Preface
Abnormality: Past and Present p. 2
Themes and Challenges p. 4
Biological and Psychological Levels of Analysis p. 5
Science and Practice p. 7
Development p. 8
Treatment of Choice p. 10
Early Approaches to Abnormality p. 11
Animistic Origins: Possession p. 12
Physical Causes p. 14
Psychogenic Origins p. 15
Treatment of the Insane p. 17
Segregating the Insane p. 18
The Growth of Humane Treatment p. 18
Defining Abnormality Today p. 19
The Elements of Abnormality p. 19
The Family Resemblance Approach to Defining Abnormality p. 23
The Hazards of Defining Abnormality p. 24
The Hazards of Self-Diagnosis p. 26
Putting It All Together p. 27
Summary p. 28
Assessment, Diagnosis, and Research Methods p. 30
Assessment p. 33
The Physical Examination p. 34
The Clinical Interview p. 35
Observation p. 36
Psychological Testing p. 41
Diagnosis p. 54
Reasons for Diagnosis p. 55
Evaluating Assessment and Diagnosis p. 55
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) p. 57
Factors That Bias the Diagnosis of Mental Disorders p. 61
The Need for Categorization and Diagnosis p. 64
Research Methods p. 65
The Clinical Case History p. 66
Scientific Experimentation p. 67
Experiments of Nature p. 77
Comparative Studies p. 78
Correlational Studies p. 79
Epidemiological Studies p. 81
Putting It All Together p. 83
Summary p. 84
Psychological Approaches p. 86
The Psychodynamic Approach p. 87
Id, Ego, and Superego p. 88
Anxiety and Defense Mechanisms p. 89
Psychodynamic Theorists after Freud p. 91
Psychodynamic Treatment p. 93
Evaluating Psychodynamic Theory p. 96
Psychoanalysis and the Medical Model p. 97
The Existential and Humanistic Approaches p. 98
Freedom and Choice p. 98
Fear of Dying p. 99
Existential Treatment p. 100
Evaluating the Existential Approach p. 101
The Behavioral Approach p. 102
Pavlovian Conditioning p. 102
Operant Conditioning p. 107
Avoidance Learning p. 110
The Cognitive Approach p. 111
Cognitive Therapy p. 111
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy p. 116
Combining Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Psychodynamics p. 117
Evaluating Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy p. 117
Putting It All Together p. 119
Summary p. 120
The Biological Approach and Neuroscience p. 122
The Biological Approach p. 124
Determining Causes and Treatment p. 125
The Diathesis-Stress Model p. 127
Genes and Abnormal Behavior p. 127
Genes and Chromosomes p. 127
Genotypes and Phenotypes p. 129
Gene-Environment Interaction p. 131
Research Methods in Behavioral Genetics p. 133
Neurons and Biochemical Etiology p. 136
Neural Activity p. 136
Disordered Neural Activity p. 140
Molecular Techniques and the Study of Neurons p. 141
Brain Structures and Abnormal Behavior p. 143
The Central Nervous System p. 143
The Peripheral Nervous System p. 150
Neurodevelopment and Abnormal Behavior p. 151
The Prenatal Period p. 152
Postnatal CNS Development p. 154
Critical Periods for Psychological Development p. 156
Environmental Input and Abnormal Behavior p. 156
Effects of Learning and Memory p. 156
Effects of Experience p. 157
Putting It All Together p. 159
Summary p. 160
Anxiety Disorders p. 162
Fear and Anxiety p. 164
Elements of Fear p. 165
Degree of Fear p. 166
Anxiety Distinguished from Fear p. 166
Phobia p. 168
Specific Phobia p. 168
Social Phobia p. 170
Etiology of Phobias p. 172
Therapy for Phobias p. 176
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder p. 180
Characterizing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder p. 181
Course of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder p. 187
Vulnerability to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder p. 189
Treatment of PTSD p. 190
Panic Disorder p. 193
Symptoms of a Panic Attack p. 193
Etiology of Panic Disorder p. 194
Treatment of Panic Disorder p. 198
Agoraphobia p. 199
Generalized Anxiety Disorder p. 202
Symptoms and Prevalence of GAD p. 202
Etiology of GAD p. 204
Treatment of GAD p. 204
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder p. 205
Obsession, Anxiety, and Depression p. 207
Vulnerability to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder p. 208
Theories of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder p. 209
Treatment of OCD p. 213
