon 354(1)
Formation of the Other Terrestrial Planets 355(1)
The Science of Life 355(2)
When Could Life Begin? 355(1)
The Evolution of Planetary Atmospheres 356(1)
Exploring Mars 357(1)
The Outer Solar System 357(2)
The Moons of the Outer Planets 358(1)
Science in the Making 359(2)
The Voyager Satellites 359(1)
Asteroids, Comets, and Meteors 360(1)
The Science of Life 361(1)
Comets and Life on Earth 361(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science 362(1)
How Are Extrasolar Planets Formed? 362(1)
Science News 363(4)
Astronomers Find Planetary System 363(1)
Thinking More About Planets 363(1)
Human Space Exploration 363(4)
Plate Tectonics
Great Idea: The entire Earth is still changing, due to the slow convection of soft, hot rocks deep within the planet.
A Random Walk A Construction Site
The Dynamic Earth 367(1)
Science by the Numbers 368(8)
How Long Could a Mountain Last? 368(1)
The Case of the Disappearing Mountains 369(1)
Volcanoes and Earthquakes---Evidence of Forces in the Earth 370(1)
The Movement of the Continents 371(5)
New Support for the Theory 376(1)
Science by the Numbers 376(1)
The Age of the Atlantic Ocean 376(1)
Plate Tectonics: A Unifying View of the Earth 376(3)
The Convecting Mantle 378(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science 379(1)
A Competing Model 379(1)
Science in the Making 379(4)
Reactions to Plate Tectonics 379(1)
Plate Boundaries 380(3)
The Science of Life 383(1)
Upright Posture 383(1)
The Geological History of North America 383(1)
Another Look at Volcanoes and Earthquakes 384(3)
Plates and Volcanism 384(2)
Earthquakes 386(1)
Seismology: Exploring the Earth's Interior with Earthquakes 386(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science 387(1)
Seismic Tomography 387(1)
Technology 388(1)
The Design of Earthquake-Resistant Buildings 388(1)
Science News 388(5)
The Whirlpool in the Earth's Core 388(1)
Thinking More About Plate Tectonics 389(1)
Earthquake Prediction 389(4)
Cycles of the Earth
Great Idea: All matter above and beneath the Earth's surface moves in cycles.
A Random Walk Through the Day
Cycles Small and Large 393(2)
Recycling 393(1)
The Nature of Earth's Cycles 394(1)
The Hydrologic Cycle 395(4)
Reservoirs of Water 395(1)
Movements of Water Between Reservoirs 396(2)
Chemical Cycles in the Oceans 398(1)
The Science of Life 399(1)
Element Residence Times 399(1)
Science by the Numbers 399(3)
The Ocean's Gold 399(1)
Ice Ages 400(1)
Milankovitch Cycle 401(1)
Science in the Making 402(1)
Milankovitch Decides on His Life's Work 402(1)
The Atmospheric Cycle 402(5)
Air Masses: Reservoirs of the Atmosphere 403(1)
Weather 403(1)
The General Circulation of the Atmosphere 404(2)
Common Storms and Weather Patterns 406(1)
Climate 407(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science 407(1)
How Steady Is Earth's Climate? 407(1)
Understanding Climate 408(1)
Technology 408(1)
Doppler Radar 408(1)
The Rock Cycle 409(3)
Igneous Rocks 410(1)
Sedimentary Rocks 411(1)
The Science of Life 412(2)
Coral Reefs 412(1)
Metamorphic Rocks 413(1)
The Story of Marble 414(1)
Science in the Making 414(2)
Hutton and the Discovery of ``Deep Time'' 414(2)
The Interdependence of Earth's Cycles 416(1)
Science News 416(5)
Cousin of El Nino Haunts Indian Ocean 416(1)
Thinking More About Cycles 417(1)
Beach Erosion 417(4)
Ecology, Ecosystems and the Environment
Great Idea: Ecosystems, interdependent communities of living thing, recycle matter while energy flows through them.
A Random Walk Leaves of Grass
Ecology and Ecosystems: Life in Flux 421(4)
Characteristics of Ecosystems 422(3)
Ecosystems Disrupted: The Law of Unintended Consequences 425(1)
The Lake Victoria Episode 425(1)
Science in the Making 426(1)
Island Biogeography 426(1)
Problems Involving the Global Ecosystem and Environment 426(2)
The Problem of Urban Landfills 427(1)
Science by the Number 428(1)
Trash 428(1)
Technology 428(9)
The Science in Recycling 428(1)
The Ozone Problem 429(3)
Acid Rain and Urban Air Pollution 432(2)
The Greenhouse Effect 434(3)
The Ongoing Process of Science 437(1)
Dealing with the Greenhouse Effect 437(1)
Science News 438(5)
Algae Turn Fish into Lethal Lunch 438(1)
Thinking More About Ecosystems 439(1)
Disposable Diapers 439(4)
Strategies of Life
Great Idea: Living things use many strategies to deal with the problems of acquiring and using matter and energy.
