1 Statistics Success Stories and Cautionary Tales
What is Statistics? Seven Statistical Stories with Morals
Case Study 1.1 Who Are Those Speedy Drivers?
Case Study 1.2 Safety in the Skies
Case Study 1.3 Did Anyone Ask You Whom You've Been Dating?
Case Study 1.4 Who Are Those Angry Women?
Case Study 1.5 Does Prayer Lower Blood Pressure?
Case Study 1.6 Does Aspirin Reduce Heart Attack Rates?
Case Study 1.7 Does the Internet Increase Loneliness and Depression? The Common Elements of the Seven Stories
2 Turning Data Into Information
Raw Data
Types of Variables
Summarizing One or Two Categorical Variables
Exploring Features of Quantitatve Data with Pictures
Numerical Summaries of Quantitative Variables
How to Handle Outliers
Features of Bell-Shaped Distributions
Skillbuilder Applet: The Empirical Rule in Action
3 Sampling: Surveys and How to Ask Questions
Collecting and Using Sample Data Wisely
Margin of Error, Confidence Intervals, and Sample Size
Choosing a Simple Random Sample
Other Sampling Methods
Difficulties and Disasters in Sampling
Case Study 3.1 The Infamous Literary Digest Poll of
1936 How to Ask Survey Questions
Case Study 3.2 No Opinion of Your Own? Let Politics Decide
Skillbuilder Applet: Random Sampling in Action
4 Gathering Useful Data For Examining Relationships
Speaking the Language of Research Studies
Case Study 4.1 Lead Exposure and Bad Teeth
Designing a Good Experiment
Case Study 4.2 Kids and Weight Lifting
Case Study 4.3 Quitting Smoking with Nicotine Patches
Designing a Good Observational Study
Case Study 4.4 Baldness and Heart Attacks
Difficulties and Disasters in Experiments and Observational Studies
5 Relationships Between Quantitative Variables
Looking For Patterns with Scatterplots
Describing Linear Patterns with a Regression Line
Measuring Strength and Direction with Correlation
Regression and Correlation Difficulties and Disasters
Correlation Does Not Prove Causation
Skillbuilder Applet: Exploring Correlation
Case Study 5.1 A Weighty Issue
6 Relationships Between Categorical Variables
Displaying Relationships Between Categorical Variables
Risk, Relative Risks, and Misleading Statistics About Risk
Case Study 6.1 Is Smoking More Dangerous for Women?
The Effect of a Third Variable and Simpson's Paradox
Assessing the Statistical Significance of a 2 x 2 Table
Case Study 6.2 Drinking, Driving, and the Supreme Court
7 Probability
Random Circumstances
Case Study 7.1 A Hypothetical Story--Alicia Has a Bad Day
Interpretations of Probability
Probability Definitions and Relationships
Basic Rules for Finding Probabilities
Strategies for Finding Complicated Probabilities
Using Simulation to Estimate Probabilities
Coincidences and Intuitive Judgments About Probability
Case Study 7.2 Doin' the iPod Shuffle
8 Random Variables
What is a Random Variable? Discrete Random Variables
Expectations for Random Variables
Binomial Random Variables
Case Study 8.1 Does Caffeine Enhance the Taste of Cola? Continuous Random Variables
Normal Random Variables
Approximating Binomial Distribution Probabilities
Sums, Differences, and Combinations of Random Variables
9 Understanding Sampling Distributions: Statistics as Random Variables
Parameters, Statistics, and Statistical Inference
From Curiosity to Questions About Parameters
SD Module 0 An Overview of Sampling Distributions
SD Module 1 Sampling Distribution for One Sample Proportion
SD Module 2 Sampling Distribution for the Difference in Two Sample Proportions
SD Module 3 Sampling Distribution for One Sample Mean
SD Module 4 Sampling Distribution for the Sample Mean of Paired Differences
SD Module 5 Sampling Distribution for the Difference in Two Sample Means
Preparing for Statistical Inference: Standardized Statistics
Lesson 1 Standardized Statistics for Sampling Distributions
Lesson 2 Standardized Statistics for Proportions
Lesson 3 Standardized Statistics for Means
Generalizations Beyond the Big Five
Skillbuilder Applet: Finding the Pattern in Sample Means
Case Study 9.1 Do Americans Really Vote When They Say They Do? Table: Summary of Sampling Distributions
10 Estimating Proportions With Confidence
Introduction
CI Module 0 An Overview of Confidence Intervals
Lesson 1 Understanding Confidence Intervals
Lesson 2 Computing Confidence Intervals for the Five Scenarios
CI Module 1 Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion
