简介
Optical Fiber Telecommunications V (A&B) is the fifth in a series that has chronicled the progress in the research and development of lightwave communications since the early 1970s. Written by active authorities from academia and industry, this edition not only brings a fresh look to many essential topics but also focuses on network management and services. Using high bandwidth in a cost-effective manner for the development of customer applications is a central theme. This book is ideal for R&D engineers and managers, optical systems implementers, university researchers and students, network operators, and the investment community. Volume (A) is devoted to components and subsystems, including: semiconductor lasers, modulators, photodetectors, integrated photonic circuits, photonic crystals, specialty fibers, polarization-mode dispersion, electronic signal processing, MEMS, nonlinear optical signal processing, and quantum information technologies.
Volume (B) is devoted to systems and networks, including: advanced modulation formats, coherent systems, time-multiplexed systems, performance monitoring, reconfigurable add-drop multiplexers, Ethernet technologies, broadband access and services, metro networks, long-haul transmission, optical switching, microwave photonics, computer interconnections, and simulation tools. Biographical Sketches Ivan Kaminow retired from Bell Labs in 1996 after a 42-year career. He conducted seminal studies on electrooptic modulators and materials, Raman scattering in ferroelectrics, integrated optics, semiconductor lasers (DBR , ridge-waveguide InGaAsP and multi-frequency), birefringent optical fibers, and WDM networks. Later, he led research on WDM components (EDFAs, AWGs and fiber Fabry-Perot Filters), and on WDM local and wide area networks.
He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and a recipient of the IEEE/OSA John Tyndall, OSA Charles Townes and IEEE/LEOS Quantum Electronics Awards. Since 2004, he has been Adjunct Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. Tingye Li retired from AT&T in 1998 after a 41-year career at Bell Labs and AT&T Labs. His seminal work on laser resonator modes is considered a classic. Since the late 1960s, He and his groups have conducted pioneering studies on lightwave technologies and systems. He led the work on amplified WDM transmission systems and championed their deployment for upgrading network capacity. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and a foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He is a recipient of the IEEE David Sarnoff Award, IEEE/OSA John Tyndall Award, OSA Ives Medal/Quinn Endowment, AT&T Science and Technology Medal, and IEEE Photonics Award.
Alan Willner has worked at AT&T Bell Labs and Bellcore, and he is Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Southern California. He received the NSF Presidential Faculty Fellows Award from the White House, Packard Foundation Fellowship, NSF National Young Investigator Award, Fulbright Foundation Senior Scholar, IEEE LEOS Distinguished Lecturer, and USC University-Wide Award for Excellence in Teaching. He is a Fellow of IEEE and OSA, and he has been President of the IEEE LEOS, Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE/OSA J. of Lightwave Technology, Editor-in-Chief of Optics Letters, Co-Chair of the OSA Science & Engineering Council, and General Co-Chair of the Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. For nearly three decades, the OFT series has served as the comprehensive primary resource covering progress in the science and technology of optical fiber telecom. It has been essential for the bookshelves of scientists and engineers active in the field.
OFT V provides updates on considerable progress in established disciplines, as well as introductions to new topics. [OFT V]... generates a value that is even higher than that of the sum of its chapters. Herwig Kogelnik, Vice President Adjunct, Bell Labs, Alcatel-Lucent ... is a comprehensive and authoritative coverage of the latest research advances and development trends in the field, while upholding the highest standards of scholarly exposition and practical perspective. The wealth of material on innovative technologies and advanced applications will serve as an important and timely information resource ... for the advancement of telecommunications world-wide. Leping Wei, CTO, China Telecom Lightwave systems constitute the nervous system of the industrial world and continue to evolve as innovations are introduced with enormous economic impact.
