Table Of Contents:
Part One Basic Principles of Communication 1(158)

The Communication Process 2(28)

Everyone Needs Communication Skills 5(1)

Communication Is a Process 6(7)

A Definition of Communication 6(1)

The Elements of Communication 7(6)

Communication Is a Transaction 13(3)

The Three Principles of Transactional Communication 13(3)

Types of Communication 16(3)

Intrapersonal Communication 16(1)

Interpersonal Communication 16(2)

Small-Group Communication 18(1)

Public Communication 19(1)

Mass Communication 19(1)

Intercultural Communication 19(3)

Ethical Communication 22(1)

Communicating Effectively 23(7)

Where to Begin 24(2)

Summary 26(1)

Questions to Review 26(1)

Notes 27(1)

Further Reading 27(3)

Self and Communication 30(32)

Self-Concept 32(9)

Reflected Appraisals 33(2)

Social Comparisons 35(2)

Self-Perception 37(1)

Gender, Sex, and Self-Concept 38(1)

Psychological Safety and Risk 39(2)

Can You Improve Your Self-Concept? 41(3)

What Do You Want to Change about Yourself? 42(1)

Are Your Circumstances Keeping You from Changing? 42(1)

Are You Willing to Take Some Chances? 43(1)

What Would Be a Realistic Goal? 43(1)

Can You Discipline Yourself? 43(1)

Are There People Who Will Support You? 43(1)

Can You Be More You-Centered? 44(1)

Perception 44(3)

The Perceptual Process 45(1)

Our Perceptions within Our Culture 46(1)

Race, Ethnicity, and Communication 47(15)

Communication between Nondominant-and Dominant-Group Members 51(6)

The Consequences of Nondominant-and Dominant-Group Communication 57(2)

Summary 59(1)

Questions to Review 59(1)

Notes 59(1)

Further Reading 60(2)

Listening 62(32)

Listening Styles 65(2)

Gender and Listening 67(1)

Why Do People Have Problems Listening? 67(3)

Cognitive Dissonance 68(1)

Anxiety 68(1)

The Controlling Listener 69(1)

The Passive Listener 69(1)

Learning to Listen 70(1)

The Process of Listening 71(4)

Predicting 71(1)

Receiving Messages 72(1)

Attending 72(1)

Assigning Meaning 73(1)

Remembering 73(1)

Assessing 74(1)

Listening for Information: Active Listening 75(5)

Identify the Central Idea 76(2)

Identify Supporting Material 78(1)

Form a Mental Outline 78(1)

Predict What Will Come Next 79(1)

Relate Points to Your Experience 79(1)

Look for Similarities and Differences 79(1)

Ask Questions 79(1)

Critical Listening 80(3)

Determine the Speaker's Motives 81(1)

Challenge and Question Ideas 81(1)

Distinguish Fact from Opinion 81(1)

Recognize Your Own Biases 82(1)

Assess the Message 83(1)

Empathic Listening 83(5)

Listening for Feelings 83(1)

Negative Listening Responses 84(1)

The Empathic-Listening Response 85(3)

Listening for Enjoyment 88(6)

Summary 90(1)

Questions to Review 90(1)

Notes 91(1)

Further Reading 92(2)

Verbal Communication 94(32)

How Words Work 98(3)

People Determine Meanings 101(1)

The Language Environment 102(6)

People, Purposes, and Rules 102(2)

Appropriate Language 104(2)

Specialization 106(2)

Style, Roles, and Group Memberships 108(6)

Gender and Language 110(2)

Dialect 112(1)

Speaking and Writing 113(1)

Working on Your Communication 114(12)

What Do You Want to Say? 114(2)

How Do You Want to Say It? 116(3)

To Whom Are You Talking? 119(2)

What Metamessages Are You Sending? 121(1)

Summary 122(1)

Questions to Review 123(1)

Notes 123(1)

Further Reading 124(2)

Nonverbal Communication 126(33)

The Importance of Nonverbal Communication 128(1)

Nonverbal Communication as a Transaction 128(1)

Verbal and Nonverbal Differences 129(4)

Environment 130(1)

Feedback 130(1)

Continuity 130(1)

Channel 130(2)

Control 132(1)

Senses 132(1)

Structure 132(1)

Acquisition 132(1)

How Nonverbal Communication Works 133(1)

Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication 133(3)

Nonverbal Communication Is Culturally Determined 133(2)

