Table Of Contents:
Explanations, Abbreviations, Units 1(1)

Context 1(3)

Explanations, abbreviations 4(3)

Civilization based on metals 7(28)

Past and present sources of industrial metals 7(5)

Introduction 7(1)

History of metal supplies 7(4)

Present metal supplies 11(1)

Metal prices 12(3)

Future metal supplies 15(14)

How much metals will be needed? 15(4)

Reducing demand for ``new'' metals 19(10)

Conclusion: future supplies of metals and giant deposits 29(6)

Data on metallic deposits and magnitude categories: the giant and world class deposits 35(20)

Data sources and databases 35(3)

Giant and world class ore deposits: definition and characteristics 38(6)

Dimension, complexity and hierarchy of metallic deposits 44(3)

The share of ``giant'' metal accumulations in global metal supplies 47(8)

From trace metals to giant deposits 55(16)

Introduction 55(1)

Extraterrestrial metals and ore formation resulting from meteorite impact 56(3)

Lithospheric evolution and geochemical backgrounds to metals concentration and accumulation 59(12)

Introduction to Chapters 4 to 14 65(6)

Mantle to oceans 71(10)

The mantle 71(2)

Mantle metallogeny 72(1)

Oceanic crust, ocean floor 73(4)

Oceanic spreading ridges 73(4)

Intraplate volcanic islands, seamounts and plateaux on oceanic crust 77(1)

Sea water as source of metals 77(1)

Ocean floor sediments 78(3)

Young island arcs 81(20)

Island arc metallogeny and giant deposits 82(1)

Island arc-trench components and ore-forming processes 83(7)

Porphyry Cu-Au-(Mo) deposits in young island arcs 90(4)

Epithermal Au-(Ag) deposits 94(3)

Young subaqueous-hydrothermal (Fe)-Zn-Pb-Cu (and Ag, Au-Sb, As) deposits (VMS, kuroko-type) 97(3)

Magnetite beach sands 100(1)

Andean-type margins 101(52)

Introduction 101(3)

Metals fluxing and metallogenesis 104(16)

Ores in predominantly continental sediments 107(2)

Ores in contemporaneous and ``young'' subaerial volcanics 109(6)

Ores in ancient continental margin volcanics, predominantly andesite 115(3)

``Red beds'' in andean margins 118(1)

Ores in andean margin rhyolites 118(2)

Epithermal deposits and hot springs 120(2)

Hot spring deposits 121(1)

High-sulfidation epithermal ores 122(9)

Low-grade (``bulk''), low-sulfide Au-Ag deposits 123(2)

Transition to sulfides-rich high-sulfidation Au-Ag systems 125(1)

Diatreme-dome complexes with enargite-gold centers surrounded by pyrite, Zn-Pb-Ag carbonate replacements 126(3)

Combined high sulfidation/porphyry Cu-Au-Ag systems 129(2)

Low sulfidation (LS) deposits 131(16)

Au-dominated low-sulfidation ores 132(3)

Au-(Te)>Ag alkaline association 135(1)

Bonanza Ag >> Au 136(3)

Epithermal to mesothermal Pb, Zn (Cu), Au, Ag deposits 139(1)

Other epithermal deposits: Mo, W, Bi, U, As, Sb, Te 140(2)

LS deposits as part of a system: other related mineralization? 142(1)

``Bolivian-type'' porphyry Sn-bonanza Ag composite association 143(4)

Carlin-type micron-size Au (As, Hg, Sb) deposits 147(6)

``Invisible gold'' in the Great Basin 149(3)

``Carlin-type'' gold outside the U.S.A 152(1)

Cordilleran granitoids 153(72)

Introduction 153(1)

Metallogeny 154(3)

Porphyry deposits 157(42)

General and calc-alkaline 157(2)

Breccias in porphyry systems 159(5)

Evolution of mineralized calc-alkaline ``prophyry'' systems, alterations, ores 164(1)

Alkaline (diorite-model) porphyry Cu 165(3)

Combined porphyry Cu (Mo, Au)-skarn deposits 168(3)

Precambrian porphyry-style Cu, Mo, Au deposits 171(1)

Supergene modification of porphyry deposits 171(9)

Porphyry Cu: global distribution and deposit descriptions 180(19)

Stockwork molybdenum deposits 199(8)

Differentiated monzogranite Mo suite 200(1)

High-silica rhyolite suite (Climax-type) 201(3)

Stockwork Mo in the alkaline ``rift'' association 204(1)

Precambrian stockwork Mo ``giants'' 204(1)

Mo-dominated skarn deposits 205(2)

Stockwork, vein and skarn Mo-W-Bi 207(2)

Scheelite skarn deposits 209(3)

Cordilleran Pb-Zn-Ag (Sb) deposits 212(8)