The editors have very skillfully brought together authoritative chapters written by well known experts, encompassing new technologies that are enabling the rapid advances to their commercial deployment. This is a "must-have" book ... Henry Kressel, Managing Director, Warburg Pincus Anyone ... will want to have a copy of this latest edition ... which carries on the tradition of bringing together a wonderful collection of authors, world-renowned experts all, to discuss the most important areas of this rapidly changing technology. ... this volume has evolved to include, not only updates of previous topics, but also considerably more discussion of networks and network services. Donald B. Keck, Corning, Inc. (retired) Much has happened since the last edition. ROADM-based metro networks are being widely deployed, optical monitoring is becoming essential, new modulation formats are enabling efficient bandwidth utilization, and deployed FTTH has 1 Gbit/s shared rates.
All these ... are expertly reviewed by an impressive set of authors, each highly active, well-known and respected. In all ... a timely, highly valuable, well-written and comprehensive view presented by the world's experts. Rod C. Alferness, Chief Scientist, Bell Labs Research, Alcatel-Lucent * All the latest technologies and techniques for developing future components and systems * Edited by two winners of the highly prestigious OSA/IEEE John Tyndal award and a President of IEEE's Lasers & Electro-Optics Society (7,000 members) * Written by leading experts in the field, it is the most authoritative and comprehensive reference on optical engineering the market.
目录
Front Cover 1
Optical Fiber Telecommunications V B: Systems and Networks 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
Contributors 10
Chapter 1 Overview of OFT V volumes A & B 14
1.1 FIVE EDITIONS 14
1.2 PERSPECTIVE OF THE PAST 6 YEARS 15
1.3 OFT V VOLUME A: COMPONENTS AND SUBSYSTEMS 16
1.4 OFT V VOLUME B: SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS 25
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 34
Chapter 2 Advanced optical modulation formats 36
2.1 INTRODUCTION 36
2.2 COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS 40
2.3 ELECTRO-OPTIC MODULATOR TECHNOLOGIES 55
2.4 OPTOELECTRONIC DEMODULATION CONCEPTS 59
2.5 FREQUENTLY ENCOUNTERED OPTICAL MODULATION FORMATS 62
2.6 SYSTEM DESIGN AND ADVANCED MODULATION FORMATS 77
2.7 SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES AND MODULATION FORMATS 88
2.8 CONCLUSION 92
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 92
LIST OF ACRONYMS 93
REFERENCES 94
Chapter 3 Coherent optical communication systems 108
3.1 INTRODUCTION 108
3.2 PRINCIPLE OF COHERENT DETECTION 111
3.3 CONCEPT OF DIGITAL COHERENT RECEIVER 118
3.4 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE DIGITAL COHERENT RECEIVER 124
3.5 POST-PROCESSING FUNCTIONS 131
3.6 WAVELENGTH-DIVISION MULTIPLEXED QUADRATURE PHASE-SHIFT KEYING TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENTS 136
3.7 CONCLUSION 140
REFERENCES 141
Chapter 4 Self-coherent optical transport systems 144