Nonverbal Messages May Conflict with Verbal Messages 135(1)

Nonverbal Messages Are Largely Unconscious 136(1)

Nonverbal Communication Shows Your Feelings and Attitudes 136(1)

Types of Nonverbal Communication 136(9)

Paralanguage 136(3)

Body Movement 139(2)

Eye Messages 141(1)

Attractiveness 141(1)

Clothing 142(3)

Body Adornment 145(1)

Space and Distance 145(8)

Distance Zones 146(2)

Space/Distance as an Indicator of Intimacy 148(1)

Space/Distance as an Indicator of Status 149(1)

Touch 150(1)

Time 151(2)

Improving Your Nonverbal Communication 153(6)

How Do People React to You? 153(1)

What Can Videotape Show You about Your Nonverbal Communication? 153(1)

Is Your Nonverbal Communication Appropriate to the Role You Are Playing? 154(1)

How Do You Use Your Space? 154(1)

How Do You Use Time? 155(1)

Summary 155(1)

Questions to Review 155(1)

Notes 156(1)

Further Reading 157(2)
Part Two Interpersonal Communication 159(130)

Interpersonal Relationships 160(38)

Emotional Intelligence 163(4)

Being Self-Aware 163(1)

Managing Emotions 164(1)

Motivating Yourself 164(1)

Recognizing Emotions in Others 165(1)

Handling Relationships 165(2)

Attraction to Others 167(3)

Physical Attraction 167(1)

Perceived Gain 168(1)

Similarities 169(1)

Differences 170(1)

Proximity 170(1)

Motives for Interpersonal Communication 170(4)

Pleasure 171(1)

Affection 171(1)

Inclusion 171(1)

Escape 171(1)

Relaxation 172(1)

Control 172(2)

Talking to Each Other 174(4)

Roles, Relationships, and Communication 174(1)

Beginning Conversations: The Art of Small Talk 175(1)

Verbal Approaches in Promoting or Avoiding Relationships 176(1)

Aggressive Talk: Words You Shouldn't Say 177(1)

Regrettable Talk: Words You Wish You Hadn't Said 177(1)

Self-Disclosure: Important Talk 178(6)

The Importance of Self-Disclosure 179(1)

The Process of Self-Disclosure 180(2)

Self-Disclosure and Intimacy: Rewards and Fears 182(1)

When Should Self-Disclosure Occur? 183(1)

Family Communication 184(14)

The Systems Theory of Family 185(1)

Intimacy in Couples and Families 186(2)

Happily Married Couples 188(1)

The Communication of Intimacy 188(1)

Communication between Parents and Children 189(1)

Stepfamilies 190(1)

Quality Communication in a Family 191(2)

Subjects Better Left Unsaid in Families 193(1)

Summary 193(1)

Questions to Review 194(1)

Notes 194(1)

Further Reading 195(3)

Evaluating and Improving Relationships 198(40)

The Stages of a Relationship 200(12)

Coming Together 201(5)

Coming Apart 206(6)

Essential Elements of Good Relationships 212(1)

Commitment 212(1)

Dialogue 212(1)

Evaluating Your Relationships 213(4)

Roles and Expectations 213(2)

Renegotiating Roles 215(1)

Costs and Rewards 216(1)

Communication Problems in Relationships 217(8)

Criticism and Complaints 217(3)

Avoidance 220(1)

Aggression 221(1)

Defensive Communication 221(4)

Avoiding Defensive Communication: A Practical Example 225(2)

Communication Solutions in Relationships 227(2)

Empathic Listening 227(1)

I/You Messages 228(1)

Assertiveness 228(1)

Resolving Conflict 229(3)

Relationships That Work 232(6)

Summary 233(1)

Questions to Review 234(1)

Notes 234(1)

Further Reading 235(3)

Communicating at Work 238(51)

The Information Interview 242(13)

Preparing for the Interview 244(10)

Conducting the Interview 254(1)

Analyzing the Interview 255(1)

Information Interviews as Precursors to Job Interviews 255(4)

The Employment Interview 259(18)

Evaluating the Job Description 259(1)

Preparing a Resume 259(6)

Cover Letters 265(1)

The Interview 266(11)

The Follow-Up Letter 277(1)

Presentations 277(12)

Thorough Preparation 279(1)

Natural Delivery 279(4)

Effective Visuals 283(1)

Summary 283(1)

Questions to Review 284(1)

Notes 284(1)

