简介
The third edition is an "all-in-one" combination of basic theory and practical exercises with software and data included on a CD-ROM. Potential readers/users are students of Photogrammetry, Geodesy, Geography and other sciences, but also all who are interested in this topic. No prior knowledge is necessary, except the handling of standard PCs. Theory is presented true to the motto "as little as possible, but as much as necessary".The main part of the book contains several tutorials. In increasing complexity, accompanied by texts explaining further theory, the reader can proceed step by step through the particular working parts. All intermediate as well as the final results are discussed with reference to accuracy and error handling, and included on the CD-ROM to provide controls. Most of the standard work in Digital Photogrammetry is shown and trained for example scanning, image orientation, mono and stereo plotting, aerial triangulation measurement (manual and automatic), block adjustment, automatic creation of surface models via image matching, creation of ortho images and mosaics, and others. Not only standard situations are dealt with but also more complex ones, such as unknown camera data, extreme relief or areas with very low contrast. Examples of both aerial and close-range photogrammetry present the power of these type of measurement techniques.The software is not limited to the example data included but may be used for personal projects. Part of the book comprises a complete description of the software. On the CD-ROM, versions in German, English and Spanish are available. Even 3-D images can be viewed with the accompanying 3-D glasses.
目录
Introduction p. 1
Basic idea and main task of photogrammetry p. 1
Why photogrammetry? p. 3
Image sources: Analogue and digital cameras p. 4
Digital consumer cameras p. 6
Short history of photogrammetric evaluation methods p. 7
Geometric principles 1: Camera position, focal length p. 8
Geometric principles 2: Image orientation p. 11
Geometric principles 3: Relative camera positions (stereo) p. 13
Some definitions p. 15
Length and angle units p. 16
A typical workflow in photogrammetry p. 16
Included software and data p. 19
Hardware requirements, operating system p. 19
Image material p. 20
Overview of the software p. 20
Installation p. 22
Additional programmes, copyright, data p. 23
General remarks p. 23
Software versions, support p. 24
Scanning of photos p. 27
Scanner types p. 27
Geometric resolution p. 28
Radiometric resolution p. 29
Some practical advice p. 29
Import of the scanned images p. 31
Example 1: A single model p. 33
Project definition p. 33
Orientation of the images p. 35
Camera definition p. 35
Interior orientation p. 37
Brightness and contrast p. 39
Control points p. 40
Exterior orientation p. 43
Over-determination and error detection p. 47
Model definition p. 48
Stereoscopic viewing p. 51
Measurement of object co-ordinates p. 52
Creation of DTMs via image matching p. 55
Some theory p. 55
Practical tests p. 60
Additional manual measurements p. 63
Quality control p. 64
Ortho images p. 65
Some theory p. 66
Resampling methods p. 67
Practical tests p. 69
Creation and overlay of contours p. 70
Simple 3D data collection p. 72
Example 2: Aerial triangulation p. 75
Aerial triangulation measurement (ATM) p. 75
Common principles p. 75
Interior orientation p. 78
Manual measurement p. 78
Automatic measurement via image matching: Introduction p. 82
Co-ordinate input and measurement of ground control points p. 82
Strip definition p. 85
Measurement of strip connections p. 86
Automatic image co-ordinate measurement (AATM) p. 87
Block adjustment with BLUH p. 91
Introduction p. 91
Running the block adjustment p. 92
Discussion of the results p. 94
Additional analysis of the results p. 99
Block adjustment with other programmes: Example BINGO p. 104
Mosaics of DTMs and ortho images p. 105
Model definition p. 105
Creation of a DTM mosaic p. 105
Creation of an ortho image mosaic p. 106
Shaded relief p. 108
Contour lines overlay p. 108
3D view p. 109
3D view in real-time: Example for plug-ins p. 109
Example 3: Some special cases p. 111
Scanning aerial photos with an A4 scanner p. 111
Interior orientation without camera parameters p. 113
Images from a digital camera p. 114
The situation p. 114