4.1 INTRODUCTION 144
4.2 SELF-COHERENT OPTICAL MODULATION FORMATS 145
4.3 DIRECT-DETECTION OF SELF-COHERENT SIGNALS 150
4.4 DIGITAL SELF-COHERENT OPTICAL RECEIVER 163
4.5 ADAPTIVE EQUALIZATION TECHNIQUES IN DIGITAL COHERENT/SELF-COHERENT OPTICAL RECEIVERS 170
4.6 APPLICATIONS OF SELF-COHERENT OPTICAL TRANSPORT SYSTEMS 179
4.7 CONCLUSION 184
LIST OF ACRONYMS 184
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 185
REFERENCES 185
Chapter 5 High-bit-rate ETDM transmission systems 192
5.1 INTRODUCTION 192
5.2 THE BASICS OF ETDM TRANSMISSION 193
5.3 CONCEPTS FOR HIGH-SPEED ETDM SYSTEMS 196
5.4 COMPONENTS FOR 100-GBIT/S ETDM NRZ AND BEYOND 199
5.5 OPTICAL EQUALIZATION OF HIGH-SPEED ETDM SIGNALS 206
5.6 ETDM TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENTS 207
5.7 OUTLOOK 209
REFERENCES 210
Chapter 6 Ultra-high-speed OTDM transmission technology 214
6.1 INTRODUCTION 214
6.2 OTDM TRANSMISSION SYSTEM 215
6.3 OTDM TRANSMITTER 217
6.4 OTDM RECEIVER 221
6.5 FIBER TRANSMISSION LINE 225
6.6 TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENTS 228
6.7 CONCLUSIONS 238
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 239
REFERENCES 240
Chapter 7 Optical performance monitoring 246
7.1 INTRODUCTION 246
7.2 NETWORK FUNCTIONALITY USING PERFORMANCE MONITORING 250
7.3 POWER-RELATED IMPAIRMENTS MONITORING 259
7.4 DISPERSIVE IMPAIRMENTS MONITORING 273
7.5 FIBER NONLINEARITIES MONITORING 286
7.6 ELECTRONIC MONITORING TECHNIQUES 290
7.7 SUMMARY 298
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 298
REFERENCES 298
Chapter 8 ROADMs and their system applications 306
8.1 ROADMs\u2014A KEY COMPONENT IN THE EVOLUTION OF OPTICAL SYSTEMS 307
8.2 TERMINOLOGY\u2014A ROADM IS A NETWORK ELEMENT 308
8.3 SIMPLE COMPARISON OF FOUR COMPETING NETWORK ARCHITECTURES 310
8.4 ROUTING PROPERTIES\u2014FULL FLEXIBILITY IS BEST 313
8.5 ADDITIONAL ATTRIBUTES\u2014ROUNDING OUT THE PICTURE 318
8.6 ROADM/WADD ARCHITECTURE\u2014THINKING INSIDE THE BOX 324
8.7 ROADM TRANSMISSION SYSTEM DESIGN 329
8.8 ROADM NETWORKS 347
8.9 CONCLUSIONS 352
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 353
REFERENCES 353
Chapter 9 Optical Ethernet: Protocols, management, and 1\u2013100 G technologies 358
9.1 INTRODUCTION 358
9.2 STANDARDS ACTIVITIES 359
9.3 POINT-TO-POINT ETHERNET DEVELOPMENT 360
9.4 LAYER-2 FUNCTIONS IN ETHERNETS 371
9.5 CARRIER ETHERNET 382
9.6 ETHERNET PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORKS 392
9.7 ETHERNET OAM 399
9.8 LATEST ETHERNET DEVELOPMENTS 400
9.9 HIGH-SPEED ETHERNET APPLICATION EXAMPLE 404
9.10 CONCLUSION 407
LIST OF ACRONYMS 407
REFERENCES 410
Chapter 10 Fiber-based broadband access technology and deployment 414
10.1 INTRODUCTION 414
10.2 USER DEMOGRAPHICS 417
10.3 REGULATORY POLICY 420
10.4 NETWORK ARCHITECTURES 423
10.5 CAPITAL INVESTMENT 431
10.6 OPERATIONAL SAVINGS 433
10.7 TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS 434
10.8 FUTURE BANDWIDTH ADVANCEMENTS 442
10.9 SUMMARY 444
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 444
LIST OF ACRONYMS 444
REFERENCES 446
Chapter 11 Global landscape in broadband: Politics, economics, and applications 450