Further Reading 285(4)
Part Three Communicating in Groups 289(60)

Small Groups: Characteristics 290(28)

Why Discuss? 294(2)

Characteristics of Small Groups 296(6)

Cultural Values 296(1)

Group Norms 296(1)

Group Rules 297(1)

Types of Groups 298(4)

Small-Group Effectiveness 302(5)

Workable Size 302(1)

An Appropriate Meeting Place 303(1)

Suitable Seating Arrangements 303(1)

Cohesiveness and Commitment 304(1)

Groupthink 305(2)

Discussion in Groups 307(11)

Choosing a Topic 308(1)

Identifying the Problem 309(1)

Analyzing the Problem 310(5)

Summary 315(1)

Questions to Review 315(1)

Notes 315(1)

Further Reading 316(2)

Group Leadership, Participation, and Conflict Management 318(31)

Functional Leadership 321(2)

What Is a Leader? 323(1)

How Leaders Influence Followers 323(1)

Reward Power 323(1)

Coercive Power 323(1)

Legitimate Power 323(1)

Expert Power 324(1)

Referent Power 324(1)

How People Become Leaders 324(2)

Personality Traits 325(1)

Situational Factors 325(1)

Leadership Styles 326(4)

The Authoritarian Leader 326(2)

The Democratic Leader 328(1)

The Laissez-Faire Leader 329(1)

Leading the Group 330(5)

Neutrality and Objectivity 330(1)

Establishing Procedures 331(1)

Helping the Group to Progress 332(1)

Raising Questions 333(1)

Focusing on Answers 333(1)

Delegating Responsibility 334(1)

Encouraging Social Interaction 334(1)

Participating in Group Discussion 335(4)

Roles in Discussion 335(4)

Conflict in Groups 339(10)

The Value of Substantive Conflict 340(1)

Managing Group Conflict 341(1)

Evaluating Group Performance 342(2)

Summary 344(1)

Questions to Review 345(1)

Notes 345(1)

Further Reading 346(3)
Part Four Communicating in Public 349(252)

Getting Started 350(36)

Selecting a Topic 354(7)

Making a Personal Inventory 355(3)

Brainstorming 358(3)

Narrowing the Topic 361(3)

Testing the Topic 364(1)

Appropriate for the Audience? 364(1)

Appropriate for You? 364(1)

Appropriate for the Occasion? 365(1)

Selecting a Purpose 365(6)

The General Purpose 366(1)

The Specific Purpose 367(1)

The Central Idea 368(3)

Analyzing the Audience 371(9)

The Role of the Speaker 371(1)

Audience Knowledge 372(1)

Audience Interest 373(1)

Audience Attitudes and Beliefs 373(2)

Audience Demographics 375(5)

Analyzing the Occasion 380(6)

Length of the Speech 380(1)

Time of Day 380(1)

Physical Setting of the Speech 380(2)

Summary 382(1)

Questions to Review 382(1)

Notes 383(1)

Further Reading 383(3)

Finding Speech Material 386(48)

Researching Your Topic: Where to Look 392(28)

Drawing on Personal Experience and Observation 393(1)

Researching on the Internet 393(8)

Interviewing 401(1)

Using the Library 401(19)

Supporting Material: What to Look For 420(9)

Comparison 422(1)

Contrast 423(1)

Definition 424(1)

Examples 424(2)

Statistics 426(2)

Testimony 428(1)

Polls 429(1)

Studies 429(1)

Adapting Supporting Material to Your Audience 429(5)

Summary 431(1)

Questions to Review 431(1)

Notes 432(1)

Further Reading 433(1)

Organizing and Outlining the Speech 434(40)

Principles of Organization 439(2)

Relate Points to Your Specific Purpose and Central Idea 439(1)

Distinguish between Main and Minor Points 440(1)

Phrase All Points in Full Sentences 440(1)

Give All Points a Parallel Structure 440(1)

Patterns of Organization 441(9)

Time Order 442(1)

Spatial Order 443(1)

Cause-and-Effect Order 444(2)

Problem-Solution Order 446(1)

Motivated Sequence 447(2)

Topical Order 449(1)

The Speech Introduction 450(8)

Stating Your Purpose, Central Idea, and Main Points 451(1)

Getting Attention 452(1)

Use Some Humor 452(1)

Use An Example 453(1)

Refer to the Occasion 453(1)

Show the Importance of the Subject 454(1)

Use Startling Information 454(1)

