简介
Summary:
Publisher Summary 1
This companion to Air Pollution Control Engineering is presented as a basic air pollution control design textbook, as well as a reference book covering the fundamental chemistry, physics, and mathematics foundations of engineering practice. Wang (Lenox Institute of Water Technology), Pereira (retired, Monsanto Company), and Hung (civil and environmental engineering, Cleveland State U.) present 12 chapters discussing atmospheric modeling and dispersion, desulfurization and emissions control, carbon sequestration, control of NOx during stationary combustion, control of heavy metals in emission streams, ventilation and air conditioning, indoor air pollution control, odor pollution control, radon pollution control, cooling of thermal discharges, performance and costs of air pollution control technologies, noise pollution, and noise control. Annotation 漏2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
Publisher Summary 2
Leading pollution control educators and practicing professionals describe how various combinations of different cutting-edge process systems can be arranged to solve air, noise, and thermal pollution problems. Each chapter discusses in detail a variety of process combinations, along with technical and economic evaluations, and presents explanations of the principles behind the designs, as well as numerous variant designs useful to practicing engineers. The emphasis throughout is on developing the necessary engineering solutions from fundamental principles of chemistry, physics, and mathematics. The authors also include extensive references, cost data, design methods, guidance on the installation and operation of various air pollution control process equipment and systems, and Best Available Technologies (BAT) for air thermal and noise pollution control.
目录
Preface p. v
Contributors p. xvii
Atmospheric Modeling and Dispersion p. 1
Air Quality Management p. 1
Air Quality Indices p. 4
US EPA Air Quality Index p. 4
The Mitre Air Quality Index (MAQI) p. 5
Extreme Value Index (EVI) p. 6
Oak Ridge Air Quality Index (ORAQI) p. 8
Allowable Emission Rates p. 9
Effective Stack Height p. 10
Examples p. 11
Dispersion of Airborne Effluents p. 16
Wind Speed Correction p. 16
Wind Direction Standard Deviations p. 17
Plume Standard Deviations p. 17
Effective Stack Height p. 17
Maximum Ground-Level Concentration p. 18
Steady-State Dispersion Model (Crosswind Pollutant Concentrations) p. 19
Centerline Pollutant Concentrations p. 19
Short-Term Pollutant Concentrations p. 20
Long-Term Pollutant Concentrations p. 20
Stability and Environmental Conditions p. 21
Air Dispersion Applications p. 23
Nomenclature p. 29
References p. 33
Desulfurization and Emissions Control p. 35
Introduction p. 35
Sulfur Oxides and Hydrogen Sulfide Emissions p. 36
SO[subscript x] Emissions Control Technologies p. 36
Sulfur Oxides and Hydrogen Sulfide Pollution p. 37
Acid Rain p. 37
Public Health Effects p. 38
Materials Deterioration p. 38
Visibility Restriction p. 38
US Air Quality Act and SO[subscript x] Emission Control Plan p. 38
Desulfurization Through Coal Cleaning p. 40
Conventional Coal Cleaning Technologies p. 40
Advanced Coal Cleaning Technologies p. 41
Innovative Hydrothermal Desulfurization for Coal Cleaning p. 44
Desulfurization Through Vehicular Fuel Cleaning p. 45
Desulfurization Through Coal Liquefaction, Gasification, and Pyrolysis p. 46
Coal Gasification p. 46
Coal Liquefaction p. 48
Pyrolysis p. 49
Desulfurization Through Coal-Limestone Combustion p. 50
Fluidized-Bed Combustion p. 50
Lime-Coal Pellets p. 51
Hydrogen Sulfide Reduction by Emerging Technologies p. 52
