Preface p. xi
Introduction p. 1
Doppler Effect p. 2
Relativistic Doppler Effect and Time Dilation p. 4
Doppler Effect Observed in Radar p. 7
Estimation and Analysis of Doppler Frequency Shifts p. 10
Cramer-Rao Bound of the Doppler Frequency Estimation p. 17
The Micro-Doppler Effect p. 18
Micro-Doppler Effect Observed in Radar p. 20
Estimation and Analysis of Micro-Doppler Frequency Shifts p. 20
Instantaneous Frequency Analysis p. 21
Joint Time-Frequency Analysis p. 23
The Micro-Doppler Signature of Objects p. 26
References p. 28
p. 32
MATLAB Source Codes p. 32
Basics of the Micro-Doppler Effect in Radar p. 35
Rigid Body Motion p. 35
Euler Angles p. 36
Quaternion p. 42
Equations of Motion p. 44
Nonrigid Body Motion p. 47
Electromagnetic Scattering from a Body with Motion p. 50
Radar Cross Section of a Target p. 50
RCS Prediction Methods p. 53
EM Scattering from a Body with Motion p. 54
Basic Mathematics for Calculating the Micro-Doppler Effect p. 56
Micro-Doppler Induced by a Target with Micro Motion p. 56
Vibration-Induced Micro-Doppler Shift p. 60
Rotation-Induced Micro-Doppler Shift p. 63
Coning Motion-Induced Micro-Doppler Shift p. 66
Bistatic Micro-Doppler Effect p. 71
Multistatic Micro-Doppler Effect p. 77
Cramer-Rao Bound of the Micro-Doppler Estimation p. 79
References p. 79
p. 81
p. 83
MATLAB Source Codes p. 83
The Micro-Doppler Effect of the Rigid Body Motion p. 93
Pendulum Oscillation p. 94
Modeling Nonlinear Motion Dynamic of a Pendulum p. 95
Modeling RCS of a Pendulum p. 101
Radar Backscattering from an Oscillating Pendulum p. 102
Micro-Doppler Signatures Generated by an Oscillating Pendulum p. 105
Helicopter Rotor Blades p. 105
Mathematic Model of Rotating Rotor Blades p. 107
RCS Model of Rotating Rotor Blades p. 112
PO Facet Prediction Model p. 114
Radar Backscattering from Rotor Blades p. 116
Micro-Doppler Signatures of Rotor Blades p. 120
Required Minimum PRF p. 123
Analysis and Interpretation of the Micro-Doppler Signature of Rotor Blades p. 123
Spinning Symmetric Top p. 127
Force-Free Rotation of a Symmetric Top p. 130
Torque-Induced Rotation of a Symmetric Top p. 132
RCS Model of a Symmetric Top p. 133
Radar Backscattering from a Symmetric Top p. 135
Micro-Doppler Signatures Generated by a Precession Top p. 136
Analysis and Interpretation of the Micro-Doppler Signature of a Precession Top p. 136
Wind Turbines p. 139
Micro-Doppler Signatures of Wind Turbines p. 140
Analysis and Interpretation of the Micro-Doppler Signature of Wind Turbines p. 140
References p. 141
p. 143
MATLAB Source Codes p. 143
The Micro-Doppler Effect of the Nonrigid Body Motion p. 157
Human Body Articulated Motion p. 159
Human Walking p. 159
Description of the Periodic Motion of Human Walking p. 161
Simulation of Human Movements p. 162
Human Body Segment Parameters p. 162
Human Walking Model Derived from Empirical Mathematical Parameterizations p. 164
Capturing Human Motion Kinematic Parameters p. 177
Three-Dimensional Kinematic Data Collection p. 182
Characteristics of Angular Kinematics Using the Angle-Cyclogram Pattern p. 184
Radar Backscattering from a Walking Human p. 184
Human Movement Data Processing p. 187
Human Movement-Induced Radar Micro-Doppler Signatures p. 189
Bird Wing Flapping p. 194
Bird Wing Flapping Kinematics p. 195
Doppler Observations of the Bird Wing Flapping p. 198
Simulation of the Bird Wing Flapping p. 199
Quadrupedal Animal Motion p. 202
Modeling of Quadrupedal Locomotion p. 204
Micro-Doppler Signatures of Quadrupedal Locomotion p. 205
Summary p. 205
References p. 207
p. 209
MATLAB Source Codes p. 209
p. 238
MATLAB Source Codes p. 238
Analysis and Interpretation of Micro-Doppler Signatures p. 247
Biological Motion Perception p. 248
Decomposition of Biological Motion p. 250
Statistics-Based Decomposition p. 251
Decomposition of Micro-Doppler Signatures in the Joint Time-Frequency Domain p. 251
Physical Component-Based Decomposition p. 252
Extraction of Features from Micro-Doppler Signatures p. 256
Estimation of Kinematic Parameters from Micro-Doppler Signatures p. 257
Identifying Human Movements p. 262
Features Used for Identifying Human Movements p. 263
Anomalous Human Behavior p. 264
Summary p. 266
References p. 267
Summary, Challenges, and Perspectives p. 271
Summary p. 271
Challenges p. 272
Decomposing Micro-Doppler Signatures p. 273
Feature Extraction and Target Identification Based on Micro-Doppler Signatures p. 273
Perspectives p. 275
Multistatic Micro-Doppler Analysis p. 275
Micro-Doppler Signature-Based Classification p. 276
Aural Methods for Micro-Doppler-Based Discrimination p. 276
Through-the-Wall Micro-Doppler Signatures p. 277
References p. 278
About the Author p. 281
Index p. 283