A Random Walk The Life Around You
The Organization of Living Things 443(2)
Ways of Thinking about Living Things 443(2)
What Is Life? 445(1)
Unity Within Diversity 445(1)
Science in the Making 446(1)
Measuring Plant Growth 446(1)
Classifying Living Things 447(4)
Cataloging Life 447(4)
The Ongoing Process of Science 451(1)
How Many Kingdoms? 451(1)
Science by the Numbers 451(3)
How Many Species Are There? 451(2)
Classifying Human Beings 453(1)
Implications of Linnaean Classification 453(1)
Survival: A New Look at the Life Around You 454(1)
Strategies of Fungi 454(2)
Science in the Making 456(1)
The Discovery of Penicillin 456(1)
Strategies of Plants 456(3)
The Simplest Plants 457(1)
Vascular Plants 457(2)
Strategies of Animals 459(5)
Invertebrates 459(3)
Vertebrates 462(2)
Science News 464(4)
Pearl-like Bacteria Are the Largest Ever Found 464(1)
Thinking More About Life's Strategies 464(1)
Eating Through the Phyla 464(4)
Molecules of Life
Great Idea: A cell's major parts are constructed from a few simple molecular building blocks.
A Random Walk Seeing Patterns
Organic Molecules 468(2)
Four Basic Characteristics 468(2)
Chemical Shorthand 470(1)
Science in the Making 470(1)
The Synthesis of Urea 470(1)
Proteins: The Workhorses of Life 471(3)
Amino Acids: The Building Blocks of Proteins 471(1)
The Structure of Proteins 472(2)
Science by the Numbers 474(2)
How Many Proteins Can You Make? 474(1)
Proteins as Enzymes 475(1)
The Science of Life 476(2)
Proteins and Diet 476(1)
How Drugs Work 477(1)
Carbohydrates 478(1)
Lipids 478(3)
Saturated and Unsaturated Fats 480(1)
Technology 481(1)
Nonfattening Fats 481(1)
Cell Membranes 481(1)
Vitamins and Minerals 482(2)
Minerals 482(1)
Vitamins 483(1)
Science News 484(5)
Growing Nerve Fibers Get Some Guidance 484(1)
Thinking More About the Molecules of Life 485(1)
Dietary Fads 485(4)
The Living Cell
Great Idea: Life is based on chemistry, and chemistry takes place in cells.
A Random Walk The Chemical Plant
The Nature and Variety of Cells 489(1)
Science in the Making 490(1)
The Discovery of Cells 490(1)
How a Cell Works 490(1)
Technology 491(6)
The Microscope 491(1)
Cell Membranes 492(1)
Transporting Material across a Cell Membrane 493(1)
The Nucleus 494(2)
The Energy Organelles: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria 496(1)
Cytoskeleton 497(1)
Metabolism: Energy and Life 497(4)
The Cell's Energy Currency 497(1)
Photosynthesis 498(1)
Glycolysis: The First Step in Energy Generation in the Cell 499(1)
Fermentation: A Way to Keep Glycolysis Going 500(1)
The Final Stages of Respiration 500(1)
Cell Division 501(3)
Mitosis 501(1)
Meiosis 502(2)
Science News 504(5)
Teasing Out Tongue's Taste Receptors 504(1)
Thinking More About Cells 505(1)
Biochemical Evidence for Evolution 505(4)
Classical and Modern Genetics
Great Idea: All living things use the same genetic code to guide the chemical reactions in every cell.
A Random Walk with Robert Hazen
Classical Genetics 509(5)
The Rules of Classical Genetics 512(1)
Qualitative versus Quantitative Genetics 513(1)
DNA and the Birth of Molecular Genetics 514(4)
Nucleotides: The Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids 514(1)
DNA Structure 515(1)
RNA Structure 515(1)
The Replication of DNA 515(3)
The Genetic Code 518(7)
Transcription of DNA 518(1)
The Synthesis of Proteins 519(3)
Mutations and DNA Repair 522(1)
Why Are Genes Expressed? 522(1)
Viruses 523(1)
Viral Epidemics 523(2)
The Science of Life 525(1)
The Human Genome Project 525(1)
Science by the Numbers 526(1)
The Human Book of Life 526(1)
Science News 527(5)
Another Human Genome Project 527(1)
Thinking More About Genetics 528(1)
The Ethics of Genetics 528(4)
The New Science of Life
Great Idea: Our new understanding of genetic mechanisms is leading to enormous advances in medicine and other aspects of our lives.
A Random Walk Fixing Broken Genes
The Technology of Genes 532(3)
Genetic Engineering 533(2)
Technology 535(1)
DNA Fingerprinting 535(1)
Copying DNA---The PCR Process 536(2)
Cloning 538(1)
Curing Disease 539(2)
Gene Therapy 539(2)
Science by the Numbers 541(4)
Double-Blind Clinical Trials 541(1)
DNA Repair in the Cell 541(4)
AIDS 545(2)
Computer-Assisted Drug Design 546(1)
Science News 547(5)
Genetic Engineering Eases Laundry Woes 547(1)
Thinking More About Drug Design 548(1)
The Evolving Resistance to Antibiotics 548(4)
Evolution
Great Idea: All life on Earth evolved from singlecelled organisms by the process of natural selection.