Innovative Wet Scrubbing Using a Nontoxic Chelated Iron Catalyst p. 52
Conventional Wet Scrubbing Using Alkaline and Oxidative Scrubbing Solution p. 53
Scavenger Adsorption p. 53
Selective Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide in Gasifier Synthesis Gas p. 54
Biological Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide p. 54
"Wet" Flue Gas Desulfurization Using Lime and Limestone p. 54
FGD Process Description p. 55
FGD Process Chemistry p. 55
FGD Process Design and Operation Considerations p. 58
FGD Process Modifications and Additives p. 62
Technologies for Smelters p. 64
FGD Process Design Configurations p. 65
FGD Process O&M Practices p. 74
Emerging "Wet" Sulfur Oxide Reduction Technologies p. 76
Advanced Flue Gas Desulfurization Process p. 77
CT-121 FGD Process p. 77
Milliken Clean Coal Technology Demonstration Project p. 78
Emerging "Dry" Sulfur Oxides Reduction Technologies and Others p. 79
Dry Scrubbing Using Lime or Sodium Carbonate p. 79
LIMB and Coolside Technologies p. 79
Integration of Processes for Combined SO[subscript x] and NO[subscript x] Reduction p. 80
Gas Suspension Absorbent Process p. 81
Specialized Processes for Smelter Emissions: Advanced Calcium Silicate Injection Technology p. 82
Practical Examples p. 82
Summary p. 91
Nomenclature p. 92
References p. 92
Carbon Sequestration p. 97
Introduction p. 97
General Description p. 97
Carbon Sequestration Process Description p. 98
Development of a Carbon Sequestration Road Map p. 100
Terrestrial Sequestration p. 101
CO[subscript 2] Separation and Capture p. 102
Geologic Sequestration Options p. 105
Ocean Sequestration p. 107
Chemical and Biological Fixation and Reuse p. 108
Concluding Thoughts p. 110
Nomenclature p. 110
Acknowledgment p. 110
References p. 110
Control of NO[subscript x] During Stationary Combustion p. 113
Introduction p. 113
The 1990 Clean Air Act p. 114
NO[subscript x] Control Technologies p. 115
In-Furnace NO[subscript x] Control p. 115
Postcombustion NO[subscript x] Control p. 119
Hybrid Control Systems p. 120
Simultaneous SO[subscript 2] and NO[subscript x] Control p. 120
Results of Recent Demonstration Plants on NO[subscript x] Control p. 121
Future Regulation Considerations p. 123
Future Technology Developments in Multipollutant Control p. 123
References p. 124
Control of Heavy Metals in Emission Streams p. 127
Introduction p. 127
Principle and Theory p. 128
Reactions in the Incinerator p. 128
Control of Metal Emissions p. 132
Control Device of Heavy Metals p. 139
Gravity Settling Chamber p. 139
Cyclone p. 140
Electrostatic Precipitator p. 140
Quench p. 140
Scrubber p. 141
Fabric Filters p. 141
Vitrification p. 141
Solidification p. 142
Chemical Stabilization and Fixation p. 142
Extraction p. 143
Fluidized-Bed Metal Capture p. 143
Metal Emission Control Examples p. 145
Municipal Solid-Waste Incineration p. 145
Asphalt-Treatment Plants p. 145
Hazardous Waste Incinerator Operation at Low-to-Moderate Temperature p. 147
Nomenclature p. 148
References p. 148
Ventilation and Air Conditioning p. 151
Air Ventilation and Circulation p. 151
General Discussion p. 151
Typical Applications p. 153
Ventilation Requirements p. 157
Rate of Air Change p. 158
Rate of Minimum Air Velocity p. 159
Volumetric Airflow Rate per Unit Floor Area p. 159
Heat Removal p. 160
Ventilation Fans p. 160
Type p. 160
Fan Laws p. 163
Fan Selection to Meet a Specific Sound Limit p. 166
Hood and Duct Design p. 167
Theoretical Considerations p. 167
Hoods for Cold Processes p. 171
Hoods for Hot Processes p. 174
Ducts p. 180
Air Conditioning p. 186
General Discussion and Considerations p. 186
Typical Applications p. 190