Interior and exterior orientation p. 116
Geometric problems p. 117
DTM creation p. 119
Differential DTM p. 120
An example of close-range photogrammetry p. 121
The situation p. 121
Interior and exterior orientation p. 123
Model definition p. 127
DTM creation p. 127
Image sequences p. 129
Visualisation of wave movement p. 130
Some remarks about lens distortion p. 132
Stereo images from satellites p. 134
Stereo images from flatbed scanners p. 137
A view into the future: Photogrammetry in 2020 p. 139
Programme description p. 141
Some definitions p. 141
Basic functions p. 141
Aims and limits of the programme p. 142
Operating the programme p. 142
Buttons in the graphics windows p. 143
File handling p. 144
File > Select project p. 144
File > Define project p. 144
File > Edit project p. 145
File > Import raster p. 145
File > Import Rollei CDW p. 145
File > Combination p. 145
File > Reference list p. 146
File > Numerical file names p. 146
Pre programmes p. 147
Pre programmes > Camera definition > Analogue p. 147
Pre programmes > Camera definition > Digital p. 148
Pre programmes > Control point editor p. 149
Pre programmes > Strip definition p. 149
Pre programmes > Orientation > Measure > Interior orientation p. 150
Pre programmes > Orientation > Measure > Exterior orientation p. 152
Pre programmes > Orientation > Measure > Pseudo camera def p. 154
Pre programmes > Orientation > Orientation >Measure > LICAL p. 154
Pre programmes > Parameters of the exterior orient. > Manual p. 155
Pre programmes > Parameters of the exterior orient. > Import p. 155
Pre programmes > Parameters of the exterior orient. > Bingo p. 155
Pre programmes > Select model p. 155
Pre programmes > Define model p. 156
Aerial triangulation measurement (ATM) p. 159
ATM > Manual measurement p. 159
ATM > Editor ATM points p. 163
ATM > Calculate strip images p. 163
ATM > Measure connections p. 163
ATM > Automatic measurement (AATM) p. 165
ATM > Import > IMATIE p. 166
ATM > Export > BLUH p. 166
ATM > Export > BINGO p. 167
ATM > Export > IMATE p. 167
ATM > BLUH graphics p. 167
Processing p. 168
Processing > Stereo measurement p. 168
Processing > Stereo correlation (matching) p. 170
Processing > DTM interpolation p. 173
Processing > Compare nominal - real p. 173
Processing > Ortho image p. 174
Processing > Image sequence p. 175
Display p. 176
Display raster image p. 176
Display text p. 177
Aerial triangulation with BLUH p. 178
Getting started p. 178
Pre processing p. 178
Pre processing > Import PIX p. 178
Block adjustment > Strategy p. 179
Block adjustment > The central BLUH modules p. 179
Block adjustment > All (batch) p. 180
Block adjustment > Export orientations p. 180
Post processing > Analysis (BLAN) p. 180
Post processing > Display graphics p. 180
Some more theory p. 180
Appendix p. 185
Codes p. 185
GCP positions for tutorial 2 p. 185
Technical data of digital camera chips p. 204
References p. 205
Glossary p. 209
List of figures and formulas p. 213
Figures p. 213
Formulas p. 215
Index p. 217
Basic idea and main task of photogrammetry p. 1
Why photogrammetry? p. 3
Image sources: Analogue and digital cameras p. 4
Digital consumer cameras p. 6
Short history of photogrammetric evaluation methods p. 7
Geometric principles 1: Camera position, focal length p. 8
Geometric principles 2: Image orientation p. 11
Geometric principles 3: Relative camera positions (stereo) p. 13
Some definitions p. 15
Length and angle units p. 16
A typical workflow in photogrammetry p. 16
Included software and data p. 19
Hardware requirements, operating system p. 19
Image material p. 20
Overview of the software p. 20
Installation p. 22
Additional programmes, copyright, data p. 23
General remarks p. 23
Software versions, support p. 24
Scanning of photos p. 27
Scanner types p. 27
Geometric resolution p. 28
Radiometric resolution p. 29
Some practical advice p. 29
Import of the scanned images p. 31
Example 1: A single model p. 33
Project definition p. 33
Orientation of the images p. 35
Camera definition p. 35
Interior orientation p. 37
Brightness and contrast p. 39
Control points p. 40
Exterior orientation p. 43
Over-determination and error detection p. 47
Model definition p. 48
Stereoscopic viewing p. 51
Measurement of object co-ordinates p. 52
Creation of DTMs via image matching p. 55
Some theory p. 55
Practical tests p. 60