A Random Walk To the Zoo
The Fact of Evolution 552(4)
The Fossil Record 553(1)
The Biochemical Evidence 554(1)
Evidence from Anatomy: Vestigial Organs 555(1)
Chemical Evolution 556(3)
Black Smokers 558(1)
RNA Enzymes 558(1)
The Window of Opportunity 559(1)
The First Cell 559(1)
Science by the Number 559(1)
Cell Division 559(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science 560(1)
Did Life Also Originate on Mars? 560(1)
Natural Selection and the Development of Complex Life 561(2)
Natural Selection 561(2)
Science in the Making 563(6)
The Reception of Darwin's Theory 563(1)
The Story of Life 564(2)
Geological Time 566(2)
Mass Extinctions and the Rate of Evolution 568(1)
The Evolution of Human Beings 569(3)
Science News 572
The Whale's Tale 572(1)
Thinking More About Evolution 573(1)
Creationism 573
Appendices
A. Human Anatomy A1
B. Units and Numbers A8
C. The Geologic Time Scale A13
D. Selected Physical Constants and Astronomical Data A17
E. Properties of the Planets A17
F. The Chemical Elements A18
Glossary G-1
Credits C-1
Index I-1
Science: A Way of Knowing
Great Idea: Science is a way of asking and answering questions about the physical universe.
A Random Walk with Laurie Jewitt
Why Study Science? 2(1)
The Scientific Method 3(5)
Observation 3(1)
Identifying Patterns and Regularities 4(1)
Hypothesis and Theory 5(1)
Prediction and Testing 5(2)
The Scientific Method in Operation 7(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science 8(1)
Biodiversity 8(1)
Science in the Making 9(1)
Dimitri Mendeleev and the Periodic Table 9(1)
The Science of Life 10(1)
William Harvey and the Blood's Circulation 10(1)
Other Ways of Knowing 11(2)
Different Kinds of Questions 11(1)
Pseudoscience 12(1)
Science by the Numbers 13(4)
Astrology 13(1)
The Organization of Science 14(2)
The Organization of Scientists 16(1)
Scientific Specialties 16(1)
Basic Research, Applied Research and Technology 16(1)
Technology 17(10)
SETI@Home 17(1)
Becoming a Scientist 18(1)
Communication Among Scientists 19(1)
Scientific Societies 20(1)
Funding for Science 21(1)
Thinking More About Research 22(1)
Stem Cells 22(5)
The Ordered Universe
Great Idea: Newton's laws of motion and gravity predict the behavior of objects on Earth and in space.
A Random Walk Cause and Effect
The Night Sky 27(2)
Stonehenge 28(1)
Science in the Making 29(1)
The Discovery of the Spread of Disease 29(1)
Science by the Numbers 30(1)
Ancient Astronauts 30(1)
The Birth of Modern Astronomy 31(4)
The Historical Background: Ptolemy and Copernicus 32
Observations 00(33)
Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler 33(2)
The Birth of Mechanics 35(1)
Galileo Galilei 35(1)
Science in the Making 35(3)
The Heresy Trial of Galileo 35(1)
The Father of Experimental Science 36(2)
The Science of Life 38(1)
Experiencing Extreme Acceleration 38(1)
Isaac Newton and the Universal Laws of Motion 38(5)
The First Law 39(1)
The Second Law 40(2)
The Third Law 42(1)
Newton's Laws at Work 42(1)
The Universal Force of Gravity 43(11)
The Gravitational Constant, G 44(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science 45(1)
Weight and Gravity 46(3)
Thinking More About Order 49(1)
Predictability 49(5)
Energy
Great Idea: The many different forms of energy are interchangeable, and the total amount of energy in an isolated system is conserved.
A Random Walk The Great Chain of Energy
Scientifically Speaking 54(4)
Work 55(1)
Energy 56(1)
Power 57(1)
Science in the Making 58(1)
James Watt and the Horsepower 58(1)
Forms of Energy 58(3)
Kinetic Energy 58(2)
Potential Energy 60(1)
Heat, or Thermal Energy 60(1)
Science in the Making 61(3)
Discovering the Nature of Heat 61(1)
Wave Energy 62(1)
Mass as Energy 63(1)
The Interchangeability of Energy 64(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science 64(2)
New Sources of Energy 64(2)
The Science of Life 66(2)
The Notion of Trophic Levels 66(2)
The First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy Is Conserved 68(1)
Science by the Numbers 69(1)
Diet and Calories 69(1)
Science in the Making 70(1)
Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth 70(1)
Technology 70(6)
The Economics of Alternative Energy 70(1)
Thinking More About Energy 71(1)
Fossil Fuels 71(5)
Heat and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Great Idea: Energy always goes from a more useful to a less useful form.
A Random Walk The Cafeteria
Nature's Direction 76(1)
Coming to Terms with Heat 77(2)
Heat and Temperature 77(2)
Specific Heat Capacity 79(1)
Heat Transfer 79(3)
Technology 82(1)
Home Insulation 82(1)
The Science of Life 83(2)
Animal Insulation: Fur and Feathers 83(2)
The Science of Life 85(1)
Temperature Regulation 85(1)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics 85(4)
Heat Will Not Flow Spontaneously from a Cold to a Hot Body 86(1)
You Cannot Construct an Engine that Does Nothing but Convert Heat to Useful Work 87(2)
Science by the Numbers 89(2)
Efficiency 89(1)
Every Isolated System Becomes More Disordered with Time 89(2)
Science in the Making 91(1)
The Heat Death of the Universe 91(1)
Consequences of the Second Law 92(1)
The Arrow of Time 92 Built-in Limitations of the Universe 92(1)
The Science of Life 93(1)
Does Evolution Violate the Second Law? 93(1)
The Science of Life 93(6)
A Missing Law of Thermodynamics? 93(1)
Thinking More About Entropy 94(1)
Aging 94(5)
Electricity and Magnetism
Great Idea: Electricity and magnetism are two different aspects of one force---the electromagnetic force.