Design Examples p. 193
Health Concern and Indoor Pollution Control p. 206
Health Effects and Standards p. 206
Indoor Air Quality p. 207
Pollution Control in Future Air Conditioned Environments p. 209
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning p. 210
Energy and Ventilation p. 210
HVAC Recent Approach p. 213
HVAC and Indoor Air Quality Control p. 217
Nomenclature p. 219
Acknowledgments p. 220
References p. 221
Recommended Threshold Limit Values of Hazardous Substances p. 223
Tentative Threshold Limit Values of Hazardous Substances p. 229
Respirable Dusts Evaluated by Count p. 230
Converting from Round to Rectangular Ductwork p. 231
Procedure for Fan Selection to Meet a Specific Sound Level Limit p. 231
Method for Determination of Room Attenuation Effect (RAE) p. 233
Calculation of a Single-Number Sound-Power Level Adjusted to "A" Weighted Network (LwA) p. 234
Determination of Composite Sound Level p. 234
Noise Absorption Coefficients of General Building Materials p. 235
Indoor Air Pollution Control p. 237
Indoor Air Quality: Increasing Public Health Concern p. 237
Indoor Air Pollution and Health Effects p. 238
Sources of Indoor Air Pollution p. 238
Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollutants p. 240
Indoor Air Pollution p. 253
Identifying Indoor Air Pollution Problems p. 253
Monitoring Indoor Air Quality p. 254
Mitigation Measures p. 255
Regulatory and Nonregulatory Measures for Indoor Air Quality Management p. 269
References p. 271
Odor Pollution Control p. 273
Introduction p. 273
Sources of Odors p. 273
Odor Classification p. 273
Regulations p. 274
Odor Control Methods p. 275
Nonbiological Method p. 275
Emission Control p. 276
Air Dilution p. 284
Odor Modification p. 292
Adsorption Method p. 295
Wet Scrubbing or Gas Washing Oxidation p. 299
Design Example of Wet Scrubbing or Gas Washing Oxidation p. 304
Incineration p. 307
Nonthermal Plasma Method p. 310
Indirect Plasma Method (Ozone or Radicals Injection) p. 318
Electrochemical Method p. 323
Biological Method p. 325
Introduction p. 325
Biological Control p. 326
Working Principles of Biological Treatment Processes p. 326
Design of Biofilters p. 328
Nomenclature p. 330
References p. 331
Radon Pollution Control p. 335
Introduction p. 335
Units of Radioactivity p. 336
Growth of Radioactive Products in a Decay Series p. 337
Instrumental Methods of Radon Measurement p. 340
Radon Gas Measurement Methods p. 340
Radon Decay Product Measurement Methods p. 343
Health Effects of Radon p. 344
Radon Mitigation in Domestic Properties p. 347
Source Removal p. 351
Contaminated Well Water p. 351
Building Materials p. 352
Types of House and Radon Reduction p. 352
References p. 356
Cooling of Thermal Discharges p. 359
Introduction p. 359
Cooling Ponds p. 360
Mechanism of Heat Dissipation (Cooling) p. 360
Design of Cooling Ponds p. 361
Cooling Towers p. 370
Mechanism of Heat Dissipation in Cooling Towers p. 371
Types of Towers p. 371
Natural Draft Atmospheric Cooling Towers p. 371
Natural Draft, Wet Hyperbolic Cooling Towers p. 373
Example 1 p. 376
Hybrid Draft Cooling Towers p. 376
Induced (Mechanical) or Forced Draft Wet Cooling Towers p. 376
Cooling Tower Performance Problems p. 380
Nomenclature p. 381
Glossary p. 382
Acknowledgment p. 383
References p. 383
Performance and Costs of Air Pollution Control Technologies p. 385
Introduction p. 385
Air Emission Sources and Control p. 385
Air Pollution Control Devices Selection p. 386
Technical Considerations p. 386
Point Source VOC Controls p. 386
Point Source PM Controls p. 388
Area Source VOC and PM Controls p. 388
Pressure Drops Across Various APCDs p. 391
