Table Of Contents:
Acknowledgements xiv
About the Authors xv
Introduction 3(1)

How A2 differs from AS 3(1)

The A2 examination 3(1)

Answering essay questions 4(6)

Deciding between options 10(2)

Summary 12(1)

Further reading 12(1)

Web sites 12(1)

An exercise 13(1)
Part 1: Social Psychology 14(120)

Social Cognition 16(42)

Attribution of Causality 17(11)

Attribution theories 18(4)

Biases in the attribution process 22(6)

Social Perception 28(11)

Impression formation 28(3)

Schema theory 31(8)

Prejudice and Discrimination 39(19)

Origins and maintenance of prejudice and discrimination 39(8)

Reduction of prejudice and discrimination 47(5)

Section summary 52(3)

Further reading 55(1)

Example examination questions 56(1)

Examination tips 56(1)

Web sites 57(1)

Relationships 58(40)

Attraction and the Formation of Relationships 59(10)

Explanations of interpersonal attraction 59(4)

Theories of attraction and the formation of relationships 63(6)

Maintenance and Dissolution of Relationships 69(12)

Maintenance of relationships 69(4)

Dissolution of relationships 73(4)

Theories of maintenance and dissolution in relationships 77(1)

Psychological explanations of love 78(3)

Cultural and Sub-cultural Differences in Relationships 81(17)

Western and non-Western cultures 82(2)

Other cultural variations 84(2)

Sub-cultural differences in relationships 86(7)

Section summary 93(3)

Further reading 96(1)

Example examination questions 96(1)

Examination tips 97(1)

Web sites 97(1)

Pro-and Anti-social Behaviour 98(36)

Nature and Causes of Aggression 99(11)

Social psychological theories of aggression 100(9)

Biological theories of aggression 109(1)

Altruism and Bystander Behaviour 110(11)

Altruism 110(4)

Bystander behaviour 114(7)

Media Influences on Pro- and Anti-social Behaviour 121(13)

Explanations of media influence 121(3)

Media influences on pro-social behaviour 124(1)

Media influences on anti-social behaviour 125(3)

Section summary 128(4)

Further reading 132(1)

Example examination questions 132(1)

Examination tips 132(1)

Web sites 133(1)
Part 2: Physiological Psychology 134(94)

Brain and Behaviour 136(32)

Methods of Investigating the Brain 137(8)

Non-invasive techniques 137(5)

Invasive techniques 142(3)

Localisation of Function in the Cerebral Cortex 145(11)

What is localisation? 145(1)

Anatomical organisation of the cerebral cortex 145(2)

Functional organisation of the cerebral cortex 147(1)

The primary motor area 147(1)

The primary sensory areas 148(4)

Association areas 152(3)

Localised versus distributed function 155(1)

Lateralisation of Function in the Cerebral Cortex 156(12)

Split-brain studies 156(3)

The organisation of language in the brain 159(1)

Handedness 160(1)

Emotion 161(1)

Hemispheric asymmetry: An overview 162(1)

Section summary 163(2)

Further reading 165(1)

Example examination questions 166(1)

Examination tips 166(1)

Web sites 167(1)

Biological Rhythms---Sleep and Dreaming 168(30)

Biological Rhythms 169(8)

Different kinds of biological rhythm 169(1)

The sleep---waking cycle: A circadian rhythm 170(3)

The menstrual cycle: An infradian rhythm 173(1)

Circannual rhythms 174(1)

The consequences of disrupting biological rhythms 175(2)

Sleep 177(10)

Stages of sleep: An ultradian rhythm 177(3)

Research studies of sleep deprivation 180(3)

Theories of sleep 183(4)

Dreaming 187(11)

The nature of dreams 187(2)

Theories of the functions of dreaming 189(5)

Section summary 194(2)

Further reading 196(1)

Example examination questions 196(1)

Examination tips 196(1)

Web sites 197(1)

Motivation and Emotion 198(30)

Brain Mechanisms of Motivation 199(7)

Hunger 200(4)

Thirst 204(2)

Theories of Motivation 206(8)

Classifying motives 207(1)

Physiological theories of motivation 207(3)

Psychological theories of motivation 210(3)

Conclusion 213(1)

Emotion 214(14)

Brain systems in emotion 214(3)

Theories of emotion 217(7)

Section summary 224(2)