A Random Walk Late for Work at the Copy Center
Nature's Other Forces 99(1)
Static Electricity 100(1)
Science in the Making 100(3)
Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Charge 100(1)
The Movement of Electrons 101(1)
Coulomb's Law 102(1)
Science by the Numbers 103(1)
Two Forces Compared 103(1)
The Electric Field 103(1)
Magnetism 104(2)
The Science of Life 106(1)
Magnetic Navigation 106(1)
The Dipole Field 106(1)
Connections Between Electricity and Magnetism 107(1)
The Science of Life 107(2)
Luigi Galvani and Life's Electric Force 107(1)
Batteries and Electric Current 108(1)
Technology 109(1)
Batteries and Electric Cars 109(1)
Magnetic Effects from Electricity 110(1)
The Electromagnet 110(1)
Technology 111(1)
The Electric Motor 111(1)
Why Magnetic Monopoles Don't Exist 112(1)
The Science of Life 112(1)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 112(1)
Electrical Effects from Magnetism 113(2)
Science in the Making 115(1)
Michael Farady 115(1)
Maxwell's Equation 115(1)
Electric Circuits 115(3)
The Science of Life 118(7)
The Propagation of Nerve Signals 118(2)
Thinking More About Electromagnetism 120(1)
Basic Research 120(5)
Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation
Great Idea: Whenever an electrically charged object is accelerated, it produces electromagnetic radiation---waves of energy that travel at the speed of light.
A Random Walk A Day at the Beach
The Nature of Waves 125(4)
Energy Transfer by Waves 125(1)
The Properties of Waves 126(1)
The Relationship Between Wavelength, Frequency, and Velocity 127(1)
The Two Kinds of Waves: Transverse and Longitudinal 128(1)
Science by the Numbers 129(2)
The Sound of Music 129(2)
The Science of Life 131(2)
Use of Sound by Animals 131(1)
Interference 132(1)
The Electromagnetic Wave 133(1)
The Anatomy of the Electromagnetic Wave 134(1)
Science in the Making 134(5)
The Ether 134(1)
Light 135(1)
The Energy of Electromagnetic Waves 135(1)
The Doppler Effect 136(2)
Transmission, Absorption, and Scattering 138(1)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum 139(2)
Radio Waves 139(2)
Technology 141(1)
AM and FM Radio Transmission 141(1)
Microwaves 142(1)
Technology 142(2)
Microwave Ovens 142(1)
Infrared Radiation 143(1)
Visible Light 144(1)
The Science of Life 144(2)
The Eye 144(1)
Ultraviolet Radiation 144(1)
X-rays 145(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science 146(7)
Intense X-ray Sources 146(1)
Gamma Rays 147(1)
Thinking More About Radiation 148(1)
Is ELF Radiation Dangerous? 148(5)
Albert Einstein and the Theory of Relativity
Great Idea: All observers, no matter what their frame of reference, see the same laws of nature.
A Random Walk The Airport
Frames of Reference 153(3)
Descriptions in Different Reference Frames 154(1)
The Principle of Relativity 154(2)
Relativity and the Speed of Light 156(1)
Science in the Making 156(1)
Einstein and the Streetcar 156(1)
Special Relativity 156(5)
Time Dilation 156(2)
The Size of Time Dilation 158(3)
Science by the Numbers 161(1)
How Important Is Relativity? 161(1)
The Science of Life 161(4)
Space Travel and Aging 161(1)
Distance and Relativity 162(2)
So What About the Train and the Flashlight? 164(1)
Mass and Relativity 164(1)
Mass and Energy 164(1)
General Relativity 165(7)
The Nature of Forces 165(2)
Predictions of General Relativity 167(1)
Who Can Understand Relativity? 168(1)
Thinking More About Relativity 168(1)
Was Newton Wrong? 168(4)
The Atom
Great Idea: All of the matter around us is made of atoms---the chemical building blocks of our world.
A Random Walk Breathing Lessons
The Smallest Pieces 172(4)
The Greek Atom 172(1)
Elements 173(1)
Are Atoms Real? 173(2)
Discovering Chemical Elements 175(1)
The Structure of the Atom 176(2)
The Atomic Nucleus 177(1)
Why the Rutherford Atom Couldn't Work 178(1)
When Matter Meets Light 178(5)
The Bohr Atom 178(2)
Photons: Particles of Light 180(2)
An Intuitive Leap 182(1)
Spectroscopy 183(2)
The Science of Life 185(1)
Spectra of Life's Chemical Reactions 185(1)
Science in the Making 185(1)
The Story of Helium 185(1)
Technology 186(2)
The Laser 186(2)
The Periodic Table of the Elements 188(3)
Periodic Chemical Properties 188(1)
Why the Periodic Table Works 189(2)
Science News 191(4)
Using Atoms to Take a New Kind of Picture 191(1)
Thinking More About Atoms 191(1)
What Do Atoms ``Look Like?'' 191(4)
Quantum Mechanics
Great Idea: At the subatomic scale everything is quantized. Any measurement at that scale significantly alters the object being measured.