Energy and Cost Considerations for Minor Point Source Controls p. 391
Sizing and Selection of Cyclones, Gas Precoolers, and Gas Preheaters p. 391
Sizing and Selection of Fans, Ductworks, Stacks, Dampers, and Hoods p. 393
Cyclone Purchase Costs p. 396
Fan Purchase Cost p. 397
Ductwork Purchase Cost p. 400
Stack Purchase Cost p. 400
Damper Purchase Cost p. 403
Energy and Cost Considerations for Major Point Source Controls p. 404
Introduction p. 404
Sizing and Selection of Major Add-on Air Pollution Control Devices p. 404
Purchased Equipment Costs of Major Add-on Air Pollution Control Devices p. 404
Energy and Cost Considerations for Area Source Controls p. 412
Introduction p. 412
Cover Cost p. 414
Foam Cost p. 415
Wind Screen Cost p. 415
Water Spray Cost p. 415
Water Additives Costs p. 416
Enclosure Costs p. 416
Hood Costs p. 416
Operational Control Costs p. 416
Capital Costs in Current Dollars p. 417
Annualized Operating Costs p. 421
Introduction p. 421
Direct Operating Costs p. 421
Indirect Operating Costs p. 426
Cost Adjustments and Considerations p. 428
Calculation of Current and Future Costs p. 428
Cost Locality Factors p. 428
Energy Conversion and Representative Heat Values p. 429
Construction Costs, O&M Costs, Replacement Costs, and Salvage Values p. 430
Practice Examples p. 431
Nomenclature p. 436
References p. 438
Conversion Factors p. 440
Noise Pollution p. 441
Introduction p. 441
Characteristics of Noise p. 442
Standards p. 443
Sources p. 445
Effects p. 446
Measurement p. 446
Control p. 450
References p. 452
Noise Control p. 453
Introduction p. 453
The Physics of Sound p. 454
Sound p. 454
Speed of Sound p. 454
Sound Pressure p. 455
Frequency p. 456
Wavelength p. 456
rms Sound Pressure p. 458
Sound Level Meter p. 458
Sound Pressure Level p. 458
Loudness p. 459
Sound Power Level p. 461
Sound Energy Density p. 461
Indoor Sound p. 462
Introduction p. 462
Sound Buildup and Sound Decay p. 464
Diffuse Sound Field p. 467
Reverberation Time p. 468
Optimum Reverberation Time p. 469
Energy Density and Reverberation Time p. 469
Relationship Between Direct and Reflected Sound p. 470
Sound Out-of-Doors p. 471
Sound Propagation p. 471
Wind and Temperature Gradients p. 471
Barriers p. 472
Noise Reduction p. 473
Absorptive Materials p. 473
Nonacoustical Parameters of Absorptive Materials p. 479
Absorption Coefficients p. 480
Sound Isolation p. 480
Introduction p. 480
Transmission Loss p. 481
Noise Reduction p. 486
Noise Isolation Class (NIC) p. 487
Vibrations p. 488
Introduction p. 488
Vibration Isolation p. 489
Active Noise Control p. 491
Design Examples p. 491
Indoor Situation p. 491
Outdoor Situation p. 495
Glossary p. 503
Nomenclature p. 507
References p. 508
Index p. 511
Contributors p. xvii
Atmospheric Modeling and Dispersion p. 1
Air Quality Management p. 1
Air Quality Indices p. 4
US EPA Air Quality Index p. 4
The Mitre Air Quality Index (MAQI) p. 5
Extreme Value Index (EVI) p. 6
Oak Ridge Air Quality Index (ORAQI) p. 8
Allowable Emission Rates p. 9
Effective Stack Height p. 10
Examples p. 11
Dispersion of Airborne Effluents p. 16
Wind Speed Correction p. 16
Wind Direction Standard Deviations p. 17
Plume Standard Deviations p. 17
Effective Stack Height p. 17
Maximum Ground-Level Concentration p. 18
Steady-State Dispersion Model (Crosswind Pollutant Concentrations) p. 19
Centerline Pollutant Concentrations p. 19
Short-Term Pollutant Concentrations p. 20
Long-Term Pollutant Concentrations p. 20
Stability and Environmental Conditions p. 21
Air Dispersion Applications p. 23
Nomenclature p. 29
References p. 33
Desulfurization and Emissions Control p. 35
Introduction p. 35