Everyday Anxiety p. 215
Putting It All Together p. 217
Summary p. 218
Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders p. 220
Somatoform Disorders p. 222
Types of Somatoform Disorders p. 222
Diagnosing Somatoform Disorders p. 226
Vulnerability to Somatoform Disorders p. 227
The Etiology of Somatoform Disorders p. 229
Treatment of Somatoform Disorders p. 232
Dissociative Disorders p. 233
Dissociative Amnesia p. 233
Depersonalization Disorder p. 236
Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) p. 237
Putting It All Together p. 246
Summary p. 247
Mood Disorders p. 248
Classifying the Mood Disorders p. 250
Depression and Depressive Disorders p. 251
Signs and Symptoms of Depression p. 251
Vulnerability and Prevalence of Depression p. 256
The Course of Depression p. 263
Theories of Depressive Disorders p. 264
The Biological Approach to Depression p. 264
The Psychological Approach to Depression p. 269
Treatment of Depressive Disorders p. 274
Biological Therapy for Depression p. 274
Psychological Therapy p. 279
Bipolar Disorder p. 283
Symptoms of Mania p. 285
Course of Bipolar Disorder p. 286
Cause of Bipolar Disorder p. 287
Treatment of Bipolar Disorder p. 289
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) p. 290
Suicide p. 291
Who Is at Risk for Suicide? p. 293
The Motivation for Suicide p. 296
Prevention and Treatment of Suicide p. 297
Putting It All Together p. 298
Summary p. 299
Early-Onset Disorders p. 300
Identifying Childhood Disorders p. 302
Vulnerabilities to Disorders p. 303
Unique Aspects of Childhood Disorders p. 304
Types of Childhood Disorders p. 305
Emotional Disorders p. 306
Reactive Attachment Disorder p. 307
Separation Anxiety Disorder p. 309
Phobias p. 311
Childhood Depression p. 314
Treatment of Emotional Disorders p. 315
Developmental Disorders p. 315
Autism p. 315
Rett's Disorder p. 326
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder p. 327
Asperger's Disorder p. 328
PDD-NOS p. 329
Mental Retardation p. 329
Learning Disorders p. 336
Eating and Habit Disorders p. 337
Eating Disorders: Anorexia and Bulimia p. 337
Elimination Disorders p. 343
Stuttering p. 345
Tic Disorders p. 346
Disruptive Behavior Disorders p. 349
Conduct Disorder p. 349
Oppositional Defiant Disorder p. 361
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) p. 362
Putting It All Together p. 367
Summary p. 369
Personality Disorders p. 370
Diagnosing Personality Disorders p. 372
Categories or Dimensions of Personality? p. 373
Development of Disorders p. 374
Clusters of Disorders p. 375
Odd-Eccentric Disorders p. 375
Schizotypal Personality Disorder p. 376
Schizoid Personality Disorder p. 378
Paranoid Personality Disorder p. 380
Dramatic-Erratic Disorders p. 382
Antisocial Personality Disorder p. 382
Histrionic Personality Disorder p. 398
Narcissistic Personality Disorder p. 399
Borderline Personality Disorder p. 401
Anxious-Fearful Disorders p. 406
Avoidant Personality Disorder p. 406
Dependent Personality Disorder p. 408
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder p. 409
Putting It All Together p. 411
Summary p. 412
The Schizophrenias p. 414
What Is Schizophrenia? p. 416
Historical Views p. 417
Symptoms of Schizophrenia p. 417
DSM-IV Subtypes of Schizophrenia p. 425
Other Approaches to Subtyping Schizophrenia p. 427
The Epidemiology of Schizophrenia p. 428
Deficits in Functioning p. 429
Cognitive Deficits p. 429
Perceptual Deficits p. 433
Motor Deficits p. 434
Emotional Deficits p. 435
Sources of Vulnerability p. 435
Genetics of Schizophrenia p. 436
Complications of Pregnancy and Birth p. 441
Childhood Indicators of Schizophrenia p. 442
The Biology of Schizophrenia p. 446
Social Influences p. 452
Treatment of Schizophrenia p. 456
Drug Therapy p. 456
Psychological Treatments p. 461
Putting It All Together p. 465
Summary p. 466
Late-Onset Disorders p. 468
Vulnerability to Disorders of Aging p. 472
Physical Vulnerability p. 472
Psychological Vulnerability p. 474
Dementia p. 475
Alzheimer's Disease p. 477
Vascular Dementia p. 483
Frontal Lobe Dementia p. 485
Dementia Due to Parkinson's Disease p. 485
Delirium p. 487
Late-Life Depression p. 488
Prevalence and Symptoms of Clinical Depression p. 489
Treatment p. 491