A Random Walk Take Me Out to the Ball Game
The World of the Very Small 195(3)
Measurement and Observation in the Quantum World 196(1)
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 197(1)
Science by the Numbers 198(1)
Uncertainty in the Newtonian World 198(1)
Probabilities 199(1)
Wave-Particle Duality 200(3)
The Double-Slit Test 201(2)
Technology 203(1)
The Photoelectric Effect 203(1)
The Science of Life 203(1)
The CAT Scan 203(1)
Wave-Particle Duality and the Bohr Atom 204(2)
Quantum Weirdness 205(1)
Science in the Making 206(1)
A Famous Interchange 206(1)
Science News 207(4)
Computers Crunch Quantum Collisions 207(1)
Thinking More About Quantum Mechanics 207(1)
Uncertainty and Human Beings 207(4)
Atoms in Combination: The Chemical Bond
Great Idea: Atoms bind together in chemical reactions by the rearrangement of electrons.
A Random Walk Throwing Things Away
Electron Shells and Chemical Bonding 211(1)
Types of Chemical Bonds 212(7)
Ionic Bonds 212(2)
Metallic Bonds 214(1)
Covalent Bonds 215(2)
Polarization and Hydrogen Bonds 217(1)
Van der Waals Forces 218(1)
States of Matter 219(3)
Gases 219(1)
Plasma 219(1)
Liquids 220(1)
Solids 220(2)
Technology 222(1)
Liquid Crystals and Your Hand Calculator 222(1)
Science in the Making 222(1)
The Discovery of Nylon 222(1)
Changes of State 223(1)
Chemical Reactions and the Formation of Chemical Bonds 223(4)
Chemical Reactions and Energy: Rolling Down the Chemical Hill 224(1)
Common Chemical Reactions 225(2)
The Science of Life 227(4)
Antacids 227(3)
Building Molecules: The Hydrocarbons 230(1)
Technology 231(1)
Refining Petroleum 231(1)
The Science of Life 232(1)
The Clotting of Blood 232(1)
Science by the Numbers 232(6)
Balancing Chemical Equations 232(1)
Thinking More About Atoms in Combination 233(1)
Life Cycle Costs 233(5)
Properties of Materials
Great Idea: A material's properties result from its constituent atoms and the arrangements of chemical bonds that hold those atoms together.
A Random Walk with James Trefil
Materials and the Modern World 238(1)
The Strengths of Materials 239(2)
Different Kinds of Strength 239(1)
Composite Materials 240(1)
Electrical Properties of Materials 241(4)
Conductors 242(1)
Insulators 242(1)
Semiconductors 242(1)
Superconductors 243(2)
The Ongoing Process of Science 245(1)
Searching for New Superconductors 245(1)
Magnetic Properties of Materials 246(1)
Revolution 247(2)
Doped Semiconductors 247(1)
Diodes 248(1)
Technology 249(3)
Photovoltaic Cells and Solar Energy 249(1)
The Transisters 250(1)
Microchips 251(1)
Information 251(1)
Science by the Numbers 252(1)
Is a Picture Really Worth a Thousand Words? 252(1)
Computers 253(1)
The Science of Life 253(2)
The Computer and the Brain 253(1)
Thinking More About Information 254(1)
Thinking Machines 254(1)
Science News 255(4)
To Bead or Not to Bead 255(4)
The Nucleus of the Atom
Great Idea: Nuclear energy depends on the conversion of mass into energy.
A Random Walk with Robert Hazen
Empty Space, Explosive Energy 259(1)
Science by the Numbers 260(1)
Mass and Energy 260(1)
The Organization of the Nucleus 261(3)
Element Names and Atomic Numbers 262(1)
Isotopes and the Mass Number 263(1)
The Strong Force 264(1)
Radioactivity 264(1)
What's Radioactive? 265(1)
Science in the Making 265(5)
Bacquerel and Curie 265(1)
The Kinds of Radioactive Decay 266(3)
Moving Down the Chart of the Isotopes 269(1)
Radiation and Health 269(1)
The Science of Life 270(4)
Nuclear Tracers 270(1)
Half-Life 271(1)
Radiometric Dating 272(1)
Decay Chains 273(1)
Indoor Radon 273(1)
Energy from the Nucleus 274(4)
Nuclear Fission 275(1)
Fusion 276(2)
Technology 278(1)
Nuclear Weapons 278(1)
Science News 279(1)
The New Heaviest Elements 279(1)
Science in the Making 279(5)
Cold Fusion 279(1)
Thinking More About the Nucleus 280(1)
Nuclear Waste 280(4)
The Ultimate Structure of Matter
Great Idea: All matter is made of quarks and leptons---the fundamental building blocks of the universe.