Sulfur Oxides and Hydrogen Sulfide Emissions p. 36
SO[subscript x] Emissions Control Technologies p. 36
Sulfur Oxides and Hydrogen Sulfide Pollution p. 37
Acid Rain p. 37
Public Health Effects p. 38
Materials Deterioration p. 38
Visibility Restriction p. 38
US Air Quality Act and SO[subscript x] Emission Control Plan p. 38
Desulfurization Through Coal Cleaning p. 40
Conventional Coal Cleaning Technologies p. 40
Advanced Coal Cleaning Technologies p. 41
Innovative Hydrothermal Desulfurization for Coal Cleaning p. 44
Desulfurization Through Vehicular Fuel Cleaning p. 45
Desulfurization Through Coal Liquefaction, Gasification, and Pyrolysis p. 46
Coal Gasification p. 46
Coal Liquefaction p. 48
Pyrolysis p. 49
Desulfurization Through Coal-Limestone Combustion p. 50
Fluidized-Bed Combustion p. 50
Lime-Coal Pellets p. 51
Hydrogen Sulfide Reduction by Emerging Technologies p. 52
Innovative Wet Scrubbing Using a Nontoxic Chelated Iron Catalyst p. 52
Conventional Wet Scrubbing Using Alkaline and Oxidative Scrubbing Solution p. 53
Scavenger Adsorption p. 53
Selective Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide in Gasifier Synthesis Gas p. 54
Biological Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide p. 54
"Wet" Flue Gas Desulfurization Using Lime and Limestone p. 54
FGD Process Description p. 55
FGD Process Chemistry p. 55
FGD Process Design and Operation Considerations p. 58
FGD Process Modifications and Additives p. 62
Technologies for Smelters p. 64
FGD Process Design Configurations p. 65
FGD Process O&M Practices p. 74
Emerging "Wet" Sulfur Oxide Reduction Technologies p. 76
Advanced Flue Gas Desulfurization Process p. 77
CT-121 FGD Process p. 77
Milliken Clean Coal Technology Demonstration Project p. 78
Emerging "Dry" Sulfur Oxides Reduction Technologies and Others p. 79
Dry Scrubbing Using Lime or Sodium Carbonate p. 79
LIMB and Coolside Technologies p. 79
Integration of Processes for Combined SO[subscript x] and NO[subscript x] Reduction p. 80
Gas Suspension Absorbent Process p. 81
Specialized Processes for Smelter Emissions: Advanced Calcium Silicate Injection Technology p. 82
Practical Examples p. 82
Summary p. 91
Nomenclature p. 92
References p. 92
Carbon Sequestration p. 97
Introduction p. 97
General Description p. 97
Carbon Sequestration Process Description p. 98
Development of a Carbon Sequestration Road Map p. 100
Terrestrial Sequestration p. 101
CO[subscript 2] Separation and Capture p. 102
Geologic Sequestration Options p. 105
Ocean Sequestration p. 107
Chemical and Biological Fixation and Reuse p. 108
Concluding Thoughts p. 110
Nomenclature p. 110
Acknowledgment p. 110
References p. 110
Control of NO[subscript x] During Stationary Combustion p. 113
Introduction p. 113
The 1990 Clean Air Act p. 114
NO[subscript x] Control Technologies p. 115
In-Furnace NO[subscript x] Control p. 115
Postcombustion NO[subscript x] Control p. 119
Hybrid Control Systems p. 120
Simultaneous SO[subscript 2] and NO[subscript x] Control p. 120
Results of Recent Demonstration Plants on NO[subscript x] Control p. 121
Future Regulation Considerations p. 123
Future Technology Developments in Multipollutant Control p. 123
References p. 124
Control of Heavy Metals in Emission Streams p. 127
Introduction p. 127
Principle and Theory p. 128
Reactions in the Incinerator p. 128
Control of Metal Emissions p. 132
Control Device of Heavy Metals p. 139
Gravity Settling Chamber p. 139
Cyclone p. 140
Electrostatic Precipitator p. 140
Quench p. 140
Scrubber p. 141
Fabric Filters p. 141
Vitrification p. 141
Solidification p. 142
Chemical Stabilization and Fixation p. 142
Extraction p. 143