Anxiety in the Elderly p. 492
Substance Abuse in the Elderly p. 493
Delusional Disorder p. 495
Late-Onset Schizophrenia p. 496
Putting It All Together p. 497
Summary p. 498
Psychological Factors and Physical Disorders p. 500
Interaction of Mind and Body p. 503
Diathesis and Stress p. 504
Biological Mechanisms p. 504
Psychological Moderating Factors p. 511
Coronary Heart Disease p. 514
The Type A Personality p. 515
Emotional States and CHD p. 517
Peptic Ulcers p. 521
Symptoms and Development of Ulcers p. 522
Who Is Susceptible to Ulcers? p. 523
Psychological Factors Influencing Peptic Ulcers p. 523
Treatment of Peptic Ulcers p. 526
Immune System Disorders p. 526
Lowered Immunocompetence and Infectious Illness p. 527
AIDS p. 528
Cancer p. 530
Asthma p. 531
Putting It All Together p. 532
Summary p. 533
Sexual Disorders p. 534
Five Layers of Erotic Life p. 536
Gender Identity: Layer I p. 537
Characteristics of Transsexuals p. 537
The Etiology of Transsexualism p. 539
Therapy for Transsexualism: Sex Reassignment p. 542
Sexual Orientation: Layer II p. 543
Origins of Sexual Orientation p. 544
Change of Sexual Orientation p. 545
Sexual Preference: Layer III p. 545
Types of Paraphilias p. 546
The Causes of the Paraphilias p. 554
Changing Sexual Preferences p. 555
Sex Role: Layer IV p. 557
Sexual Performance: Layer V p. 559
The Physiology of the Human Sexual Response p. 559
Impairment of Sexual Performance p. 560
The Causes of Sexual Dysfunction p. 565
Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction p. 567
Putting It All Together p. 571
Summary p. 572
Substance-Use Disorders p. 574
Drug Use and Abuse p. 576
Historical Aspects of Drug Use and Dependence p. 577
DSM-IV Criteria p. 577
WHO Definition p. 579
Basic Effects of Drugs p. 579
Theoretical Models of Drug Dependence p. 583
Alcohol p. 589
Alcohol Use and Abuse p. 589
Defining Alcoholism p. 593
Etiology of Alcoholism p. 593
Clinical Subgroups of Alcoholics p. 597
Treatment p. 598
Medical and Social Complications p. 600
Stimulants p. 600
Use of Methamphetamine p. 601
Use of Cocaine p. 602
The Effects of Cocaine p. 602
Cocaine Dependence p. 605
Treatment p. 607
Social and Medical Complications p. 609
The Opiates p. 611
Effects of Opiates p. 612
Opiate Dependence p. 614
Treatment p. 615
Medical and Social Complications p. 617
Hallucinogens p. 617
Effects of Hallucinogens p. 618
Medical and Social Complications p. 621
PCP and MDMA p. 621
Marijuana p. 622
Effects of Marijuana p. 623
Medical and Social Complications p. 625
Tobacco p. 625
Effects of Nicotine p. 626
Nicotine Dependence p. 627
Treatment p. 630
Medical and Social Complications p. 631
Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines p. 631
Effects of Sedatives p. 632
Sedative Dependence p. 633
Reducing Drug Abuse p. 633
Legalize Drugs? p. 633
Limit Drug Availability? p. 634
Drug Education and Prevention p. 635
Improve Treatment and Research p. 635
Putting It All Together p. 636
Summary p. 636
Social and Legal Perspectives p. 638
The Impact of Mental Illness p. 640
The Burden on the Individual p. 640
The Cost to the Family p. 642
The Costs to Society p. 644
Patient and Family Activism p. 647
Involuntary Commitment p. 648
Civil Commitment Procedures p. 651
The Right to Treatment p. 655
Abolish or Expand Involuntary Hospitalization? p. 656
Criminal Commitment p. 657
Competency to Stand Trial p. 657
The Insanity Defense p. 659
New Challenges to the Legal System p. 667
Dissociative Identity Disorder and Legal Responsibility p. 667
Accuracy of Recovered Memories p. 668
The Abuse of Mental Health Care p. 670
Clinical Malpractice p. 670
Abuse by Society p. 672
Putting It All Together p. 675
Summary p. 676
Future Directions p. 678
Levels of Analysis: The Biopsychology of Murder p. 680
Science and Practice: Effectiveness and Economics of Psychotherapy p. 684
The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy p. 684
The Economics of Psychotherapy p. 688
Development: The Prevention Frontier p. 689
Depression p. 689
Anxiety p. 690
Aggression and Violence p. 691
Treatment of Choice: Positive Psychology p. 692
Putting It All Together p. 695
Summary p. 695
Glossary p. 1
References p. 17
Acknowledgments and Copyrights p. 109
Name Index p. 115
Subject Index p. 132