11.1 INTRODUCTION: USE OF FIBER IN ACCESS NETWORKS\u2014DRIVEN BY BROADBAND SERVICES 450
11.2 CURRENT STATUS OF FIBER OPTICS IN TELECOM AND ACCESS NETWORKS 455
11.3 TELECOM INDUSTRY HISTORY, STRUCTURE, AND BUSINESS CASE-FACTORS 461
11.4 HISTORY OF FIBER OPTICS IN ACCESS NETWORKS 471
11.5 APPLICATIONS AND BANDWIDTH REQUIREMENTS 474
11.6 FACTORS AFFECTING DEPLOYMENTS 477
11.7 FTTx MARKET SCENARIOS 479
11.8 CONCLUSIONS 481
LIST OF ACRONYMS 482
NOTES 484
Chapter 12 Metro networks: Services and technologies 490
12.1 INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS 490
12.2 METRO NETWORK APPLICATIONS AND SERVICES 492
12.3 EVOLUTION OF METRO NETWORK ARCHITECTURES 495
12.4 WDM NETWORK PHYSICAL BUILDING BLOCKS 504
12.5 NETWORK AUTOMATION 516
12.6 SUMMARY 518
12.7 FUTURE OUTLOOK 520
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 521
REFERENCES 521
Chapter 13 Commercial optical networks, overlay networks, and services 524
13.1 THE TERRESTRIAL NETWORK MODEL 524
13.2 RELATIONSHIP OF SERVICES TO THE LAYERS 546
13.3 NETWORK AND SERVICE EVOLUTION 559
13.4 SUMMARY 569
LIST OF ACRONYMS 569
REFERENCES 573
Chapter 14 Technologies for global telecommunications using undersea cables 574
14.1 INTRODUCTION 574
14.2 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES IN HIGH-SPEED, LONG-DISTANCE OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS 578
14.3 FIBER INFRASTRUCTURE 589
14.4 AMPLIFIER SCHEME AND POWER MANAGEMENT 597
14.5 MODULATION FORMATS 606
14.6 CONCLUSION 619
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 619
REFERENCES 619
Chapter 15 Future optical networks 624
15.1 INTRODUCTION 624
15.2 REGIONAL ACTIVITIES 627
15.3 A BRIEF HISTORY OF OPTICAL NETWORKING 630
15.4 A DIVERSITY OF ARCHITECTURES AND TECHNOLOGIES 634
15.5 KEY TECHNOLOGIES AND SUBSYSTEMS 638
15.6 KEY SUBSYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES 646
15.7 CONCLUSION 650
REFERENCES 651
Chapter 16 Optical burst and packet switching 654
16.1 INTRODUCTION 654
16.2 OPTICAL BURST SWITCHING TECHNOLOGIES 658
16.3 OPTICAL PACKET SWITCHING TECHNOLOGIES 668
16.4 OLS TECHNOLOGIES 691
16.5 SUMMARY 697
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 697
REFERENCES 698
Chapter 17 Optical and electronic technologies for packet switching 708
17.1 INTRODUCTION 708
17.2 PACKET SWITCH ARCHITECTURES AND PERFORMANCE 710
17.3 BUFFERS 720
17.4 INTERCONNECTS, WAVELENGTH CONVERTERS, AND REGENERATORS 733
17.5 SWITCH FABRICS 737
17.6 POWER CONSUMPTION IN HIGH-CAPACITY ROUTERS 744
17.7 CONCLUSIONS 747
REFERENCES 748
Chapter 18 Microwave-over-fiber systems 752
18.1 INTRODUCTION 752
18.2 OPTICAL FIBER TRANSMISSION OF MICROWAVE SIGNALS 752
18.3 COMPONENTS FOR OPTICAL TRANSMISSION OF MICROWAVE SIGNALS 760
18.4 MICROWAVE-OVER-FIBER SYSTEMS 769
18.5 CONCLUSION\u2014FUTURE PROSPECTS 772
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 773
REFERENCES 773
Chapter 19 Optical interconnection networks in advanced computing systems 778
19.1 COMPUTING SYSTEMS TRENDS AND THE PHOTONICS OPPORTUNITY 778
19.2 INTERCONNECTION NETWORKS PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS 780