Fluidized-Bed Metal Capture p. 143
Metal Emission Control Examples p. 145
Municipal Solid-Waste Incineration p. 145
Asphalt-Treatment Plants p. 145
Hazardous Waste Incinerator Operation at Low-to-Moderate Temperature p. 147
Nomenclature p. 148
References p. 148
Ventilation and Air Conditioning p. 151
Air Ventilation and Circulation p. 151
General Discussion p. 151
Typical Applications p. 153
Ventilation Requirements p. 157
Rate of Air Change p. 158
Rate of Minimum Air Velocity p. 159
Volumetric Airflow Rate per Unit Floor Area p. 159
Heat Removal p. 160
Ventilation Fans p. 160
Type p. 160
Fan Laws p. 163
Fan Selection to Meet a Specific Sound Limit p. 166
Hood and Duct Design p. 167
Theoretical Considerations p. 167
Hoods for Cold Processes p. 171
Hoods for Hot Processes p. 174
Ducts p. 180
Air Conditioning p. 186
General Discussion and Considerations p. 186
Typical Applications p. 190
Design Examples p. 193
Health Concern and Indoor Pollution Control p. 206
Health Effects and Standards p. 206
Indoor Air Quality p. 207
Pollution Control in Future Air Conditioned Environments p. 209
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning p. 210
Energy and Ventilation p. 210
HVAC Recent Approach p. 213
HVAC and Indoor Air Quality Control p. 217
Nomenclature p. 219
Acknowledgments p. 220
References p. 221
Recommended Threshold Limit Values of Hazardous Substances p. 223
Tentative Threshold Limit Values of Hazardous Substances p. 229
Respirable Dusts Evaluated by Count p. 230
Converting from Round to Rectangular Ductwork p. 231
Procedure for Fan Selection to Meet a Specific Sound Level Limit p. 231
Method for Determination of Room Attenuation Effect (RAE) p. 233
Calculation of a Single-Number Sound-Power Level Adjusted to "A" Weighted Network (LwA) p. 234
Determination of Composite Sound Level p. 234
Noise Absorption Coefficients of General Building Materials p. 235
Indoor Air Pollution Control p. 237
Indoor Air Quality: Increasing Public Health Concern p. 237
Indoor Air Pollution and Health Effects p. 238
Sources of Indoor Air Pollution p. 238
Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollutants p. 240
Indoor Air Pollution p. 253
Identifying Indoor Air Pollution Problems p. 253
Monitoring Indoor Air Quality p. 254
Mitigation Measures p. 255
Regulatory and Nonregulatory Measures for Indoor Air Quality Management p. 269
References p. 271
Odor Pollution Control p. 273
Introduction p. 273
Sources of Odors p. 273
Odor Classification p. 273
Regulations p. 274
Odor Control Methods p. 275
Nonbiological Method p. 275
Emission Control p. 276
Air Dilution p. 284
Odor Modification p. 292
Adsorption Method p. 295
Wet Scrubbing or Gas Washing Oxidation p. 299
Design Example of Wet Scrubbing or Gas Washing Oxidation p. 304
Incineration p. 307
Nonthermal Plasma Method p. 310
Indirect Plasma Method (Ozone or Radicals Injection) p. 318
Electrochemical Method p. 323
Biological Method p. 325
Introduction p. 325
Biological Control p. 326
Working Principles of Biological Treatment Processes p. 326
Design of Biofilters p. 328
Nomenclature p. 330
References p. 331
Radon Pollution Control p. 335
Introduction p. 335
Units of Radioactivity p. 336
Growth of Radioactive Products in a Decay Series p. 337
Instrumental Methods of Radon Measurement p. 340
Radon Gas Measurement Methods p. 340
Radon Decay Product Measurement Methods p. 343
Health Effects of Radon p. 344
Radon Mitigation in Domestic Properties p. 347
Source Removal p. 351
Contaminated Well Water p. 351
Building Materials p. 352
Types of House and Radon Reduction p. 352
References p. 356
Cooling of Thermal Discharges p. 359
Introduction p. 359