Use Questions 455(1)

Use Personal Examples 455(1)

Use a Quotation 456(2)

Additional Tips for Introductions 458(1)

The Speech Conclusion 458(2)

Summarize Your Main Ideas 459(1)

Use a Quotation 459(1)

Inspire Your Audience to Action 459(1)

Additional Tips for Conclusions 460(1)

Speech Transitions 460(1)

Tips for Transitions 461(1)

Preparing an Outline 461(2)

The Outline Format 461(1)

Full-Sentence and Key-Word Outlines 462(1)

The Bibliography 463(11)

Summary 471(1)

Questions to Review 471(1)

Notes 472(1)

Further Reading 473(1)

Delivering the Speech 474(44)

Characteristics of Good Delivery 477(4)

Attentiveness 478(1)

Immediacy 478(1)

Directness 479(1)

Conversational Quality 480(1)

Types of Delivery 481(5)

Impromptu Speaking 481(1)

Speaking from a Manuscript 482(1)

Speaking from Memory 483(1)

Extemporaneous Speaking 484(2)

How You Look 486(4)

Appearance 486(1)

Body Language 487(1)

Eye Contact 487(1)

Facial Expression 488(1)

Gestures 489(1)

Posture 489(1)

How You Sound 490(4)

Volume 490(1)

Using a Microphone 491(1)

Pace 491(1)

Pitch and Inflection 491(1)

Enunciation 492(2)

Using Visual Support 494(12)

Types of Visual Support 494(10)

Rules for Using Visual Support 504(2)

Controlling Nervousness 506(3)

Practicing Your Speech 509(9)

Preparing Your Speech 509(1)

Trying Out Your Speech 510(1)

Practicing Actual Delivery 510(4)

Summary 514(1)

Questions to Review 514(1)

Notes 515(1)

Further Reading 515(3)

The Informative Speech 518(34)

Goals of an Informative Speaker 521(3)

Getting Attention 522(1)

Increasing Understanding 522(2)

Helping Retention 524(1)

Strategies for Informative Speeches 524(28)

Defining 525(4)

Describing 529(2)

Explaining 531(1)

Using Numbers 531(2)

Connecting the Known with the Unknown 533(1)

Repeating and Reinforcing Ideas 534(1)

Arousing Interest in Your Topic 534(4)

Getting Listeners Involved 538(11)

Summary 549(1)

Questions to Review 549(1)

Notes 549(1)

Further Reading 550(2)

The Persuasive Speech 552(49)

Persuasion and the Communication Model 555(1)

What Is Persuasion, and What Is Its Purpose? 556(2)

Values, beliefs, and Attitudes 558(4)

Values 558(2)

Beliefs 560(1)

Attitudes 561(1)

Why Persuasion Is Difficult 562(3)

Strategies of Persuasion 565(13)

Determine Your Purpose 565(1)

Analyze Your Audience 566(1)

Appeal to Your Audience Using Logic 567(4)

Appeal to Your Audience Using Emotion 571(7)

Structure Your Material Effectively 578(5)

Questions of Fact, Value, and Policy 579(1)

One-Sided versus Two-Sided Arguments 580(1)

Order of Presentation 580(3)

Build Your Credibility 583(18)

Expertise 583(2)

Dynamism 585(1)

Trustworthiness 586(1)

Ethics 586(11)

Summary 597(1)

Questions to Review 597(1)

Notes 598(1)

Further Reading 599(2)
Appendix 601(28)

Mass Communication and Media Literacy 601(2)

What Is Media Literacy? 603(3)

How Do the Media Relate to the Communication Model? 606(2)

Why Study Media Literacy? 608(7)

The Media Provide Instant News 608(1)

The Media Shape Culture 609(1)

The Media Shape Attitudes 610(2)

The Media Influence Behavior 612(2)

The Media Connect Us with the Global Community 614(1)

The Media Promote Responsible Citizenship 614(1)

The Media Create Productive Workers 615(1)

How Does Assessment Relate to the Media? 615(2)

How Should One Assess the Media? 617(6)

Evaluating Information 617(1)

Assessing Information on Television and in the Newspapers 618(1)

Assessing Information on the Internet 619(4)

How Do Ethics Relate to the Media? 623(6)

Summary 624(1)

Questions to Review 625(1)

Notes 626(1)

Further Reading 627(2)
Glossary 629(8)
Illustration Credits 637(2)
Index 639