19.3 OPTICAL INTERCONNECTION NETWORKS DESIGN CONSIDERATION 784
19.4 PACKET SWITCHING NODE AND MESSAGE STRUCTURE 787
19.5 OPTICAL INTERCONNECTION NETWORK DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 790
19.6 OIN DESIGN DRIVER IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS 800
19.7 OIN ARCHITECTURES AND SYSTEM DEMONSTRATIONS 802
19.8 FUTURE DIRECTIONS: OPTICAL INTERCONNECTION NETWORKS-ON-CHIP 810
REFERENCES 811
Chapter 20 Simulation tools for devices, systems, and networks 816
20.1 INTRODUCTION 816
20.2 DEVICE SIMULATION 817
20.3 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM SIMULATION 843
20.4 NETWORK MODELING 863
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 871
REFERENCES 872
Index to Volumes VA and VB 878
Optical Fiber Telecommunications V B: Systems and Networks 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
Contributors 10
Chapter 1 Overview of OFT V volumes A & B 14
1.1 FIVE EDITIONS 14
1.2 PERSPECTIVE OF THE PAST 6 YEARS 15
1.3 OFT V VOLUME A: COMPONENTS AND SUBSYSTEMS 16
1.4 OFT V VOLUME B: SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS 25
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 34
Chapter 2 Advanced optical modulation formats 36
2.1 INTRODUCTION 36
2.2 COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS 40
2.3 ELECTRO-OPTIC MODULATOR TECHNOLOGIES 55
2.4 OPTOELECTRONIC DEMODULATION CONCEPTS 59
2.5 FREQUENTLY ENCOUNTERED OPTICAL MODULATION FORMATS 62
2.6 SYSTEM DESIGN AND ADVANCED MODULATION FORMATS 77
2.7 SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES AND MODULATION FORMATS 88
2.8 CONCLUSION 92
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 92
LIST OF ACRONYMS 93
REFERENCES 94
Chapter 3 Coherent optical communication systems 108
3.1 INTRODUCTION 108
3.2 PRINCIPLE OF COHERENT DETECTION 111
3.3 CONCEPT OF DIGITAL COHERENT RECEIVER 118
3.4 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE DIGITAL COHERENT RECEIVER 124
3.5 POST-PROCESSING FUNCTIONS 131
3.6 WAVELENGTH-DIVISION MULTIPLEXED QUADRATURE PHASE-SHIFT KEYING TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENTS 136
3.7 CONCLUSION 140
REFERENCES 141
Chapter 4 Self-coherent optical transport systems 144
4.1 INTRODUCTION 144
4.2 SELF-COHERENT OPTICAL MODULATION FORMATS 145
4.3 DIRECT-DETECTION OF SELF-COHERENT SIGNALS 150
4.4 DIGITAL SELF-COHERENT OPTICAL RECEIVER 163
4.5 ADAPTIVE EQUALIZATION TECHNIQUES IN DIGITAL COHERENT/SELF-COHERENT OPTICAL RECEIVERS 170
4.6 APPLICATIONS OF SELF-COHERENT OPTICAL TRANSPORT SYSTEMS 179
4.7 CONCLUSION 184
LIST OF ACRONYMS 184
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 185
REFERENCES 185
Chapter 5 High-bit-rate ETDM transmission systems 192
5.1 INTRODUCTION 192
5.2 THE BASICS OF ETDM TRANSMISSION 193
5.3 CONCEPTS FOR HIGH-SPEED ETDM SYSTEMS 196
5.4 COMPONENTS FOR 100-GBIT/S ETDM NRZ AND BEYOND 199
5.5 OPTICAL EQUALIZATION OF HIGH-SPEED ETDM SIGNALS 206
5.6 ETDM TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENTS 207
5.7 OUTLOOK 209
REFERENCES 210
Chapter 6 Ultra-high-speed OTDM transmission technology 214
6.1 INTRODUCTION 214