Cooling Ponds p. 360
Mechanism of Heat Dissipation (Cooling) p. 360
Design of Cooling Ponds p. 361
Cooling Towers p. 370
Mechanism of Heat Dissipation in Cooling Towers p. 371
Types of Towers p. 371
Natural Draft Atmospheric Cooling Towers p. 371
Natural Draft, Wet Hyperbolic Cooling Towers p. 373
Example 1 p. 376
Hybrid Draft Cooling Towers p. 376
Induced (Mechanical) or Forced Draft Wet Cooling Towers p. 376
Cooling Tower Performance Problems p. 380
Nomenclature p. 381
Glossary p. 382
Acknowledgment p. 383
References p. 383
Performance and Costs of Air Pollution Control Technologies p. 385
Introduction p. 385
Air Emission Sources and Control p. 385
Air Pollution Control Devices Selection p. 386
Technical Considerations p. 386
Point Source VOC Controls p. 386
Point Source PM Controls p. 388
Area Source VOC and PM Controls p. 388
Pressure Drops Across Various APCDs p. 391
Energy and Cost Considerations for Minor Point Source Controls p. 391
Sizing and Selection of Cyclones, Gas Precoolers, and Gas Preheaters p. 391
Sizing and Selection of Fans, Ductworks, Stacks, Dampers, and Hoods p. 393
Cyclone Purchase Costs p. 396
Fan Purchase Cost p. 397
Ductwork Purchase Cost p. 400
Stack Purchase Cost p. 400
Damper Purchase Cost p. 403
Energy and Cost Considerations for Major Point Source Controls p. 404
Introduction p. 404
Sizing and Selection of Major Add-on Air Pollution Control Devices p. 404
Purchased Equipment Costs of Major Add-on Air Pollution Control Devices p. 404
Energy and Cost Considerations for Area Source Controls p. 412
Introduction p. 412
Cover Cost p. 414
Foam Cost p. 415
Wind Screen Cost p. 415
Water Spray Cost p. 415
Water Additives Costs p. 416
Enclosure Costs p. 416
Hood Costs p. 416
Operational Control Costs p. 416
Capital Costs in Current Dollars p. 417
Annualized Operating Costs p. 421
Introduction p. 421
Direct Operating Costs p. 421
Indirect Operating Costs p. 426
Cost Adjustments and Considerations p. 428
Calculation of Current and Future Costs p. 428
Cost Locality Factors p. 428
Energy Conversion and Representative Heat Values p. 429
Construction Costs, O&M Costs, Replacement Costs, and Salvage Values p. 430
Practice Examples p. 431
Nomenclature p. 436
References p. 438
Conversion Factors p. 440
Noise Pollution p. 441
Introduction p. 441
Characteristics of Noise p. 442
Standards p. 443
Sources p. 445
Effects p. 446
Measurement p. 446
Control p. 450
References p. 452
Noise Control p. 453
Introduction p. 453
The Physics of Sound p. 454
Sound p. 454
Speed of Sound p. 454
Sound Pressure p. 455
Frequency p. 456
Wavelength p. 456
rms Sound Pressure p. 458
Sound Level Meter p. 458
Sound Pressure Level p. 458
Loudness p. 459
Sound Power Level p. 461
Sound Energy Density p. 461
Indoor Sound p. 462
Introduction p. 462
Sound Buildup and Sound Decay p. 464
Diffuse Sound Field p. 467
Reverberation Time p. 468
Optimum Reverberation Time p. 469
Energy Density and Reverberation Time p. 469
Relationship Between Direct and Reflected Sound p. 470
Sound Out-of-Doors p. 471
Sound Propagation p. 471
Wind and Temperature Gradients p. 471
Barriers p. 472
Noise Reduction p. 473
Absorptive Materials p. 473
Nonacoustical Parameters of Absorptive Materials p. 479
Absorption Coefficients p. 480
Sound Isolation p. 480
Introduction p. 480
Transmission Loss p. 481
Noise Reduction p. 486
Noise Isolation Class (NIC) p. 487
Vibrations p. 488
Introduction p. 488
Vibration Isolation p. 489
Active Noise Control p. 491
Design Examples p. 491
Indoor Situation p. 491
Outdoor Situation p. 495
Glossary p. 503
Nomenclature p. 507
References p. 508
Index p. 511
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