High-temperature Zn, Pb, Ag replacements in carbonates 212(6)

Mesothermal Pb-Zn-Ag (Sb) veins 218(2)

Hydrothermal Fe, Mn, Sb, Sn, B, U, Th deposits in, and associated with, Cordilleran granitoids 220(5)

Volcano-sedimentary orogens 225(27)

Introduction 225(4)

Growth and evolution of composite eugeoclinal orogens as exemplified by the Canadian Cordillera 227(2)

Ophiolite allochthons, melanges and alpine serpentinites 229(4)

Oceanic successions 233(2)

Mafic and bimodal marine volcanic-sedimentary successions 235(8)

VMS deposits 235(7)

Sedimentary rocks-hosted Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb ores 242(1)

Au-Ag deposits 243(1)

Differentiated mafic-ultramafic intrusions (Alaska-Urals type) 243(2)

Calc-alkaline and shoshonitic volcanic-sedimentary successions 245(4)

Sundry metallic ores 249(3)

Precambrian greenstone-granite terrains 252(43)

Introduction 252(4)

Abitibi Subprovince (greenstone belt), Canadian Shield 253(3)

Komatiite association and Ni ores 256(4)

Early Proterozoic paleo-ophiolites 260(2)

Mafic and bimodal greenstone sequences: Fe-ores and Cu-Zn VMS deposits

Mafic (meta-basalt) sequences and banded iron formations 262(2)

VMS deposits in bimodal and sequentially differentiated volcanic-sedimentary sequences 264(8)

Granitoid plutons and older Precambrian ``porphyry'' deposits 272(1)

(Syn)orogenic hydrothermal Au-(As, Sb, Cu) in greenstone terrains 273(17)

Synorogenic Cu (U, Ni, Au, Ag) deposits overprinting greenstone belts 290(2)

Ores in late orogenic sedimentary rocks in greenstone belts 292(3)

Intracratonic orogens, granites, hydrothermal deposits 295(72)

Introduction 295(8)

Granitoids in orogenic setting 296(7)

Massif anorthosite association: Fe-Ti-V and Ni-Cu deposits 303(2)

Ores closely associated with granites 305(26)

Rare metals pegmatites 305(5)

Zr, Nb, Ta, Y, REE, Th, Be association in peralkaline granites 310(2)

Uraniferous leucogranites, aplites, pegmatites 312(1)

Granite-related wolframite deposits (Jiangxi-type) 313(2)

Granite-related tin deposits 315(6)

Cassiterite regoliths and placers 321(2)

Multi-metal zoned Sn, Mo, W, Bi, Be, Pb, Zn skarn-greisen-vein systems 323(4)

Hydrothermal U deposits 327(4)

Mesothermal gold 331(8)

Intrusion (``granite'')-related Au veins, stockworks, disseminations

Gold skarns 333(2)

Transition of granite-related to (syn)orogenic Au deposits 335(4)

Dominantly orogenic Au deposits 339(7)

(Syn)orogenic gold veins and stockworks 339(7)

Gold placers 346(3)

(Syn)orogenic Sb and Hg deposits 349(9)

Antimony deposits 349(6)

Mercury deposits 355(3)

Pb, Zn, Ag veins and replacements 358(9)

Proterozoic Intracratonic Orogens and Basins: Extension, Sedimentation, Magmatism 367(58)

Introduction 367(2)

Metallogeny and giant deposits 369(5)

Proterozoic Pb-Zn-Ag ``sedex'' deposits 374(3)

Strata controlled Proterozoic copper deposits in (meta)sedimentary rocks 377(8)

Au and U in quartz-rich conglomerate (Witwatersrand-type) 385(9)

Fe in Superior-type banded iron formations (BIF) 394(9)

Fe (BIF) and Mn in diamictites 403(3)

Bedded and residual Mn deposits 406(3)

Miscellaneous, complex Zn, Pb, Cu, Co, V, Ag, Ge Ga, (U) sulfide deposits 409(2)

Oxidic (nonsulfide) Zn and Pb deposits 411(1)

Unconformity uranium deposits 412(3)

Hydrothermal Fe-oxide deposits with Cu, or U, or Au, or REE (Olympic Dam-type) 415(10)

Rifts, paleo-rifts, rifted margins, mantle plumes, anorogenic and alkaline magmatism 425(136)

Introduction 425(3)

Young rifts, hydrothermal activity 428(2)

Mantle plumes, continental breakup, rifted continental margins 430(4)

Hot spots and mantle plumes 430(1)

Rifted (Atlantic-type) continental margins 430(2)

Intraplate and rift margin mafic to bimodal magmatism 432(2)

Plateau (flood) basalts 434(6)

Ni-Cu sulfide deposits in intrusions associated with plateau basalt provinces 434(5)