6.2 OTDM TRANSMISSION SYSTEM 215
6.3 OTDM TRANSMITTER 217
6.4 OTDM RECEIVER 221
6.5 FIBER TRANSMISSION LINE 225
6.6 TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENTS 228
6.7 CONCLUSIONS 238
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 239
REFERENCES 240
Chapter 7 Optical performance monitoring 246
7.1 INTRODUCTION 246
7.2 NETWORK FUNCTIONALITY USING PERFORMANCE MONITORING 250
7.3 POWER-RELATED IMPAIRMENTS MONITORING 259
7.4 DISPERSIVE IMPAIRMENTS MONITORING 273
7.5 FIBER NONLINEARITIES MONITORING 286
7.6 ELECTRONIC MONITORING TECHNIQUES 290
7.7 SUMMARY 298
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 298
REFERENCES 298
Chapter 8 ROADMs and their system applications 306
8.1 ROADMs\u2014A KEY COMPONENT IN THE EVOLUTION OF OPTICAL SYSTEMS 307
8.2 TERMINOLOGY\u2014A ROADM IS A NETWORK ELEMENT 308
8.3 SIMPLE COMPARISON OF FOUR COMPETING NETWORK ARCHITECTURES 310
8.4 ROUTING PROPERTIES\u2014FULL FLEXIBILITY IS BEST 313
8.5 ADDITIONAL ATTRIBUTES\u2014ROUNDING OUT THE PICTURE 318
8.6 ROADM/WADD ARCHITECTURE\u2014THINKING INSIDE THE BOX 324
8.7 ROADM TRANSMISSION SYSTEM DESIGN 329
8.8 ROADM NETWORKS 347
8.9 CONCLUSIONS 352
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 353
REFERENCES 353
Chapter 9 Optical Ethernet: Protocols, management, and 1\u2013100 G technologies 358
9.1 INTRODUCTION 358
9.2 STANDARDS ACTIVITIES 359
9.3 POINT-TO-POINT ETHERNET DEVELOPMENT 360
9.4 LAYER-2 FUNCTIONS IN ETHERNETS 371
9.5 CARRIER ETHERNET 382
9.6 ETHERNET PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORKS 392
9.7 ETHERNET OAM 399
9.8 LATEST ETHERNET DEVELOPMENTS 400
9.9 HIGH-SPEED ETHERNET APPLICATION EXAMPLE 404
9.10 CONCLUSION 407
LIST OF ACRONYMS 407
REFERENCES 410
Chapter 10 Fiber-based broadband access technology and deployment 414
10.1 INTRODUCTION 414
10.2 USER DEMOGRAPHICS 417
10.3 REGULATORY POLICY 420
10.4 NETWORK ARCHITECTURES 423
10.5 CAPITAL INVESTMENT 431
10.6 OPERATIONAL SAVINGS 433
10.7 TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS 434
10.8 FUTURE BANDWIDTH ADVANCEMENTS 442
10.9 SUMMARY 444
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 444
LIST OF ACRONYMS 444
REFERENCES 446
Chapter 11 Global landscape in broadband: Politics, economics, and applications 450
11.1 INTRODUCTION: USE OF FIBER IN ACCESS NETWORKS\u2014DRIVEN BY BROADBAND SERVICES 450
11.2 CURRENT STATUS OF FIBER OPTICS IN TELECOM AND ACCESS NETWORKS 455
11.3 TELECOM INDUSTRY HISTORY, STRUCTURE, AND BUSINESS CASE-FACTORS 461
11.4 HISTORY OF FIBER OPTICS IN ACCESS NETWORKS 471
11.5 APPLICATIONS AND BANDWIDTH REQUIREMENTS 474
11.6 FACTORS AFFECTING DEPLOYMENTS 477
11.7 FTTx MARKET SCENARIOS 479
11.8 CONCLUSIONS 481
LIST OF ACRONYMS 482
NOTES 484
Chapter 12 Metro networks: Services and technologies 490
12.1 INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS 490
12.2 METRO NETWORK APPLICATIONS AND SERVICES 492
12.3 EVOLUTION OF METRO NETWORK ARCHITECTURES 495
12.4 WDM NETWORK PHYSICAL BUILDING BLOCKS 504
12.5 NETWORK AUTOMATION 516
12.6 SUMMARY 518
12.7 FUTURE OUTLOOK 520
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 521
REFERENCES 521