A Random Walk The Library
Of What Is the Universe Made? 284(2)
Reductionism 285(1)
The Building Blocks of Matter 285(1)
Discovering Elementary Particles 286(1)
Cosmic Rays 286(1)
Technology 287(1)
Detecting Elementary Particles 287(1)
Particle Accelerators: The Essential Tool 287(1)
The Science of Life 288(1)
Accelerators in Medicine 288(1)
The Elementary Particle Zoo 289(1)
Leptons 289(1)
Hadrons 289(1)
Antimatter 290(1)
Science in the Making 290(1)
The Discovery of Antimatter 290(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science 291(3)
How Does the Brain Work? 291(1)
Quarks 292(1)
Quarks and Leptons 293(1)
Quark Confinement 293(1)
The Four Fundamental Forces 294(3)
Force as an Exchange 294(1)
Unified Field Theories 295(2)
Science News 297(4)
A Little Mass Goes a Long Way 297(1)
Thinking More About Elementary Particles 297(1)
The Superconducting Supercollider 297(4)
The Stars
Great Idea: The Sun and other stars use nuclear fusion reactions to convert mass into energy. Eventually, when a star's nuclear fuel is depleted, it must burn out.
A Random Walk A Shopping Trip
Energy and the Stars 301(2)
The Sun's Energy Source: Fusion 302(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science 303(1)
The Solar Neutrino Problem 303(1)
Technology 303(1)
Dyson Spheres, an Ultimate Technology 303(1)
The Anatomy of Stars 304(2)
The Structure of the Sun 304(2)
The Science of Life 306(1)
Why Is the Visible Spectrum Visible? 306(1)
Measuring the Stars with Telescopes and Satellites 307(2)
Earth-Based Telescopes 307(1)
Orbiting Observatories 308(1)
The Variety of Stars 309(3)
The Astronomical Distance Scale 310(1)
The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram 311(1)
The Death of Stars 312(5)
The Death of the Sun 312(2)
The Death of Very Large Stars 314(1)
Neutron Stars and Pulsars 315(2)
Science in the Making 317(1)
Discovering New Planetary Systems 317(1)
Black Holes 317(1)
Science News 317(6)
No Beginning in Sight for Star Formation 317(1)
Thinking More About Stars 318(1)
Generation of the Chemical Elements 318(5)
Cosmology
Great Idea: The universe began billions of years ago in the big bang, and it has been expanding ever since.
A Random Walk The Campfire
The Nature of the Cosmos 323(1)
Science in the Making 324(2)
Hubble and the Birth of Modern Cosmology 324(1)
Kinds of Galaxies 324(2)
The Redshift and Hubble's Law 326(2)
Science by the Numbers 328(1)
Analyzing Hubble's Data 328(1)
The Big Bang 329(5)
The Large-Scale Structure of the Universe 330(1)
Some Useful Analogies 330(2)
Evidence for the Big Bang 332(2)
The Evolution of the Universe 334(5)
Some General Characteristics of an Expanding Universe 334(1)
10-43 Second: The Freezing of All Forces 335(1)
10-35 Second: The Freezing of the Electroweak and Strong Forces 335(2)
10-10 Second: The Freezing of the Weak and Electromagnetic Forces 337(1)
10-5 Second: The Freezing of Elementary Particles 337(1)
Three Minutes: The Freezing of Nuclei 338(1)
Before One Million Years: The Freezing of Atoms 338(1)
Dark Matter and Ripples at the Beginning of Time 339(1)
The End of the Universe 340(1)
Science News 341(4)
The Rate of Star Formation 341(1)
Thinking More About Cosmology 341(1)
The History of the Universe 341(4)
The Earth and Other Planets
Great Idea: The Earth, one of nine planets that orbit the Sun, formed 4.5 billion years ago from a great cloud of dust.
A Random Walk Looking at the Night Sky
The Sun and Its Planets 345(2)
Features of the Solar System 345(2)
Science in the Making 347(1)
The Discovery of Pluto 347(1)
The Nebular Hypothesis 348(2)
The Science of Life 350(1)
Gravity and Bones 350(1)
The Formation of Terrestrial Planets 351(1)
Science by the Numbers 351(4)
The Growth of the Earth 351(1)
Differentiation 352(1)
The Interior of the Earth 352(1)
Technology 353(1)
The Formation of the Moon 354(1)
Formation of the Other Terrestrial Planets 355(1)
The Science of Life 355(2)
When Could Life Begin? 355(1)
The Evolution of Planetary Atmospheres 356(1)
Exploring Mars 357(1)
The Outer Solar System 357(2)
The Moons of the Outer Planets 358(1)
Science in the Making 359(2)
The Voyager Satellites 359(1)
Asteroids, Comets, and Meteors 360(1)
The Science of Life 361(1)
Comets and Life on Earth 361(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science 362(1)
How Are Extrasolar Planets Formed? 362(1)
Science News 363(4)
Astronomers Find Planetary System 363(1)
Thinking More About Planets 363(1)
Human Space Exploration 363(4)
Plate Tectonics
Great Idea: The entire Earth is still changing, due to the slow convection of soft, hot rocks deep within the planet.