Further reading 226(1)

Example examination questions 226(1)

Examination tips 226(1)

Web sites 227(1)
Part 3: Cognitive Psychology 228(130)

Attention and Pattern Recognition 230(42)

Focused Attention 231(11)

What is attention? 231(1)

Focused auditory attention 232(6)

Focused visual attention 238(4)

Divided Attention 242(12)

Research into divided attention 242(1)

Theoretical accounts of divided attention 243(2)

Practical applications of divided attention research 245(1)

Automatic processing 246(4)

Action slips 250(4)

Pattern Recognition 254(18)

Theories of pattern recognition 254(4)

The role of biological mechanisms in pattern recognition 258(2)

The role of context in pattern recognition 260(2)

Face recognition 262(5)

Section summary 267(3)

Further reading 270(1)

Example examination questions 270(1)

Examination tips 271(1)

Web sites 271(1)

Perceptual Processes and Development 272(44)

The Visual System 273(6)

Structure and functions of the visual system 273(2)

Research into the nature of visual information processing 275(4)

Perceptual Organisation 279(20)

Theories of visual perception 279(8)

Perceptual organisation 287(12)

Perceptual Development 299(17)

Research methods used to study infants 299(1)

Studies of perceptual development 300(5)

Nature or nurture? 305(5)

Section summary 310(3)

Further reading 313(1)

Example examination questions 313(1)

Examination tips 314(1)

Web sites 315(1)

Language and Thought 316(42)

Language and Culture 317(12)

Language and thought 317(6)

Social and cultural aspects of language use 323(6)

Language Acquisition 329(9)

Stages of language development 329(3)

Explanations of language development 332(6)

Problem Solving and Decision Making 338(20)

Research into problem solving 338(10)

Decision making 348(4)

Section summary 352(3)

Further reading 355(1)

Example examination questions 356(1)

Examination tips 356(1)

Web sites 357(1)
Part 4: Developmental Psychology 358(130)

Cognitive Development 360(56)

Development of Thinking 361(24)

Piaget's theory 361(12)

Vygotsky's theory 373(4)

Information-processing approach 377(3)

Practical applications to education 380(5)

Development of Measured Intelligence 385(11)

What is intelligence? 385(2)

The role of genetics 387(4)

Social and cultural influences 391(2)

Intelligence and race 393(2)

Evaluation of the heredity/environment debate 395(1)

Development of Moral Understanding 396(20)

What are morals? 396(1)

Theories of the development of moral thinking 396(9)

The development of moral behaviour 405(3)

Theories of pro-social reasoning 408(2)

Section summary 410(4)

Further reading 414(1)

Example examination questions 414(1)

Examination tips 414(1)

Web sites 415(1)

Social and Personality Development 416(42)

Personality Development 417(12)

What is personality? 417(1)

The psychodynamic approach 417(7)

Social learning approaches 424(5)

Gender Development 429(11)

What is gender? 429(1)

Observed gender differences 429(1)

Psychological theories of gender development 430(6)

Biological theories of gender development 436(4)

Adolescence 440(18)

Theories of social development in adolescence: The psychoanalytic approach 441(6)

Theories of social development in adolescence: The sociological approach 447(4)

Section summary 451(4)

Further reading 455(1)

Example examination questions 456(1)

Examination tips 456(1)

Web sites 457(1)

Adulthood 458(30)

Early and Middle Adulthood 459(6)

Erikson's eight ages of man 459(2)

Levinson's seasons of man's life 461(3)

Gould's theory of the evolution of adult consciousness 464(1)

Stage theories 465(1)

Family and Relationships in Adulthood 465(8)

The life events approach 465(2)

Common and important life events in adulthood 467(6)

Cognitive Changes in Late Adulthood 473(15)

Cognitive changes in old age 473(2)

Common life events in old age 475(3)

Explanations of adjustment to old age 478(5)

Section summary 483(3)

Further reading 486(1)

Example examination questions 486(1)

Examination tips 486(1)

Web sites 487(1)
Part 5: Comparative Psychology 488(102)

Determinants of Animal Behaviour 490(40)

Evolutionary Explanations of Animal Behaviour 491(15)

The facts of evolution 491(3)

Darwin's theory of evolution 494(3)

Evidence for the theory of natural selection 497(2)

Evaluation and development of the theory of evolution 499(1)