Additional manual measurements p. 63
Quality control p. 64
Ortho images p. 65
Some theory p. 66
Resampling methods p. 67
Practical tests p. 69
Creation and overlay of contours p. 70
Simple 3D data collection p. 72
Example 2: Aerial triangulation p. 75
Aerial triangulation measurement (ATM) p. 75
Common principles p. 75
Interior orientation p. 78
Manual measurement p. 78
Automatic measurement via image matching: Introduction p. 82
Co-ordinate input and measurement of ground control points p. 82
Strip definition p. 85
Measurement of strip connections p. 86
Automatic image co-ordinate measurement (AATM) p. 87
Block adjustment with BLUH p. 91
Introduction p. 91
Running the block adjustment p. 92
Discussion of the results p. 94
Additional analysis of the results p. 99
Block adjustment with other programmes: Example BINGO p. 104
Mosaics of DTMs and ortho images p. 105
Model definition p. 105
Creation of a DTM mosaic p. 105
Creation of an ortho image mosaic p. 106
Shaded relief p. 108
Contour lines overlay p. 108
3D view p. 109
3D view in real-time: Example for plug-ins p. 109
Example 3: Some special cases p. 111
Scanning aerial photos with an A4 scanner p. 111
Interior orientation without camera parameters p. 113
Images from a digital camera p. 114
The situation p. 114
Interior and exterior orientation p. 116
Geometric problems p. 117
DTM creation p. 119
Differential DTM p. 120
An example of close-range photogrammetry p. 121
The situation p. 121
Interior and exterior orientation p. 123
Model definition p. 127
DTM creation p. 127
Image sequences p. 129
Visualisation of wave movement p. 130
Some remarks about lens distortion p. 132
Stereo images from satellites p. 134
Stereo images from flatbed scanners p. 137
A view into the future: Photogrammetry in 2020 p. 139
Programme description p. 141
Some definitions p. 141
Basic functions p. 141
Aims and limits of the programme p. 142
Operating the programme p. 142
Buttons in the graphics windows p. 143
File handling p. 144
File > Select project p. 144
File > Define project p. 144
File > Edit project p. 145
File > Import raster p. 145
File > Import Rollei CDW p. 145
File > Combination p. 145
File > Reference list p. 146
File > Numerical file names p. 146
Pre programmes p. 147
Pre programmes > Camera definition > Analogue p. 147
Pre programmes > Camera definition > Digital p. 148
Pre programmes > Control point editor p. 149
Pre programmes > Strip definition p. 149
Pre programmes > Orientation > Measure > Interior orientation p. 150
Pre programmes > Orientation > Measure > Exterior orientation p. 152
Pre programmes > Orientation > Measure > Pseudo camera def p. 154
Pre programmes > Orientation > Orientation >Measure > LICAL p. 154
Pre programmes > Parameters of the exterior orient. > Manual p. 155
Pre programmes > Parameters of the exterior orient. > Import p. 155
Pre programmes > Parameters of the exterior orient. > Bingo p. 155
Pre programmes > Select model p. 155
Pre programmes > Define model p. 156
Aerial triangulation measurement (ATM) p. 159
ATM > Manual measurement p. 159
ATM > Editor ATM points p. 163
ATM > Calculate strip images p. 163
ATM > Measure connections p. 163
ATM > Automatic measurement (AATM) p. 165
ATM > Import > IMATIE p. 166
ATM > Export > BLUH p. 166
ATM > Export > BINGO p. 167
ATM > Export > IMATE p. 167
ATM > BLUH graphics p. 167
Processing p. 168
Processing > Stereo measurement p. 168
Processing > Stereo correlation (matching) p. 170
Processing > DTM interpolation p. 173
Processing > Compare nominal - real p. 173
Processing > Ortho image p. 174
Processing > Image sequence p. 175
Display p. 176
Display raster image p. 176
Display text p. 177
Aerial triangulation with BLUH p. 178
Getting started p. 178
Pre processing p. 178
Pre processing > Import PIX p. 178
Block adjustment > Strategy p. 179
Block adjustment > The central BLUH modules p. 179
Block adjustment > All (batch) p. 180
Block adjustment > Export orientations p. 180
Post processing > Analysis (BLAN) p. 180
Post processing > Display graphics p. 180
Some more theory p. 180
Appendix p. 185
Codes p. 185
GCP positions for tutorial 2 p. 185
Technical data of digital camera chips p. 204
References p. 205
Glossary p. 209
List of figures and formulas p. 213
Figures p. 213
Formulas p. 215
Index p. 217
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