A Random Walk A Construction Site
The Dynamic Earth 367(1)
Science by the Numbers 368(8)
How Long Could a Mountain Last? 368(1)
The Case of the Disappearing Mountains 369(1)
Volcanoes and Earthquakes---Evidence of Forces in the Earth 370(1)
The Movement of the Continents 371(5)
New Support for the Theory 376(1)
Science by the Numbers 376(1)
The Age of the Atlantic Ocean 376(1)
Plate Tectonics: A Unifying View of the Earth 376(3)
The Convecting Mantle 378(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science 379(1)
A Competing Model 379(1)
Science in the Making 379(4)
Reactions to Plate Tectonics 379(1)
Plate Boundaries 380(3)
The Science of Life 383(1)
Upright Posture 383(1)
The Geological History of North America 383(1)
Another Look at Volcanoes and Earthquakes 384(3)
Plates and Volcanism 384(2)
Earthquakes 386(1)
Seismology: Exploring the Earth's Interior with Earthquakes 386(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science 387(1)
Seismic Tomography 387(1)
Technology 388(1)
The Design of Earthquake-Resistant Buildings 388(1)
Science News 388(5)
The Whirlpool in the Earth's Core 388(1)
Thinking More About Plate Tectonics 389(1)
Earthquake Prediction 389(4)
Cycles of the Earth
Great Idea: All matter above and beneath the Earth's surface moves in cycles.
A Random Walk Through the Day
Cycles Small and Large 393(2)
Recycling 393(1)
The Nature of Earth's Cycles 394(1)
The Hydrologic Cycle 395(4)
Reservoirs of Water 395(1)
Movements of Water Between Reservoirs 396(2)
Chemical Cycles in the Oceans 398(1)
The Science of Life 399(1)
Element Residence Times 399(1)
Science by the Numbers 399(3)
The Ocean's Gold 399(1)
Ice Ages 400(1)
Milankovitch Cycle 401(1)
Science in the Making 402(1)
Milankovitch Decides on His Life's Work 402(1)
The Atmospheric Cycle 402(5)
Air Masses: Reservoirs of the Atmosphere 403(1)
Weather 403(1)
The General Circulation of the Atmosphere 404(2)
Common Storms and Weather Patterns 406(1)
Climate 407(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science 407(1)
How Steady Is Earth's Climate? 407(1)
Understanding Climate 408(1)
Technology 408(1)
Doppler Radar 408(1)
The Rock Cycle 409(3)
Igneous Rocks 410(1)
Sedimentary Rocks 411(1)
The Science of Life 412(2)
Coral Reefs 412(1)
Metamorphic Rocks 413(1)
The Story of Marble 414(1)
Science in the Making 414(2)
Hutton and the Discovery of ``Deep Time'' 414(2)
The Interdependence of Earth's Cycles 416(1)
Science News 416(5)
Cousin of El Nino Haunts Indian Ocean 416(1)
Thinking More About Cycles 417(1)
Beach Erosion 417(4)
Ecology, Ecosystems and the Environment
Great Idea: Ecosystems, interdependent communities of living thing, recycle matter while energy flows through them.
A Random Walk Leaves of Grass
Ecology and Ecosystems: Life in Flux 421(4)
Characteristics of Ecosystems 422(3)
Ecosystems Disrupted: The Law of Unintended Consequences 425(1)
The Lake Victoria Episode 425(1)
Science in the Making 426(1)
Island Biogeography 426(1)
Problems Involving the Global Ecosystem and Environment 426(2)
The Problem of Urban Landfills 427(1)
Science by the Number 428(1)
Trash 428(1)
Technology 428(9)
The Science in Recycling 428(1)
The Ozone Problem 429(3)
Acid Rain and Urban Air Pollution 432(2)
The Greenhouse Effect 434(3)
The Ongoing Process of Science 437(1)
Dealing with the Greenhouse Effect 437(1)
Science News 438(5)
Algae Turn Fish into Lethal Lunch 438(1)
Thinking More About Ecosystems 439(1)
Disposable Diapers 439(4)
Strategies of Life
Great Idea: Living things use many strategies to deal with the problems of acquiring and using matter and energy.
A Random Walk The Life Around You
The Organization of Living Things 443(2)
Ways of Thinking about Living Things 443(2)
What Is Life? 445(1)
Unity Within Diversity 445(1)
Science in the Making 446(1)
Measuring Plant Growth 446(1)
Classifying Living Things 447(4)
Cataloging Life 447(4)
The Ongoing Process of Science 451(1)
How Many Kingdoms? 451(1)
Science by the Numbers 451(3)
How Many Species Are There? 451(2)
Classifying Human Beings 453(1)
Implications of Linnaean Classification 453(1)
Survival: A New Look at the Life Around You 454(1)
Strategies of Fungi 454(2)
Science in the Making 456(1)
The Discovery of Penicillin 456(1)
Strategies of Plants 456(3)
The Simplest Plants 457(1)
Vascular Plants 457(2)
Strategies of Animals 459(5)
Invertebrates 459(3)
Vertebrates 462(2)
Science News 464(4)
Pearl-like Bacteria Are the Largest Ever Found 464(1)
Thinking More About Life's Strategies 464(1)
Eating Through the Phyla 464(4)
Molecules of Life
Great Idea: A cell's major parts are constructed from a few simple molecular building blocks.