Biological explanations of apparent altruism 500(6)

Classical and Operant Conditioning 506(10)

Classical conditioning 506(3)

Operant conditioning 509(7)

Social Learning in Non-human Animals 516(14)

Social learning 516(3)

Foraging 519(2)

Intelligence in non-human animals 521(4)

Section summary 525(3)

Further reading 528(1)

Example examination questions 528(1)

Examination tips 528(1)

Web sites 529(1)

Animal Cognition 530(32)

Animal Navigation 531(7)

Migration 532(1)

Mechanisms involved in navigation 533(5)

Animal Communication and Language 538(15)

Animal communication 539(2)

Ritualisation 541(1)

Examples of animal communication 542(2)

Language in non-human animals 544(2)

Teaching human language to non-human animals 546(7)

Memory 553(9)

Memory in navigation 553(2)

Memory in foraging 555(1)

Section summary 556(3)

Further reading 559(1)

Example examination questions 560(1)

Examination tips 560(1)

Web sites 561(1)

Evolutionary Explanations of Human Behaviour 562(28)

Human Reproductive Behaviour 563(12)

Natural selection and sexual selection 563(1)

Anisogamy 564(2)

Human reproductive behaviour 566(9)

Evolutionary Explanations of Mental Disorders 575(5)

Evolutionary explanations of human mental disorders 575(2)

Applying evolutionary explanations to mental disorders 577(3)

Evaluation of evolutionary explanations of human mental disorders 580(1)

Evolution of Intelligence 580(10)

What is intelligence? 580(1)

Evolutionary factors in the development of human intelligence 581(2)

The human brain 583(3)

Section summary 586(2)

Further reading 588(1)

Example examination questions 588(1)

Examination tips 589(1)

Web sites 589(1)
Part 6: Individual Differences 590(104)

Issues in Classification and Diagnosis of Psychological Abnormality 592(34)

Classificatory Systems 593(10)

Symptoms and syndromes 593(1)

DSM and ICD definitions of mental disorder 594(5)

Difficulties in classifying psychological abnormality 599(4)

Multiple Personality Disorder (Dissociative Identity Disorder) 603(9)

What is multiple personality disorder? 604(3)

Incidence 607(2)

Explanations of multiple personality disorder 609(3)

Culture-bound Syndromes 612(14)

Are there culture-bound syndromes? 613(4)

Cultural issues in the classification and diagnosis of psychological abnormality 617(3)

Section summary 620(3)

Further reading 623(1)

Example examination questions 623(1)

Examination tips 624(1)

Web sites 624(2)

Psychopathology 626(36)

Schizophrenia 627(9)

Causes of mental disorder 627(1)

Clinical characteristics of schizophrenia 628(1)

Biological explanation: Genetic factors 629(2)

Biological explanation: Brain biochemistry 631(1)

Biological explanation: Brain structure 632(1)

Psychological explanation: Psychodynamic approach 633(1)

Psychological explanation: Behavioural approach 633(1)

Psychological explanation: Social factors 634(1)

Conclusion 635(1)

Depression 636(10)

Clinical characteristics 636(1)

Biological explanation: Genetic factors 636(2)

Biological explanation: Brain biochemistry 638(1)

Biological explanation: Endocrine system 639(1)

Psychological explanation: Psychodynamic approach 640(1)

Psychological explanation: Behavioural approach 641(1)

Psychological explanation: Cognitive approach 642(2)

Psychological explanation: Social factors 644(2)

Anxiety Disorders 646(16)

Phobias 646(2)

Biological explanation: Genetic factors 648(2)

Biological explanation: Neurophysiology 650(1)

Psychological explanation: Psychodynamic theory 650(1)

Psychological explanation: Behavioural approach 651(3)

Psychological explanation: Cognitive approach 654(1)

Psychological explanation: Social factors 655(1)

Section summary 656(3)

Further reading 659(1)

Example examination questions 659(1)

Examination tips 660(1)

Web sites 661(1)

Treating Mental Disorders 662(32)

Biological (Somatic) Therapies 663(10)

Psychosurgery 664(1)

Electroconvulsive shock treatment 665(1)

Drug therapy 666(4)

General issues for evaluating therapies 670(3)

Effectiveness of somatic therapy 673(1)

Behavioural Therapies 673(6)

Effectiveness of behavioural therapy 678(1)