Lateritic bauxite on basalt 439(1)

Diabase, gabbro, rare peridotite dikes and sills 440(3)

Bushveld-style layered intrusions 443(12)

Sudbury complex Ni, Cu, Co, PGE, Ontario: an enigma 455(4)

Alkaline magmatic association 459(11)

Introduction 459(2)

Alkaline metallogeny and giant deposits 461(1)

Alkaline volcanic and subvolcanic centers 462(1)

Nepheline syenite-dominated intrusions 463(4)

Alkaline pyroxene-nepheline series and alkaline ultramafics 467(3)

Carbonatites 470(10)

Sedimentary associations and regolith

Introduction 480(1)

Marine clastics 481(6)

Ore formation 482(2)

Detrital (clastic) ores: coastal and shelf heavy mineral sands and paleoplacers of Fe, Ti, Zr, REE, Th 484(3)

Combined clastic and chemical bedded sedimentary deposits 487(22)

Particulate (oolitic) ironstones 487(3)

Bedded Mn deposits (Phanerozoic) 490(2)

Mineralized carbonaceous pelites (``black shales'') 492(5)

Phosphorite-black shale association 497(3)

Cu, Ag (Pb, Zn, Au, PGE) associated with reduced marine units above ``redbeds'' (Kupferschiefer or copper shale-type) 500(3)

Sedex Pb-Zn-Ag deposits in basinal shale near carbonate platform 503(6)

Marine carbonates and evaporites 509(16)

Introduction 509(3)

Warm current (Florida-type) phosphorites and their uranium enrichment 512(1)

Bedded Mn deposits in ``basinal'' (reduced) carbonates 513(1)

Low-temperature Zn-Pb deposits in carbonates 513(9)

Discordant (vein) Zn-Pb orebodies of ``MVT affiliation'' 522(1)

Stratabound cinnabar deposits in carbonates 522(1)

Metallic ores in karst on carbonates 523(2)

Marine evaporites and metallic ores 525(1)

Hydrocarbons as a source of metals 526(2)

Regolith and continental sediments 528(31)

Introduction 528(1)

Glaciation and ores in glaciogenic (cryogenic) materials and structures, related talus and glacio-fluvial deposits 529(1)

Humid tropical regoliths 529(9)

Supergene Cu ores and leaching/reprecipitation profiles 538(3)

Paleo-regoliths, paleosols and basal sequences at unconformities 541(1)

Humid alluvial environments: placer deposits 542(2)

Lakes and lacustrine sequences 544(1)

Arid regoliths and sediments 545(3)

Sandstone-dominated continental sequences: ``gray'' and ``red'' 548(1)

Metals recoverable from coal 549(1)

Infiltrations from meteoric waters: ``sandstone U (V)'' deposits 550(5)

Cu-sandstone deposits in red and gray (varicolored) beds 555(1)

Sandstone Pb-(Zn) deposits 556(3)

Anthropogenic metal sources 559(2)

Higher-grade metamorphic associations 561(28)

Introduction

Metallogeny 563(2)

High-grade associations and ores 565(2)

High-grade metamorphosed banded iron formations (BIF) 567(1)

Pb-Zn-Ag sulfide orebodies in gneiss >> marble, Ca-Mg-Mn silicates: Broken Hill-type 568(3)

Zn, Pb sulfide orebodies in marble and Ca-Mg silicates, and Zn-Mn oxide orebodies in marble 571(3)

Zn, Cu, Pb sulfide deposits in gneiss, schist, marble (meta-VMS?) 574(2)

Disseminated Cu sulfide deposits in gneiss, schist and marble 576(1)

Scheelite, uraniferous phosphates, magnesite, borates in marble and Ca-Mg silicate gneiss 577(2)

High-grade metamorphic mafic-(ultramafic) associations 579(5)

Structures subjected to retrograde metamorphism and metasomatism 584(5)

Giant deposits in geological context 589(24)

Origin of the giant deposits 589(16)

Genetic coding and ore varieties 590(8)

Giant deposits and their genetic and host rock associations 598(7)

Giant metallic deposits: geotectonic setting 605(1)

Giant metal accumulations in geological time 606(4)

Why ``giants'' are so big and are where they are? 610(3)

Giant deposits: industry, economics, politics 613(15)

Historical background 613(3)

Giant deposits and corporations 616(4)

Giants' economics 620(8)

Finding or acquiring giant deposits 628(21)

Introduction 628(3)

History of discovery of giant ore deposits/districts 631(9)

Acquiring giant deposits for tomorrow 640(9)

Acquisition of an existing deposit 641(1)

International risk assessment 642(4)

Acquiring ``giants'': geology perspective 646(3)
References 649(58)
Locality index 707(12)
Subject index 719