A Random Walk Seeing Patterns
Organic Molecules 468(2)
Four Basic Characteristics 468(2)
Chemical Shorthand 470(1)
Science in the Making 470(1)
The Synthesis of Urea 470(1)
Proteins: The Workhorses of Life 471(3)
Amino Acids: The Building Blocks of Proteins 471(1)
The Structure of Proteins 472(2)
Science by the Numbers 474(2)
How Many Proteins Can You Make? 474(1)
Proteins as Enzymes 475(1)
The Science of Life 476(2)
Proteins and Diet 476(1)
How Drugs Work 477(1)
Carbohydrates 478(1)
Lipids 478(3)
Saturated and Unsaturated Fats 480(1)
Technology 481(1)
Nonfattening Fats 481(1)
Cell Membranes 481(1)
Vitamins and Minerals 482(2)
Minerals 482(1)
Vitamins 483(1)
Science News 484(5)
Growing Nerve Fibers Get Some Guidance 484(1)
Thinking More About the Molecules of Life 485(1)
Dietary Fads 485(4)
The Living Cell
Great Idea: Life is based on chemistry, and chemistry takes place in cells.
A Random Walk The Chemical Plant
The Nature and Variety of Cells 489(1)
Science in the Making 490(1)
The Discovery of Cells 490(1)
How a Cell Works 490(1)
Technology 491(6)
The Microscope 491(1)
Cell Membranes 492(1)
Transporting Material across a Cell Membrane 493(1)
The Nucleus 494(2)
The Energy Organelles: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria 496(1)
Cytoskeleton 497(1)
Metabolism: Energy and Life 497(4)
The Cell's Energy Currency 497(1)
Photosynthesis 498(1)
Glycolysis: The First Step in Energy Generation in the Cell 499(1)
Fermentation: A Way to Keep Glycolysis Going 500(1)
The Final Stages of Respiration 500(1)
Cell Division 501(3)
Mitosis 501(1)
Meiosis 502(2)
Science News 504(5)
Teasing Out Tongue's Taste Receptors 504(1)
Thinking More About Cells 505(1)
Biochemical Evidence for Evolution 505(4)
Classical and Modern Genetics
Great Idea: All living things use the same genetic code to guide the chemical reactions in every cell.
A Random Walk with Robert Hazen
Classical Genetics 509(5)
The Rules of Classical Genetics 512(1)
Qualitative versus Quantitative Genetics 513(1)
DNA and the Birth of Molecular Genetics 514(4)
Nucleotides: The Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids 514(1)
DNA Structure 515(1)
RNA Structure 515(1)
The Replication of DNA 515(3)
The Genetic Code 518(7)
Transcription of DNA 518(1)
The Synthesis of Proteins 519(3)
Mutations and DNA Repair 522(1)
Why Are Genes Expressed? 522(1)
Viruses 523(1)
Viral Epidemics 523(2)
The Science of Life 525(1)
The Human Genome Project 525(1)
Science by the Numbers 526(1)
The Human Book of Life 526(1)
Science News 527(5)
Another Human Genome Project 527(1)
Thinking More About Genetics 528(1)
The Ethics of Genetics 528(4)
The New Science of Life
Great Idea: Our new understanding of genetic mechanisms is leading to enormous advances in medicine and other aspects of our lives.
A Random Walk Fixing Broken Genes
The Technology of Genes 532(3)
Genetic Engineering 533(2)
Technology 535(1)
DNA Fingerprinting 535(1)
Copying DNA---The PCR Process 536(2)
Cloning 538(1)
Curing Disease 539(2)
Gene Therapy 539(2)
Science by the Numbers 541(4)
Double-Blind Clinical Trials 541(1)
DNA Repair in the Cell 541(4)
AIDS 545(2)
Computer-Assisted Drug Design 546(1)
Science News 547(5)
Genetic Engineering Eases Laundry Woes 547(1)
Thinking More About Drug Design 548(1)
The Evolving Resistance to Antibiotics 548(4)
Evolution
Great Idea: All life on Earth evolved from singlecelled organisms by the process of natural selection.
A Random Walk To the Zoo
The Fact of Evolution 552(4)
The Fossil Record 553(1)
The Biochemical Evidence 554(1)
Evidence from Anatomy: Vestigial Organs 555(1)
Chemical Evolution 556(3)
Black Smokers 558(1)
RNA Enzymes 558(1)
The Window of Opportunity 559(1)
The First Cell 559(1)
Science by the Number 559(1)
Cell Division 559(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science 560(1)
Did Life Also Originate on Mars? 560(1)
Natural Selection and the Development of Complex Life 561(2)
Natural Selection 561(2)
Science in the Making 563(6)
The Reception of Darwin's Theory 563(1)
The Story of Life 564(2)
Geological Time 566(2)
Mass Extinctions and the Rate of Evolution 568(1)
The Evolution of Human Beings 569(3)
Science News 572
The Whale's Tale 572(1)
Thinking More About Evolution 573(1)
Creationism 573
Appendices
A. Human Anatomy A1
B. Units and Numbers A8
C. The Geologic Time Scale A13
D. Selected Physical Constants and Astronomical Data A17
E. Properties of the Planets A17
F. The Chemical Elements A18
Glossary G-1
Credits C-1
Index I-1
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