Alternatives to Biological and Behavioural Therapies 679(15)

Cognitive therapy 679(2)

Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) 681(1)

Effectivenes of cognitive and cognitive-behavioural therapy 681(1)

Psychodynamic therapy 682(3)

Effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy 685(1)

Comparisons between therapies: Meta-analysis 686(3)

Section summary 689(3)

Further reading 692(1)

Example examination questions 692(1)

Examination tips 693(1)

Web sites 693(1)
Part 7: Perspectives 694(90)

Issues 696(34)

Gender Bias 697(4)

Gender stereotypes 697(1)

Alpha bias and beta bias 698(2)

Facts and values 700(1)

Cultural Bias 701(5)

Cultural differences 701(2)

Emic and etic constructs 703(2)

Racial bias 705(1)

Ethical Issues 706(11)

Ethics in social influence research 706(4)

Socially sensitive research 710(3)

Socially sensitive research areas 713(4)

The Use of Non-human Animals 717(13)

Animals in research 717(1)

Society's views 718(1)

Speciesism 719(1)

Ethical issues 720(2)

Ethical principles 722(2)

Types of animal research 724(1)

Section summary 724(3)

Further reading 727(1)

Example examination questions 728(1)

Examination tips 728(1)

Web sites 729(1)

Debates 730(26)

Free Will and Determinism 731(3)

Determinism 731(2)

Free will 733(1)

Conclusions 734(1)

Reductionism 734(4)

Reductionism across scientific disciplines 735(2)

Simplifying complex issues 737(1)

Alternatives to reductionism 738(1)

Psychology as Science 738(8)

The nature of ``science'' 738(1)

A new definition for science 739(5)

Non-scientific approaches to psychology 744(1)

Summary and conclusions 745(1)

Nature---Nurture 746(10)

History of the nature---nurture debate 746(1)

Nature or nurture 746(3)

Researching nature and nurture 749(1)

Resolving the nature---nurture controversy 750(1)

Section summary 751(2)

Further reading 753(1)

Example examination questions 754(1)

Examination tips 754(1)

Web sites 755(1)

Approaches in Psychology 756(28)

The Biological Approach 758(3)

A description of the biological approach 758(1)

An evaluation of the biological approach 759(2)

The Behavioural Approach 761(3)

A description of the behavioural approach 761(1)

An evaluation of the behavioural approach 762(2)

The Psychodynamic Approach 764(4)

A description of the psychodynamic approach 764(2)

An evaluation of the psychodynamic approach 766(2)

The Cognitive Approach 768(3)

A description of the cognitive approach 768(2)

An evaluation of the cognitive approach 770(1)

The Humanistic Approach 771(3)

A description of the humanistic approach 771(2)

An evaluation of the humanistic approach 773(1)

The Evolutionary Approach 774(2)

A description of the evolutionary approach 774(2)

An evaluation of the evolutionary approach 776(1)

Social Constructionism 776(8)

A description of the social constructionist approach 776(2)

An evaluation of the social constructionist approach 778(1)

Section summary 779(3)

Further reading 782(1)

Example examination questions 782(1)

Examination tips 783(1)

Web sites 783(1)
Part 8: Coursework 784(30)

The Coursework Report 786(10)

Preparation: Design and project brief 787(1)

The report 787(5)

Section summary 792(1)

Further reading 793(1)

A checklist for your report 793(2)

Summary of the coursework mark scheme 795(1)

Statistical Tests 796(14)

Descriptive statistics and statistical tests 797(1)

Statistical significance 798(1)

Tests of difference 799(4)

Studies using correlational analysis 803(4)

Using an inferential test for your coursework 807(1)

Section summary 808(1)

Further reading 809(1)

Ideas for Coursework 810(4)

Laboratory experiment 811(1)

Field experiment 812(1)

Survey and correlational study 812(1)

Observational study 812(1)

Further reading 813(1)
Appendix: Tables of Significance 814(7)

How to use the tables 815(6)

Table 1: Mann-Whitney U test 816(2)

Table 2: Sign test 818(1)

Table 3: Wilcoxon signed ranks test 818(1)

Table 4: Spearman's rho test 819(1)

Table 5: Chi-squared test 820(1)
References 821(36)
Glossary 857(12)
Author Index 869(14)
Subject Index 883(12)
Illustration Credits 895