Lesson 1 Details of How to Compute a Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion
Lesson 2 Understanding the Formula
Lesson 3 Reconciling Margin of Error and 95% Confidence Intervals
CI Module 2 Confidence Intervals for the Difference in Two Population Proportions
Using Confidence Intervals to Guide Decisions
Case Study 10.1 Extrasensory Perception Works With Movies
Case Study 10.2 Nicotine Patches Versus Zyban
Case Study 10.3 What a Great Personality
11 Estimating Means With Confidence
Introduction to Confidence Intervals for Means
CI Module 3 Confidence Intervals for One Population Mean
Lesson 1 Finding a Confidence Interval for a Mean For Any Sample Size and Any Confidence Level
Lesson 2 Special Case: Approximate 95% Confidence Intervals for Large Samples
CI Module 4 Confidence Interval for the Population Mean of Paired Differences
CI Module 5 Confidence Interval for the Difference in Two Population Means
Lesson 1 The General (Unpooled) Case
Lesson 2 The Equal Variance Assumption and the Pooled Standard Error
Understanding Any Confidence Interval
Case Study 11.1 Confidence Interval for Relative Risk: Case Study 4.4 Revisited
Case Study 11.2 Premenstrual Syndrome? Try Calcium
Skillbuilder Applet: The Confidence Level in Action
Table: Summary of Confidence Interval Procedures
12 Testing Hypotheses About Proportions
Introduction
HT Module 0 An Overview of Hypothesis Testing
Lesson 1 Formulating Hypothesis Statements
Lesson 2 The Logic and Details of Hypothesis Testing
Lesson 3 What Can Go Wrong: The Two Types of Errors and Their Probabilities
HT Module 1 Testing Hypotheses about a Population Proportion
HT Module 2 Testing Hypotheses about the Difference in Two Population Proportions
Sample Size, Statistical Significance and Practical Importance
Case Study 12.1 The Internet and Loneliness: Case Study 1.7 Revisited
Case Study 12.2 An Interpretation of a p-Value Not Fit to Print
13 Testing Hypotheses About Means
Introduction to Hypothesis Tests for Means
HT Module 3 Testing Hypotheses about One Population Mean
HT Module 4 Testing Hypotheses about the Population Mean of Paired Differences
HT Module 5 Testing Hypotheses about the Difference in Two Population Means
Lesson 1 The General (Unpooled) Case
Lesson 2 The Pooled Two-Sample t-Test
The Relationship Between Significance Tests and Confidence Intervals
Choosing an Appropriate Inference Procedure
Effect Size
Evaluating Significance in Research Reports
Table: Summary of Hypothesis Testing Procedures
14 Inference About Simple Regression
Sample and Population Regression Models
Estimating the Standard Deviation for Regression
Inference About the Linear Regression Relationship
Predicting y and Estimating Mean y at a Specific X
Checking Conditions for Using Regression Models for Inference
Case Study 14.1 A Contested Election
15 More Inference About Categorical Variables
The Chi-Square Test for Two-Way Tables
Analyzing 2 x 2 Tables
Testing Hypotheses About One Categorical Variable: Goodness of Fit
Case Study 15.1 Do You Mind if I Eat the Blue Ones?
16 Analysis Of Variance
Comparing Means with an ANOVA F-test
Details of One-Way Analysis of Variance
Other Methods for Comparing Populations
Two-Way Analysis of Variance
17 Turning Information Into Wisdom
Beyond the Data
Transforming Uncertainty Into Wisdom
Making Personal Decisions
Control of Societal Risks
Understanding Our World
Getting to Know You
Words to the Wise
References
Appendix of Tables
Answers to Selected Exercises
Index
Supplemental Topics (Appear On The Student Suite Cd-Rom Only)
1 Additional Discrete Random Variables
Hypergeometric Distribution
Poisson Distribution
Multinomial Distribution
2 Nonparametric Tests Of Hypotheses
The Sign Test
The Two-Sample Rank-Sum Test
The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
The Kruskal-Wallis Test
3 Multiple Regression
The Multiple Linear Regression Model
Inference About Multiple Regression Models
Checking Conditions for Multiple Linear Regression
4 Two-Way Analysis of Variance
Assumptions and Models for Two-Way ANOVA
Testing for Main Effects and Interactions
5 Ethics
Ethical Treatment of Human and Animal Participants
Assurance of Quality Data
Appropriate Statistical Analysis
Fair Reporting of Results
Case Study S5.1: Science Fair Project or Fair Science Project.