Chapter 13 Commercial optical networks, overlay networks, and services 524
13.1 THE TERRESTRIAL NETWORK MODEL 524
13.2 RELATIONSHIP OF SERVICES TO THE LAYERS 546
13.3 NETWORK AND SERVICE EVOLUTION 559
13.4 SUMMARY 569
LIST OF ACRONYMS 569
REFERENCES 573
Chapter 14 Technologies for global telecommunications using undersea cables 574
14.1 INTRODUCTION 574
14.2 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES IN HIGH-SPEED, LONG-DISTANCE OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS 578
14.3 FIBER INFRASTRUCTURE 589
14.4 AMPLIFIER SCHEME AND POWER MANAGEMENT 597
14.5 MODULATION FORMATS 606
14.6 CONCLUSION 619
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 619
REFERENCES 619
Chapter 15 Future optical networks 624
15.1 INTRODUCTION 624
15.2 REGIONAL ACTIVITIES 627
15.3 A BRIEF HISTORY OF OPTICAL NETWORKING 630
15.4 A DIVERSITY OF ARCHITECTURES AND TECHNOLOGIES 634
15.5 KEY TECHNOLOGIES AND SUBSYSTEMS 638
15.6 KEY SUBSYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES 646
15.7 CONCLUSION 650
REFERENCES 651
Chapter 16 Optical burst and packet switching 654
16.1 INTRODUCTION 654
16.2 OPTICAL BURST SWITCHING TECHNOLOGIES 658
16.3 OPTICAL PACKET SWITCHING TECHNOLOGIES 668
16.4 OLS TECHNOLOGIES 691
16.5 SUMMARY 697
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 697
REFERENCES 698
Chapter 17 Optical and electronic technologies for packet switching 708
17.1 INTRODUCTION 708
17.2 PACKET SWITCH ARCHITECTURES AND PERFORMANCE 710
17.3 BUFFERS 720
17.4 INTERCONNECTS, WAVELENGTH CONVERTERS, AND REGENERATORS 733
17.5 SWITCH FABRICS 737
17.6 POWER CONSUMPTION IN HIGH-CAPACITY ROUTERS 744
17.7 CONCLUSIONS 747
REFERENCES 748
Chapter 18 Microwave-over-fiber systems 752
18.1 INTRODUCTION 752
18.2 OPTICAL FIBER TRANSMISSION OF MICROWAVE SIGNALS 752
18.3 COMPONENTS FOR OPTICAL TRANSMISSION OF MICROWAVE SIGNALS 760
18.4 MICROWAVE-OVER-FIBER SYSTEMS 769
18.5 CONCLUSION\u2014FUTURE PROSPECTS 772
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 773
REFERENCES 773
Chapter 19 Optical interconnection networks in advanced computing systems 778
19.1 COMPUTING SYSTEMS TRENDS AND THE PHOTONICS OPPORTUNITY 778
19.2 INTERCONNECTION NETWORKS PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS 780
19.3 OPTICAL INTERCONNECTION NETWORKS DESIGN CONSIDERATION 784
19.4 PACKET SWITCHING NODE AND MESSAGE STRUCTURE 787
19.5 OPTICAL INTERCONNECTION NETWORK DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 790
19.6 OIN DESIGN DRIVER IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS 800
19.7 OIN ARCHITECTURES AND SYSTEM DEMONSTRATIONS 802
19.8 FUTURE DIRECTIONS: OPTICAL INTERCONNECTION NETWORKS-ON-CHIP 810
REFERENCES 811
Chapter 20 Simulation tools for devices, systems, and networks 816
20.1 INTRODUCTION 816
20.2 DEVICE SIMULATION 817
20.3 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM SIMULATION 843
20.4 NETWORK MODELING 863
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 871
REFERENCES 872
Index to Volumes VA and VB 878
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- 类型
- 大小
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